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1. The Conservation Assessment Of Common Trout And Colorado...
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this conservation assessment is to provide land managers and the general public with
an overview of the distribution and status of common trout (brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis; brown
trout Salmo trutta; and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) on the Grand Mesa, Uncompahgre, and
Gunnison National Forests (hereafter, GMUG). Common trout species are part of a suite of
Management Indicator Species (MIS) "...which are monitored during forest plan implementation in
order to assess the effects of management activities on their populations and the populations of other
species with similar habitat needs which they may represent (Forest Service Manual 2620.5)." MIS
assessments are revised every five years and each is a synthesis of the most recent field–based
observations and peer–reviewed science pertaining to the species.
Common trout and Colorado River cutthroat trout (O. clarkii stomias) are MIS representing aquatic
habitats on the GMUG. A variety of land management activities can affect lake and stream habitats,
including traditional forestry practices, road construction and maintenance, fire and fuels
management, and water development. The presence of MIS species in a watershed is not an obstacle
to active forest management. On the contrary, MIS species are used by Forest personnel to gauge the
response of the entire forest ecosystem to land management projects we implement. In particular,
common trout were selected to assess effects of
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3. Climate Change And Trout Ecosystems
Increasing temperatures are an immediate threat to the earth and its many diverse ecosystems. Our
group chose to take an in depth look at the effects of climate change on freshwater fish species,
specifically on the rising air and freshwater temperatures and how they affect a cold water dwelling
fish species such as the trout. We will explore how the distribution of trout has changed over time
with rising temperatures, how fires due to climate change affect trout populations, and lastly what
the economic impacts of increased water temperatures will be on fisheries. Trout distribution is
incredibly susceptible to climate change. According to a report issued by PNAS, various trout
species, including the cutthroat, rainbow, and brown trout ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The only way to save these trout is to ultimately improve human's effect on the environment in order
to help save these fish. The rising temperatures are the main reason these fish have had a declining
rate, and one way we as humans can help is by limiting our carbon emissions and the burning of
fossil fuels. It will be a tough task, but possibly putting a cap and trade, basically a tariff on
emissions, is one way in which we could help stop the emissions and eventually help global
temperatures fall. The higher global temperatures rise, the more species we will eventually lose, and
trout are just one example of
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5. The Importance Of Chemical Communication
Chemical communication is the detection and recognition of chemical signals released by other
organisms. The chemicals that are released are known as info–chemicals and can be directed
towards organisms of the same or different species. Info–chemicals can be detected by more than
one species and the detection of info–chemicals is through olfactory and gustatory organs. The
utilization of chemical communication is vital to the survival of aquatic organisms due to the nature
of the medium which they are surrounded by; water. Over the past century, the rise in large scale
industrial activity such as mining and metal processing has lead to an explosion in human
productivity. However, the repercussion of this expansion is the disruption of global habitats,
resulting in the contamination of freshwater environments by heavy metal pollutants. The level of
pollution by heavy metals is further escalated by factors such as acid rain which increase the erosion
rate of metals thus leading to the introduction of more heavy metal pollutants (Tchouwou et al.
2012). Heavy metals are classified as metals that are significantly denser than water. Within this
group of heavy metals, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury are among the most critical
for their toxicity to a wide variety of organisms at low concentrations. However heavy metals such
as copper which are widely used in technological appliances can also affect aquatic organisms.
Furthermore, there are numerous studies evidencing
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7. A Look At The Biological Changes And Adaptations...
Anadromy in salmonids: a look at the biological changes and adaptations conferring the ability to
transition between freshwater and seawater
Sarah Davis
27600105
Applied Biology 418
Dr. Ackerman
October 2, 2014
Introduction
Diadromous fish are those that undergo regular migrations between two distinctly different biomes:
freshwater and saltwater (McDowall 1997). These migrations are physiologically mediated, occur at
anticipated times within a fish's life history, and involve two reciprocal migrations (i.e. the fish
migrates away from its natal biome, then later returns to spawn). Anadromy is a specific
subcategory of diadromy, wherein fish spawn in freshwater, migrate to sea, grow to their final size,
and then return to freshwater to spawn (Quinn 2011). Anadromy is considered to be a defining life
history pattern for members of the Salmonidae family (comprised of salmons, trouts, and charrs)
(Quinn and Myers 2004). All Pacific salmon species (belonging to the Genus Oncorhynchus) are
considered to be anadromous (Quinn 2011); nonetheless, there are examples of anadromous
salmonids outside this Genus, such as Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (McDowall 2001). It is worth
noting that anadromy is expressed to different degrees interspecifically and intraspecifically (Quinn
and Myers 2004). Pink (O. gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon have no natural non–anadromous
populations, suggesting that they are the most "strongly" anadromous species of salmonids.
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9. The Merced River Is The Southernmost Watercourse Of The...
METHODS
Study sites
The Merced River is the southernmost watercourse of the California Central Valley presently
inhabited by Chinook salmon whose abundance has decreased by 75% since 1950 (Yoshiyama et al.,
2000). From its headwaters located in Yosemite National Park, Sierra Nevada, the Merced River
flows west to join the San Joaquín River (river km 190) and drains a watershed approximately 3,297
km2 in size. Meanwhile, the elevation declines from 3,048 m to about 18.3 m. Only the first 82 river
km are reachable by anadromous fish with access terminating at Crocker–Huffman Dam. We
estimated the percent contribution of terrestrial organic carbon sources for juvenile Chinook salmon
across four longitudinally–positioned sites: Merced River ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Restoration planning identified the rehabilitation of the floodplain functions that foster recruitment
of riparian vegetation and the quality of riparian habitat. Fall–run Chinook salmon is an important
management species in the Merced River, and numerous state and federal resource programs include
increasing its abundance in their goals. The vision has been to enhance channel, floodplain and
riparian ecosystem processes and critical habitats for juvenile and adult salmonids, in coordination
with local communities and stakeholders, to promote the recovery of healthy and diverse Chinook
salmon and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) populations in the Merced River, while helping to
meet the abundance goals of the Anadromous Fish Restoration Program.
Robinson's restoration reach is approximately 2.4 km long and is located 16 km downstream of
Crocker–Huffman Dam. The project included a very complex suite of actions to restore Robinson's
reach which was degraded as a result of mining activities and recent flood impacts. Channel
reconfiguration and the creation of a large floodplain with native vegetation increased the river
channel's ability to transport and deposit sediments under the river's current flow regime; hence
improving channel dynamics and salmon passage concerns. These actions within the channel
produced improvements for salmon spawning and rearing through the creation of
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11. Life Cycle Analysis ( Lca )
Introduction to Life Cycle Analysis Life cycle analysis (LCA) provides a systematic evaluation of a
system/industry to improve through implementing more efficient and ecological design and
developmental techniques, ecological and social positive development, eliminating wastes,
decreasing deleterious inputs and outputs, and pollution prevention as well as reevaluating ethical
and social impacts afflicted through practices.
Taking a "less harm" approach is often the first step in evaluating the impact of a product 's life
cycle on the environment beginning from the abstraction of raw materials, manufacturing,
production, consumption, and ending with dematerialization. Although, "no one tool is adequate to
the task of measuring ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the farming process, natural occurrences such as competition for food resources, predation,
diseases, climate change, and reproduction are manipulated. The farming environment is controlled
and regulated using various techniques dependent on the species, either fish, crustaceans, aquatic
plants, and mollusks. Aquaculture involves the propagation, cultivation, and marketing of these
aquatic stocks (Swann 1992) and can also include ownership, individual or corporate, of production
stocks (Goldburg et al. 2001). Within the aquaculture industry there are several categories of
aquaculture facilities including but not limited to concrete ponds, trays and longlines (Goldburg et
al. 2001), tank systems, Earthen ponds, net pens, cages, raceways, and recirculating systems
(Ramírez–Godínez et al. 2013). The production systems of these facilities range from traditional,
low–intensity sustenance to highly intensive production in man–made earthen pools, freshwater,
brackish, and marine environments (Pelletier and Tyedmers 2008).
The North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) categorizes fauna aquaculture
establishments as follows:
Finfish farming and fish hatcheries (NAICS code 112511), which finfish production (catfish
(Ictalurus punctatus), trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus), tropical
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13. Mercury and Commercial Salmon
Commercial salmon is an important source of nutrition for humans in both urban populations and
aboriginal peoples. However, mercury contamination in salmonids has been a rising concern not
only for the health of humans but for the health of wildlife and ecosystems that are affected by it.
Mercury is distributed widely through the environment through natural processes, but anthropogenic
processes have been increasing mercury concentrations in the environment to dangerous levels
through direct deposition in soil and through atmospheric deposition. In this essay, I will review the
processes in which mercury circulated through the ecosystems, how salmon is affected by it, and
how the consumption of salmon affects human health.
About Salmonids Salmonids is a group of species classified under the family Salmonidae.
Salmonidae consists of 5 genera and 14 species primarily residing in the arctic. The family of
salmonidae includes salmons, trouts, and chars. A few species of salmonidae discussed in this essay
include the sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerca), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), brown
trout (Salmo trutta), cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki), Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha), and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) (Farrell and Steffensen, 2005).
Overview of the Circulation of Mercury Inorganic mercury becomes deposited into the atmosphere
and soil by both natural processes and anthropogenic processes. Natural processes include volcanic
events, breakdown of
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15. Bull Trout Research Paper
Introduction: The Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in the family Salmonidae and are a char native
to Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Montana and western Canada. Compared to other
salmonids, bull trout have more specific habitat requirements that appear to influence their
distribution and abundance (USFWS, 2015). Bull trout were historically regarded as pests due to
their voracious predatory behavior. It was thought that bull trout depleted populations of "more
desirable" game fish by feeding on them when they were very small thus supposedly depleting the
numbers. In fact at one point there was a bounty placed on bull trout tails in Canada to encourage
fisherman to rid the waters of this "Bully," which effectively eliminated them from certain
watersheds (Donald, D. B., and D. J. Alger. 1993). At one time in the early 1900's the Bull Trout
thrived in the waterways of the Northwest. The Upper Snake Recovery Unit for the Bull trout occurs
within central Idaho, northern Nevada, and eastern Oregon. Major drainages include: the Salmon
River, Malheur River, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Suckley in 1859 as Salmo confluentus, and later Linnaeus gave the Char the genus name Salvelinus.
The bull trout's species name (confluentus), which translates roughly from Latin to mean "flowing
together," presumably refers to the larger rivers and streams which they inhabit (Moyle, 2002). Bull
trout are considered char and are native to the Pacific Northwest and western Canada. The historical
range of bull trout includes major river basins in the Pacific Northwest at about 41 to 60 degrees
North latitude, from the southern limits in the McCloud River in northern California and the
Jarbidge River in Nevada to the headwaters of the Yukon River in the Northwest Territories, Canada
(Watson, G. and T. Hillman. 1997) More westward the bull trout's current range includes Puget
Sound, various coastal rivers of British Columbia, Canada, and southeast Alaska (Behnke, R. J.
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17. Pink Salmon Case Study
The local alignment results indicate that the species from the sample is from is pink salmon.
According to BLAST, the top hit (and therefore the highest scoring sequence via local alignment)
belonged to the COI gene of pink salmon (figure 4), and therefore it can be strongly implied that the
pink salmon one can buy at the store is, in fact, pink salmon. The electropherogram (figure 3) helped
confirm the sequencing results, and the electrophoresis results confirmed the validity of the PCR
products obtained which showed relevant bands according to their corresponding ladder. There is no
limit to the amount of research that should be conducted in the concept of testing the validity of the
claims of grocery store claims about their products using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
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Just as COI can be analyzed in salmon, the same gene can also be analyzed and sequenced in other
species. According to a study by Liu et al. (2018), a species of fly that is a common carrier of
pathogenic organisms in Asia was analyzed based on both morphology and phylogenetics7. After
analyzing the species with morphological understandings, Liu et al. analyzed the genomes of
pathogenic vectors residing within these flies for a comparison of where these pathogens were
concentrated most strongly according to their population and localization7. It should be noted that
definitions of species have their downfalls, however where one definition fails another can be used
alongside to fill in the gaps. Several bioinformatics analysis methods exist for this such purpose, and
it can be inferred for future research into DNA barcoding to take advantage of these techniques, as
seen in the phylogenetic tree created by Liu et al7. Of course DNA barcoding involves the process
of sequencing DNA, however the proteins expressed from said genes should enter the discussion of
DNA barcoding due to their effects on species differentiation. Bioinformaticians have recently been
able to combine the complex topic of protein structure with phylogenetic analysis in order to further
analyze species differentiation, as evident in Pittman et al. (2016)8. In this study the genes
themselves coding for the calcium
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19. Research Paper On Fishing Salmon
In the past, the American River provided more that 150 miles of spawning habitat for anadromous
fish like Chinook (king) salmon and steelhead trout. With the creation of the Folsom and Nimbus
dam for flood control in 1970, came the decline of native salmon and steelhead populations because
upstream spawning habitats were cut off or destroyed. The Nimbus Salmon and Steelhead Hatchery
was created because salmon and steelhead were threatened to become extinct and people believed
the population could be replaced by hatchery fish. The relationship between salmon and humans is
much more than just humans fishing salmon for food. I think the relationship is more of a positive
one because the dam builders try to mitigate population loss. By creation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They show the desire humans have to coexist with the salmon while providing a viewing sight for
humans to see the salmon. I think that although hatcheries seem to be effective in maintaining the
population of fish, we should work on creating a new population of salmon in a new location. Then
salmon won't need human intervention to maintain their populations. Also that way we do not have
to worry about how hatchery salmon will react differently to than the wild salmon in the wild. I
really enjoyed my trip to the Nimbus and American river fish hatcheries and it was amazing seeing
and learning about the salmon and
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21. Trout Unlimited Case Study
The Salmonidae family is a variety of coldwater fish species that are primarily found in bodies of
water where cold temperatures are maintained. Like all other species in the Salmonidae family, the
trout is one species that require special care and parameters to secure its level of fitness and survival.
Trout Unlimited is an organization that works cooperatively with Pennsylvania's Fish and Boat
Commission to protect and manage the streams, in which the trout occupy. The three utmost
imperative aspects of the streams that are maintained include the stream's physical, chemical, and
biological characteristics. Although it possesses aspects that aren't excellent, the Cacoosing Creek is
a satisfying location to support a healthy trout population. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
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The average temperature was approximately 9.67 C. The temperature of the water is significantly
impacted by the amount of cool wind the area receives, the amount of sunlight, and the time of year
in which the temperature was measured. These factors allow for the water to maintain significantly
cooler throughout the year. Also affected by wind are the velocity and rate of flow of the stream.
The average velocity is 0.29 meters per second (m/s) and the rate of flow is 41.30 meters3 per
second (m3/s). The velocity and rate of flow in the area are higher because it was closer to the dam
and also contained areas that were more elevated than some. Sunlight, on the other hand, also
affected the turbidity and the photic zone. The turbidity of the stream was 26.50 centimeters (0.265
meters), while the photic zone was 0.42 meters. The photic zone is the depth of the water that
receives the greatest amount of sunlight that is then used to carry out photosynthesis. Turbidity is an
indicator of how much algae or sediments is present in a lake because it affects the visibility of the
water. The cloudiness of the water is caused by the dissolved particles scattering light molecules
within the water. The average depth of the water is 9.50 meters and the average width of the water is
14.99 meters. The measurements of the width and depth are not affected by anything. According to
Trout
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23. Lake Granby
Lake Granby
Lake Granby is located in the mountains of Colorado, near the town of Granby. The third largest
body of water in Colorado, it is at an elevation of 8,284 feet. In 1950 the Granby Dam was
completed, and is a part of the Colorado –Big Thompson Project (CBT). The CBT provides a large
water resource for the Front Range. Along with being used to supply the Front Range with water, it
is also the headwaters of the Colorado River. Water levels in the lake are extremely important to
both the Front Range and the downstream users of the watershed. This is a unique situation for
water because the water that is used in the CBT has to cross the continental divide. There must also
be enough water that travels downstream due to water rights in, and outside the watershed. Proper
water management of the system at a lake wide scale is the most important sustainability issue for
the area. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Boats are very common on the lake, both for fishing and recreation. The lake is a popular to anglers
looking for kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Other
fish like rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) are also abundant in
the lake. Mysis shrimp were introduced into the lake many years ago. They have had an impact on
the kokanee salmon and will be analyzed in the final paper. The fishing industry provides income for
the area, as well as jobs. As of recent, the populations of kokanee salmon and lake trout have been in
a decline. The interaction of human management on these fish populations is needed in order to help
increase these fish abundance in the lake. This issue is also linked to the management of water in the
lake because water levels impact the way that fish species
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25. Great Plains Ecosystem Essay
Aquatic habitats in the Great Plains region were historically dominated by rivers and streams with
associated wetlands and few natural lakes. Native fishes are typically riverine species that are in
many cases adapted to strong current, turbid water, and a wide range of water temperatures.
However, many species that require clear water and cool temperatures are found as relict
populations in springs and headwater streams. The native and introduced fish fauna are an important
link in food chains for many species and are significant economic resources for many communities.
The native fish fauna of the Great Plains includes representatives of twenty–eight families and more
than 100 species. Several other families and many species have been introduced. The minnow
family (Cyprinidae) is the most diverse with more than forty species native to the region. Other ...
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The north–central region (Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming) had ninety–three native species from
twenty–two families while the northern Plains states' (North Dakota, Montana) native fishes
numbered seventy–six species from nineteen families. The Canadian (Manitoba, Saskatchewan,
Alberta) and southern (Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico) portions of the Great Plains were the least
diverse with fifty–eight and sixty–two species respectively. Both regions had seventeen native
families, but the southern region included representatives of two families (Characidae,
Cyprinodontidae) and eight species found native nowhere else in the Plains. The northern states and
Canadian regions contribute two families (Salmonidae, Cottidae) and four species to the native
fauna. The Great Plains fish fauna shows a strong influence of its connection to the Mississippi
drainage. However, representatives of northern and southwestern faunas are also in
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27. Analysis Of Silver Creek Wetland Complex
Silver Creek Wetland Complex is a rare coastal wetland found along the eastern side of the
Nottawasaga Bay Shoreline. It falls within the town boundary of the Town of Collingwood, which
was formally a part of the Town of Blue Mountains. Because the area is a part of the greater Silver
Creek Watershed, the marshy land is classified as a Schedule B Category 1 land under
Environmental Protection as per the Official Plan of the Town of Collingwood. Blue Mountain Trust
Watershed Practice monitors the watershed and the significant wetland is protected and maintained
by Nottawasaga Valley Conservation Authority. The 2700 Ha watershed flows through the "Lake of
Clouds" by Castle Glen, down the Niagara Escarpment, where the 160 Ha complex at the ... Show
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By the end of this report you should have a better perception on the geological landscape of Silver
Creek Wetland Complex, and further in–depth knowledge on what stewardship responsibilities fall
on you and your relationship with the land you use.
1.2 Public Land Management – Conservation Qualifications
In 1985, the Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) evaluated the Silver Creek Wetland, and
qualified it for environmental protection. A re–evaluation was done in 1995, and a decision was
made to combine three areas into one complex. The provincially significant wetland is listed as
"unimpaired" and protection was recommended in 2000 by Nottawasaga Valley Conservation
Authority's watershed health monitoring summary. As the area provides vital biological, social, and
hydro geological functions, protection is crucial. Not only does the area act as flood control, water
purification, and sediment containment, it is a prime fishing location for locals as it provides a cold–
water habitat and spawning grounds for several varieties of game fish such as brook trout
(Salvelinus fontinalis), Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), and rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss). Numerous species of birds, such as the Caspian terns (Hydroprogne
caspia), the great egret (Ardea alba), the black–crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), and
other waterfowl also favour the staging and feeding grounds that the
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