Chapter 5 powerpoint

Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 5: Human Anatomy and
Physiology Review

Copyright © 2016 Wolters Kluwer • All Rights Reserved
Objectives
1. Demonstrate basic knowledge of the terminology,
functions, and organization of the body.
2. Describe functions, identify components or major
structures, and correctly use terminology associated
with each body system.
3. List disorders and diagnostic tests commonly associated
with each body system.

Overview
• Human body consists of:
– >30 trillion cells
– 206 bones
– 700 muscles
– About 5 liters of blood
– About 25 miles of blood vessels
• Anatomy: structural composition
• Physiology: function
The medical science and
specialty practice
concerned with all aspects
of disease—including the
characteristics, causes,
and effects of disease on
the structure and function
of the body—is called
pathology, and the medical
professional trained in this
area is called a
pathologist.

Body Positions
• Anatomic Position
– Standing erect
– Arms at sides
– Eyes & palms facing forward
• Supine
– Lying horizontal on the back, face up
• Prone
– Lying face down
– In reference to the hand, palm facing
down
See how well you can
identify body planes,
directional terms, and
cavities in Labeling
Exercises 5-1, 5-2, and
5-3 in the
WORKBOOK.

Body Planes

Body Directional Terms

Body Cavities

Body Functions
• Homeostasis
– A state of equilibrium or balance in the body’s internal
environment
– Maintained by compensating for changes (feedback & regulation)
• Metabolism
– The sum of all physical & chemical reactions needed to sustain
life
– Catabolism: complex substances are broken down, usually with
release of energy (conversion of carbohydrates into glucose)
– Anabolism: simple substances are converted to more complex
(synthesis of a hormone from substances in bloodstream)

Body Organization
• Cells
– Basic structural unit of all life
– Trillions in body, responsible for all activities
– Basic structural components: see Figure 5-4 on next slide. Not
shown in Figure:
• Chromosomes: long strands of DNA organized into units
called genes, occurring in humans in 23 identical pairs (46
individual)
• Organelles: specialized structures within the cytoplasm
• Surface organelles: structures that project from certain cells
• Flagellum: whiplike extension found on sperm

Body Organization (cont.)
• Cells
Complete Labeling
Exercise 5-4 in the
WORKBOOK to
enhance your ability
to identify cellular
structures.

Body Organization (cont.)
• Tissues
– Groups of similar cells that work together to perform a special
function
– Four basic types:
• Connective: supports & connects all parts of body; includes
adipose (fat), cartilage, bone, & blood
• Epithelial: covers & protects body & lines organs, vessels,
& cavities
• Muscle: contracts to produce movement
• Nerve: transmits electrical impulses

Body Systems: Integumentary
• Functions
– Protects body from bacterial invasion, dehydration, sun’s rays
– Regulates body temperature
– Eliminates some waste through sweat
– Receives environmental stimuli (heat, cold, touch, pain)
– Manufactures vitamin D from sunlight

Body Systems: Integumentary (cont.)
• Structures
– Skin (largest organ in body)
– Exocrine glands (oil & sweat)
– Hair
– Nails
– Blood vessels, nerves, & sensory organs within skin

• Cross section of the skin
Aging causes thinning
of the epidermis,
dermis, and
subcutaneous layer.
This makes the skin
more translucent and
fragile and leaves the
blood vessels less well
protected. As a result
the elderly bruise more
easily.

• Skin Layers
– Epidermis
• Outermost & thinnest layer
• Made up of stratified, squamous epithelial cells
• Avascular (no blood or lymph vessels)
• Only living cells are in deepest layer (stratum germinativum)
• Produces skin pigment melanin
• Nourished by diffusion of nutrients from dermis

• Skin Layers
– Dermis
• Inner layer of skin
• Much thicker than epidermis
• Composed of elastic & fibrous connective tissue
• Contains blood & lymph vessels, sebaceous (oil) &
sudoriferous (sweat) glands, & hair follicles
• The dermis lies on top of a layer of subcutaneous tissue
– Subcutaneous
• Connective & adipose tissue; connects skin to surface muscles

Body Systems: Muscular
• Functions
– Moves body (via contraction of muscle cells)
– Maintains posture (via muscle tone)
– Produces heat (from muscle cell metabolism)
– Aids in organ function & blood circulation
• Structures
– Cardiac muscle: wall of heart; pumps blood out of heart
– Skeletal muscle: attached to bones; produces movement at
joints
– Smooth muscle: wall of hollow organs; produces peristalsis

Body Systems: Muscular (cont.)
• Muscular system
Skeletal muscle
movement helps
keep blood moving
through your veins.
For example,
moving your arms
helps move blood
from your
fingertips back to
your heart.
Check out Labeling
Exercise 5-6 in the
WORKBOOK to
help strengthen your
muscular system
knowledge.

Body Systems: Muscular (cont.)
• Muscular tissue
Find the name of a
muscle type in the
WORKBOOK scrambled
words drill (Knowledge
Drill 5-2).

Body Systems: Skeletal
• Functions
– Is framework that gives body shape & support
– Protects internal organs
– Provides movement & leverage (with muscular system)
– Stores calcium
– Produces blood cells in bone marrow (hemopoiesis)

Body Systems: Skeletal (cont.)
• Structures
– Bones
• Type of dense connective tissue
• Consist of bone cells surrounded by hard deposits of calcium
salts
• Living tissue with their own network of blood & lymph
vessels & nerves
• Four shapes: flat (ribs), irregular (vertebrae), long
(femur), short (carpals)

• Human skeleton
Bones of particular
importance in
capillary blood
collection are the
distal phalanx of
the finger and the
calcaneus or heel
bone of the foot.

• Structures
– Joints
• Junction or union between 2 or more bones
• Freely moveable joints have synovial cavity
• Bursa: sac filled with synovial fluid to ease movement
– Supporting connective tissue
• Fibrous
• Ligaments
• Cartilage

Body Systems: Nervous
• Functions
– Controls & coordinates activities of various body systems by
electrical impulses & chemical substances sent & received
– Two functional divisions:
• Somatic: voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
• Autonomic: involuntary movement of cardiac & smooth
muscles & glands

Body Systems: Nervous (cont.)
• Structures
– Neuron
• Fundamental unit of nervous system
• Conducts impulses that allow body to interact with internal &
external environment
• Consists of cell body with nucleus & organelles, dendrites, &
axons

• Structures (cont.)
– Central nervous system (CNS)
• Brain & spinal cord
• Surrounded & cushioned by a cavity filled with cerebrospinal
fluid
• Protected by 3 layers of connective tissue (meninges)
– Peripheral nervous system
• Motor or efferent nerves: carry impulses from CNS to
organs, glands, & muscles
• Sensory or afferent nerves: carry impulses to CNS from
sensory receptors in various parts of the body

• Structural divisions of the nervous system & a motor
neuron
Two main types of
nerves are motor or
efferent (ef’fer-ent)
nerves and
sensory or afferent
(a’fer-ent) nerves.

Body Systems: Endocrine
• Functions
– Secretes hormones into
bloodstream
– Affects metabolism, growth
& development, reproduction,
personality, response to stress,
& resistance to disease
Pregnancy tests are
based on a reaction with
a hormone called human
chorionic (ko-re-on’ik)
gonadotropin (gon-ah-
do-tro’pin) (hCG)
secreted by embryonic
cells that eventually give
rise to the placenta.

Body Systems: Endocrine (cont.)
• Structures: Endocrine Glands
– Hypothalamus & pituitary (brain)
– Pineal (brain)
– Thyroid (throat, near larynx)
– Parathyroids (on thyroid)
– Thymus (chest, behind sternum)
– Adrenals (on top of each kidney)
– Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
– Testes (scrotum)
– Ovaries (pelvic cavity)

Body Systems: Endocrine (cont.)
• Endocrine system

Body Systems: Digestive
• Functions
– Takes in food
– Breaks food down into usable
components for absorption
– Eliminates waste products
• Structures
– Gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small & large intestines)
– Accessory organs (lips, teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
pancreas, gallbladder)
Grab your colored markers
and do Labeling Exercise
5-11 in the WORKBOOK to
help you learn digestive
system structures.

Body Systems: Digestive (cont.)
• Digestive
system
The digestive system
also includes and is
assisted by a number
of accessory organs
and structures: lips,
teeth, tongue,
salivary glands,
liver, pancreas, and
gallbladder.

Body Systems: Reproductive
• Functions
– Produces gametes needed to
form a new human being
• Spermatozoa (males)
• Ova (females)
• Structures
– Female: ovaries (female gonads), fallopian tubes, uterus,
cervix, vagina, vulva
– Male: testes (male gonads), seminal vesicles, prostate,
epididymis, vas deferens, seminal ducts, urethra, penis,
spermatic cords, scrotum
Boost your ability to identify
reproductive system structures by
doing Labeling Exercise 5-12 in
the WORKBOOK.

Body Systems: Reproductive (cont.)
• Reproductive system. A. Male. B. Female.

Body Systems: Urinary
• Functions
– Filters waste products from the blood
– Creates urine
– Eliminates wastes from body in urine
– Helps regulate body fluids
• Structures
– Kidneys: contain nephrons, working unit of kidney
– Ureters: transport urine from kidney to bladder
– Urinary bladder: stores urine
– Urethra: transports urine from bladder to outside the body
Labeling Exercise 5-14 in the
WORKBOOK can help you
learn the urinary system
structures.

Body Systems: Urinary (cont.)
• Urinary
system
Blood creatinine is a
measure of kidney
function because
creatinine is a waste
product removed from
the blood by the
kidneys. If kidney
function declines,
creatinine accumulates
in the blood.

Body Systems: Respiratory
• Functions
– Respiration
• External: oxygen from air enters bloodstream in lungs &
carbon dioxide leaves bloodstream & enters air from lungs
• Internal: oxygen leaves bloodstream & enters cells in tissues
& carbon dioxide from cells enters bloodstream
– Gas exchange & transport
– Acid–base balance

Body Systems: Respiratory (cont.)
• Structures
– Respiratory tract
• Nose
• Pharynx
• Larynx
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs (pleura, pleural space, alveoli)

• Respiratory
system A deficiency of
surfactant in
premature infants
causes the alveoli
to collapse, leading
to a condition
called infant
respiratory
distress
syndrome, or
IRDS.

• Gas exchange
Knowledge Drill
5-3 in the
WORKBOOK will
help you see how
well you are
grasping
knowledge of the
body systems.

NAACLS Entry Level Competencies Met in
This Chapter
• 3.0 Demonstrate basic understanding of the anatomy of
the main body systems and anatomic terminology in
order to relate major areas of the clinical laboratory
to general pathologic conditions associated with the
body systems.
• 3.1 Describe the basic functions of each of the main body
systems, and demonstrate basic knowledge of the
circulatory (see Chapter 6), urinary, and other body
systems necessary to perform assigned specimen
collection.

Questions?

Chapter 5 powerpoint

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