Socialism Vs Communism

Socialism Vs Communism
These are the principles of the Socialist party of the U.S., the labour party of Great Britain, and labor or social democratic parties of diverse countries.
Therefore they form the centrist position held by most socialists. Some political action calling themselves socialists, however, exhort the complete
abolition of the capitalist method and of exclusive profit, and at the other extreme are socialist lineups having intentions requiring even fewer changes
in the social organization than those outlined above. The ultimate goal of all socialists, however, is a classless united commonwealth in every nation of
the world.
The names socialism and communism were once used interchangeably. Today, however, communism designates those opinions and gesticulation
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Immigration Policy In Canada
In 2013, according to the United Nations there were approximately 231 million people residing in a country other than their place of birth. Amongst
western societies, Canada is considered one of the generous countries to immigrate to with one of the highest per capita admission rates. It has, on
average, offered placement to more than 200,000 immigrants per year over the past decade, earning Canada a global reputation for its "open arms"
attitude.
Since Confederation, Canada's immigration landscape has been in a state of constant transformation. In 2014, the federal government announced major
changes to its immigration system pressing many Canadians to raise questions about the immigration strategies sponsored by the country's political
parties. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gergin (2011) suggests that the Conservatives have crafted an immigration policy that is less compassionate and more economically based. He goes on
to argue that the family–class immigration initiatives has virtually vanished under the Harper government and that the leadership continues to amend
the formula towards the entrepreneurial and well–educated individual who should easily integrate successfully into the state's economy and social
spheres.
Scholars assert that the key theme in the evolution of Canada's immigration strategy is the perceived trade–off between short–term and long–term
objectives. Canada's shifting immigration policy and the emphasis placed on specific immigration goals will always invite critics and expose
competing immigration principles amid Canada's political parties.
Approach to

What Is The Relationship Between The Bolshevik And Mensheviks
The Bolsheviks (lit. "one for the majority") were a Russian political party that was founded in 1903 by Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanov,
when they split away from the Menshevik (lit. "one for the minority") faction under the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. By 1905,
the Bolsheviks were no longer a minor faction, but one that had over 8,400 members. This number increased to 46,000 by 1910, a time where the
Mensheviks had only 38,000. The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks continued to both gain and lose the majority in their parent party, and in 1910, they
were forced to band together due to their loss of numbers and pressure from the Tzar, even though Lenin was strongly against the idea. Then, in 1912,
the Bolsheviks broke away

Ideologies and How They Impact Policy Making Essays
Essay Question: What are ideologies and how do they impact upon policy making?
Ideologies refer to a set of ideas and values that provides a base for organised political action. They justify and influence the different theories of
society and human nature. Ideologies have a big impact on policy making, as the government of the day will base their policies around these political
ideologies. The two major political parties in New Zealand, National and Labour, each have different beliefs and values which lead to different
ideologies. Looking at both parties previous and current policies, we can observe the impact of the ideologies they have adopted on their policy
making. The National party in the last 20 years has driven policies from a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neo–liberalism has had the greatest impact on public policy in New Zealand over the past 20 years. An example of this ideology in policy making in
New Zealand history would be The National party in the 1990's. National significantly reduced the state's role in the labour market, and introduced
markets in public housing and education. A more recent example is the current National government and their benefits policy. In 2008 National
focussed on getting beneficiaries into employment. National's leader John Key announced that they were committing to a benefit policy that would act
as a safety net, but encourage beneficiaries to go out and source other forms of income (Key, 2008). This is a neo–liberal idea in the sense of having
minimal state intervention. The plan to put in place a tax system that encourages people to work hard and not rely on the welfare state, and the
continuing of shrinking the size of government sees that the future intentions of the current National party is going to carry on down a neo–liberal road
(Key, 2008).
Social democracy is a political ideology which embraces both socialism and liberalism (Belgrave, Cheyne, & O'Brien, 2008). It is not a tightly
sealed set of political values and beliefs, but a set of several. Social democracy contrasts with the ideology of neo–liberalism by identifying market
failure rather than government intervention (Eichbaum & Shaw, 2008); this is why it stands for a balance between

Tripartite Relationship
SOUTH AFRICAN LABOUR: A TRIPARTITE RELATIONSHIP? G.M. Ferreira Department of Public Administration and Management UNISA
ABSTRACT T his article contains an overview of the complex network of labour relations dynamics and organizational flow in the new legislative
landscape of labour relations. It sketches the hierarchy and protocol of the different protagonists in the labour market and explains the number of
principles and influences amidst the myriad of legislative and ad hoc regulatory precepts. It also touches on the impact the general rights of workers
and their representative bodies have on the economic forces and health. The article stipulates the sensitive, yet core role that the government has to play
in attempting to reach an... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The political system of governance in a country determines the extent of the involvement of the state in the labour relationship. In a democratic system,
the intervention of the state is supposed to be limited. The free market system determines the labour relationship. In this environment the role of trade
unions is limited as is that of conflict and industrial action. Labour legislation covers the bare minimum and employers are often only responding to the
demands of the market. On the other side of the political spectrum, the state controls and owns all productive resources. The labour relationship is
regulated and there is no need for trade unions. Between these extremes, countries have, to a greater or lesser degree, some form of regulation of the
labour relationship through legislative frameworks. In advanced democracies, the fundamental human rights of individuals and employees are
protected by the constitution. Labour market intervention in these countries is normally because of economic reasons. In South Africa, there has
always been state intervention in the labour relationship. During the apartheid era there was a dual system in labour relations. There was a legislative
framework governing white workers and a separate framework governing other workers. The implemented recommendations of the Wiehahn
Commission in 1979, lead to

Social Class Theory And Political Sociology
Power is the "The ability of individuals or groups to make there own concerns and interestes count, even when others resist". ( Anthony Giddens 2001 ).
There are three major theoretical frameworks in political sociology–pluralist, elite theory, and social–class perspectives. Classic pluralist see power
held by a variety of groups in society; some of which are more powerful than others.The diverse and competing interests of different groups is the
basis for a democratic equilibrium. These groups compete with each other to maximise their influence. No one group or class is able to dominate all
other groups because of checks and balances built into a democratic system. Elite theory involves the idea that rather than there being a simple
plurality of competing groups in society, there are instead a series of competing elites and powerful groups who are able to impose their will and
dominate the rest of society. social–class theory is based off the ideas of Karl Marx. These frameworks have set the foundation for most perspectives
in political sociology.
There are two main sociological perspectives. The Functionalist Perspective, Symbolic Interactionism Perspective and the Conflict Perspective.
Functionalism presents society as a machine of interconnected parts that work together in unison to maintain a state of economic balance and social
equilibrium for the whole. for example the family, schools, government and religion are social institutions that contribute to

Advantages Of Welfare State Retrenchment
INTRODUCTION According to some theories the creation of welfare state was partly a result of a power struggle between different social classes.
The working class was at the head of the emerging social movements, which pushed the welfare state ahead. Social democratic parties were
representing the working classes' interests and successfully implemented social institutions and norms that are prevailing until today. These institution
in a broad sense of term are forming the body of welfare state with all its modalities, changes and obstacles across the developed regions. Social
democratic parties can't of course take the credit for installing the welfare states themselves. However, they were significant actors and players when it
came to defending... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However they did not succeed entirely, mostly because of the so called welfare state 'path dependency' defined in the Pierson's book Dismantling the
welfare state?: Reagan, Thatcher, and the politics of retrenchment. The social benefits turned out to be crucially important to voters and even the
neoliberal government did not dare to cut off the benefits in order to be able to gain votes. Most analyses have showed that the welfare states were
stable and resistant to most attempts of retrenchments introduced by governments and even though if some cut offs passed, the nature of welfares state
has not changed. The resistance of welfare state's institutions is extraordinary, no government would dare to significantly change or cancel the core
social expenditures (eg. pensions). However that does not imply that the welfare states are stagnant, unchangeable, robust institutions. Welfares states
are evolving and according to Bruno Palier every type of welfare state has its own path of dependency and welfare states differentiate between diverse
periods of time, political system and types of changes introduced by governments. There is no such thing as a single recipe for the welfare retrenchment
and neither a single pattern for welfare state evolution. The uniformity of the welfare state historical stages was often criticized for theoretical and
empirical simplification thus the last period of retrenchment suffers from the same

The Trouble with Violence in Northern Ireland Essay
In the past century we have experienced a vast majority of violent acts towards minority groups such as blacks, Jews, homosexuals and others.
According to BBC the Troubles of Northern Ireland represent one of the latest examples of religious, ethnic, geographic and political conflict. The
Troubles started in the late 1960s and it is considered by many to have ended with the Belfast Good Friday Agreement of 1998. After more than 30
years of civil conflict, peace had finally been achieved. However, random violence acts have continued since then. How did the Belfast Good Friday
Agreement end the Troubles in Northern Ireland and how is the country today? The island was divided into Northern Ireland and The Republic of
Ireland in the 1920s. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The IRA targeted soldiers and policemen, but while doing so they killed civilians. To keep them apart, the capital, Belfast transformed into a war zone,
and walls were built to prevent the groups from attacking each other. For many years Belfast was known as "the Barricaded city". Protestants also
formed groups, which carried out attacks against Catholics. In the 1970s and 1980s, approximately 3,000 people were killed, with many more injured.
Despite the Protestants majority, the creation of Northern Ireland did not bring security to them because it was clear that London was never as
committed to the Union as the Protestants were. The Protestant leaders assumed that the new state could only exist if they had the power therefore they
made sure that their power should be both strong and permanent. As result they changed the voting system and the electoral boundaries
(gerrymandering). Nationalists and Catholics were considered as second–class citizens, and dangerous to the state. They were seen with being less
deserving of jobs and houses than their Protestant neighbors, they were discriminated in the public service, in education as well. The representatives of
Nationalists and Catholics were also banned from political power and influence. In addition to being discriminated they were also complaining to the
government because of the use of special powers against republicans.

Let Us Face the Future: the Labour Party 1945 Manifesto
Let Us Face the Future: The Labour Party 1945 Manifesto
At the very end of World War 2, the British people is craving for a change in the economic and social policies of their country. In fact, the Great
Depression and pre–war Conservative governments were very disappointing : Chamberlain's (from 1937 to 1940) and Churchill's (from 1940 to
1945) governments were practically only based on foreign policy (because of the war and the progressive degradation of the British Empire), and
were considered responsible for not enough preparing Britain to war ; moreover, the Great Depression's various governments (Labour as well as
Tories) were blamed because they did not assure the people's, and particularly the working–class' ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"the Labour Party will put the community first and the sectional interests of private business after." (line 12–13). They also want to restore many
liberties that were damaged by the war. In order to build a new society , the Labour chooses to put the accent on industrial and social reforms, which
are the basis of the welfare state, and therefore defines the Labour party as a socialist party.
With this definition the Labour party places itself at odds with the other parties, and especially the Conservative Party, which is associated with
capitalism and privatization.
In this extract, the Labour Party, and Attlee, do not only detail a programme for the oncoming elections– they also hugely criticize the Conservative
Party and their faith in capitalism and privatization of the industries. They defend the lower classes by saying that the Tories have installed in the UK
"a restrictive anti–social monopoly or cartel agreements – caring for their own capital structures and profits at the cost of lower standard of living for
all." (l. 28–29). That is to say that the Conservative Party only wanted to make profit by installing a capitalist society to the expense of the lower
classes, which were poorer than ever during the Great Depression, and that this type of society only profited the richer classes and the elite. Indeed,
capitalism is a type of society whose bases are above all the private property of

The Short and Long Term Effects of the Hunger-Strikes in...
The Short and Long Term Effects of the Hunger–Strikes in Northern Ireland
The hunger–strikes of 1980 and 1981 had highly significant consequences for Northern Ireland nationally and internationally. While at first they
polarised the community, they eventually led to the beginnings of peace in Northern Ireland.
Soon after Direct Rule was introduced in Northern Ireland in March 1972 Westminster created a new department, the Northern Ireland Office, which
had responsibility for Irelandwhile "a cross–community successor to the Stormont system was devised"[1]. William Whitelaw was appointed its head,
under the title of Northern Ireland Secretary. Whitelaw aimed to "improve his relations with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Whitelaw later conceded that "he had made a mistake in introducing 'special category status'"[6] as it led to the "political upheavals"[7] of 1980 and
1981.
In late 1975 the Labour Secretary of State Merlyn Rees announced the phasing out of the 'special category status'. Acting on advice that removing the
status from inmates who were already granted it would result in major disturbances, Rees announced that newly convicted prisoners would not be
granted the status. These prisoners were put in newly built cells called H–block (or the 'Maze'). They were expected to wear prison uniform, carry out
prison work, given little association with other prisoners and were no longer segregated from non–paramilitary inmates. While Loyalists staged protests
but soon accepted the conditions, republicans were far more determined in their objections. They created an unofficial anthem that captured the depth
of their opposition:
I'll wear no convict's uniform,
Nor meekly serve my time,
That England might
Brand Ireland's fight
Eight hundred years of crime[8].

Their protest escalated from the autumn of 1976 onwards. Initially they refused to wear prison clothes, which became know as being 'on the blanket'.
For refusing prison clothes the defiant prisoners were punished by being given only a blanket leaving them naked, confined permanently to

Firstly, Social Policy Combines Sociology, Politics, And
Firstly, Social policy combines sociology, politics, and economics to study how governments and society work on issues of social welfare,
individual wellbeing and social justice. 'Before the old poor law' during the Middle Ages, support was provided throughout parts of Europe through
the Christian charity for the poor. The main organisations that set up the charities where monasteries and church. these charities made it easy for the
poor people to survive if they left their lands to move to the cities. This made it easy for people who wanted to start a new life in the cities where free
to do so. 'The old poor law' began during first half of the sixteenth century to be noticed by movement of people, with increasing population. 1601 The
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1907 School Medical Service to care for children who were hurt during school hours. 1908 Old Age Pensions: these were non–contributory, but denied
to paupers. 1909 Labour exchanges: this introduced labour exchanges (now called job centres). 1911 National Insurance Act: this covered medical care
and unemployment. http://www.spicker.uk/social–policy/history.htm The government decides how much funding get put into social policy, social
policy is contradicted on what we can do and the way we our affected by changes and what we are entitled too. Mr William Beveridge was born on
the 5th March 1879 in India, Bengal. Williams farther was a judge in the Indian service. William was a British economist and social reformer, which
worked closely with the development of the welfare state. 1943, proposed a system of national insurance, based on three 'aims ' family allowances, a
National Health Service and full employment the Government wrote a report in ways that the Britain should be rebuild after the World War Two,
William Beveridge took charge by publishing his report in 1942 by recommending that the government should find ways to fighting the five 'Giant
Evils' Want–benefits, Poor Housing, Ill–health, insufficient education and Unemployment. Beveridge wanted to tackle these social ills as it was
essential part of post–war reconstruction. All the policy where paid by tax (NI) national insurance, this is when someone who works gets money
deducted

Marxism And Socialism Essay
Can democratic socialism achieve Marxist socialism?
Marx and Engels' The Communist Manifesto states, "The first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of
ruling class, to win the battle of democracy" (1888:32). Marx predicted that once proletariats had seized power, the state would abolish capitalism
through collective ownership, taking economic control away from the free market and subsequently liberating society from alienation and oppression.
This would give rise to a socialist society of equality, ultimately leading to communism. This essay discusses the strengths and limitations of democratic
socialism in achieving Marxist socialism. In the UK democratic socialism has bought about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rather than eradicate capitalism, socialism exists within it. Moreover, democratic socialism is characterised through the balance and compromise
between free market capitalism and the Governmental state (Bernstein 1993: 142, Heywood 2012:128, Anderson 1985: 10). Marx considered
socialism as a class movement, which is what subsequently played out in the political realm, once universal suffrage had been achieved. For
previously powerless people it was the only peaceful way to be heard: "Electoral politics constitutes the mechanism through which anyone can as a
citizen express claims to goods and services." (Przeworski 1985:11).
The most notable examples of effective legislation for achieving socialist ends are the universal vote being achieved with the 'Representation of the
people act' in 1928, Attlee's rolling out of the welfare state in 1945, and 'The Equal Pay Act' of 1970.
In response to the Beveridge report, Keynesian economics were adapted by the Labour Government to use taxation to fund a welfare state. The key
objective being to control inequality and oppression of poverty, through widely available services such as healthcare, education, workers' rights and
welfare support. The Attlee Government (1945 – 1951) nationalised major industries of coal steel and electricity, hoping to regulate the economy
(Heywood 2012:109), providing basics services without exploitation through commodification, as a means of ensuring provision of fundamental needs
to all of

Limitations Of Social Democracy
The Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels 1888) predicted that the proletariat class would seize state power through democratic means, or
revolution, then abolish capitalism through collective ownership of resources and industry, which would found a socialist society finally leading to
communism. This essay discusses the strengths and limitations of social democracy in the United Kingdom in achieving Marxist socialism, the answer
to the question is more complex than 'yes or no'. Social democracy differs from Marxist socialism because the abolition of private property and
classlessness are not seen as the methods to achieving socialism. Instead of altering the fundamental political and economic base of society, to achieve
an outcome of greater equality, social democracy addresses the social and economic inequality resulting from this base. In the UK social democracy
has increased social equality though increased access to education, healthcare, and a welfare state. This essay aims to prove that the parliamentary
system enabling social change towards equality, can also halt or reverse those advances. Furthermore, class differentiation is not necessarily a
hindrance in achieving socialism, but an opposing agenda between classes can destabilise social democracy. The author believes that the alliance of
socialist values exclusively to the political left is an impediment to establishing and maintaining a socialist society. A mixed economy holds greater
potential for sustained

A Certain Night Questions
A Certain Night Questions
Knowledge and Understanding 1. As it is quite obvious in the story, the narrator does not think that these men and women deserve to die. This is
abundant when in the very last line of the story the narrator states, "when will it be light?" 2. Throughout the story, the narrator describes the
communists as young, brave and handsome, although they are powerless martyrs. The narrator makes the nationalist seem "murderous looking," and
"cunning, malicious and smug." The chief executioner has a "revolting moustache," and an "evil voice", as well as an "ugly and vicious face, which
seemed to symbolize the cruelty of all the rulers to the oppressed." This made it easy enough to distinguish between the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Not only of his death, but also by showing her passion for her beliefs. 6. A major theme in the story is to stand your ground, and fight for what you
believe in. In other words, be willing to die for what you stand for, but proudly. Another theme is showing the absolute cruelty of humans. It is showing
the brutal behaviors humans can portray on one another.
Thinking and Inquiry 1. The tone of this story is dark and bitter. Ting Ling achieves this in the characters emotions throughout the story. This is also
shown through imagery, through the gloomy vibe of the story. Ting Ling used figurative language and vivid descriptions to make the story come across
as both bitter and dark. 2. The setting of the story contributes to the tone because it is set up during a dark, cold, windy, snowy night. The overall mood
of the story was both gloomy and somber, which contributes to the tone I think Ting Ling was going for. Everything from the prisoners falling down in
the snow, to the soldiers stomping throughout it, made the tone come alive through the text. 3. There are many different symbols throughout the story.
For the chief executioner, he resembles both cruelty and oppression whereas the young poet symbolizes innocence and better reform. At the end when
the prisoners are singing to their death, it shows a sense of resistance, which symbolizes the acceptance of their death. 4. The sound of trampling feet
connotes punishment as a

New Labour Continuation of Thatcherism
Thatcherism changed and affected not only the political landscape of Britain but also the mere social fabric that Britain had lived by for decades.
Thatcher's policies of the 1970s and 1980s would go on to shape the nation well into the millennium.
This essay will aim to analyze the extent to which New Labour having been elected in 1997 continued the implementation of Thatcher's policies.
The many reasons why New Labour under Tony Blair continued Thatcherite policies will be explored throughout this paper. Once analysis of New
Labour has been explored, this paper will attempt to narrow the consequences of Thatcher's policy continuation to confer whether those policies were
beneficial or destructive to British political discourse and British society.
It is important to give a brief explanation as to what is meant by the term Thatcherism in British political discourse. Thatcherism according to Heffernan
suggests that there are several contradictory explanations to the meaning of Thatcherism. He contends that Thatcherism could be explained via "a short
hand description of what the Thatcher–led Conservative governments did at any one time" or similarly it could be explained as " a popular political
movement, a policy style; a form of leadership; or.an ideological project, a vehicle which advanced a post–social democratic neo–liberal political
agenda' (Heffernan, 2001). The term Thatcherism is therefore an umbrella term that not only describes the Leader of the ruling

Essay about Conflict in Northern Ireland
Conflict in Northern Ireland
For over three decades there has been conflict in Ireland. The disagreement between the Republicans/Nationalist and Loyalist/unionists sill continues to
this day. The key issue remains should the North stay part of the United Kingdom with its own developed assembly or should it join the south as part of
a united and independent Ireland?
Ireland is a small country and has a population of 1.5 million. Yet despite this small number, the north and south of Ireland have been in bitter conflict
with each other which has been going on for decades. This is mainly due to the main difference in the beliefs of the people. The two main groups in
Ireland are the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The three main political groups for the nationalists are the SDLP (Social Democrats and Labour party), Sinn Fein and IRA (Irish republican army).
The IRA is an extreme paramilitary group which beliefs that peace can only be obtained by violence and killing. This group has mainly been
responsible for the killing of thousands of civilians. This group believes that the only way to stop British presence in Ireland and get their views across
is to use force and aggression. After the Peace process of 1998 a small splinter group known as the 'Real IRA' was made. These were members of the
IRA which were opposed to the Good Friday agreement and so split and formed there own group.
Sinn Fein is one of the political parties that agree with the use of violence and what the IRA do. This group however does not get involved in the
killing but elects candidates such as Gerry Adams to represent and put forward there views on what they believe to be right.
The other main Nationalist party is the SDLP. Their main objective is also to have a united Ireland however unlike the other two groups it is fiercely
opposed to violence and believe it is not the best way to reach an agreement. These moderate nationalists also want an independent Ireland, therefore
they support the aims of the hard–line nationalists but they are opposed to the way they go about this. The hard–line nationalists use violence and

Bill Clinton's Influence on Tony Blair
Bill Clinton's Influence on Tony Blair
The cooperation of America and Britain has had thousands of years' antiquity that started with America as the colony of Britain. Historical studies
prove that the relationship between the United States and United Kingdom stem from their coalition in the Second World War. Britain's premiership
and the United States' presidency have often ruled hand in hand. Throughout the years presidents and prime ministers have borrowed ideas from other
politicians. The United States and the United Kingdom have collaborated for decade's international affairs. This coalition was clearly visible in
different issues like Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan. Blair, in regards to Iraq was "Like his American... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both men developed a political view based on friendliness and antagonism. By the time Tony Blair became Prime Minister his faction was merely a
reproduction of Bill Clinton's political and ideological dogmatism. Marketing was a key trait that Blair picked up from Clinton. Marketing
influences of political behavior was one of the effective strategies adopted and successfully implemented by Clinton in 1992 during the
Presidential election. The same had a deeper impact on Blair and it promoted him to implement it in the British Parliament elections in the
following year. It helped them to generate a new political approach based on broad, coordinated techniques. The word "Third Way" is popular by
its recent use. It was created in 1992 by a group of consultants. This policy was implemented during Bill Clinton's presidency in 1992. Tony Blair
was inspired by this policy and wanted to utilize this same approach in the United Kingdom. Even though Clinton and Blair implemented the "Third
Way" for similar reasons different political and social factors kept these men from enacting the same policies. The third way refers to a position in
politics that is not too far right and not too far left. The idea is for ideas to fall somewhere in the middle. In Britain "The Third Way has become the
only game in town."7 Tony Blair thought that it was necessary to implement and accept new challenges of economic globalization. This

Industrial Capitalism
Where democratic principles and practices are not adhered to within an organization, then the potential for one group or clique to dominate power
exists. This was the case with the Teamsters Union. History has shown in the United States, that when this occurs, other individuals or voices, rarely
have a say in the decision–making process (Summers, 637). This can be detrimental because a bureaucracy is created as a result. This structure
eliminates an organized opposition; therefore those in power are secured to do what they want without anyone opposing them. If individuals in power
are vulnerable to believe they need the support of organized crime to ensure their hold on power, corruption is sure to ensue. Likewise, corrupt union
leaders enjoy... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Power can be defined as the ability to cause or prevent change. The structure of a labour union is important, because power is channeled to decision
makers through organizational structures. "Moral power" can be defined as "the ability to cause or prevent change through appeals to fundamental
concepts of rightness, which will, of course, be relative to time, place, and circumstances" (Marshall, 445). There is a theory involving the
diminishing utility of power that states organizations are most vulnerable to the types of power they are attempting to acquire or have lost
(Marshall, 447). By allowing organized crime to infiltrate, the union loses moral power and therefore loses credibility when trying to bargain for
improved or safer working conditions for its members or when trying to draft an image of social justice. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, if
unions have the wrong leader in power, corruption is more likely to occur because of this lack of moral power given by third parties. In essence, the
organized crime incumbent is the "third party" the corrupt union turns toward. However, this third party will not justify or impute moral values to the
betterment of the organization. While the leader of a union is to make business decisions based on economic, political, or physical information, the
benefit of a third party is that they will almost always judge an issue on

How Did The Ccf Affect Canada
The CCF was founded in Calgary by political coalition of progressive, socialist and labour groups called United Farmers of Alberta, League for Social
Reconstruction , Ginger Group of MPs in Ottawa, that wanted economic reform during the Depression. They wanted to help Canadians who were
affected by the Great Depression. In 1933, the party met in Regina, where they voted for James Shaver Woodsworth to be the leader of the CCF. J.S
Woodsworth was a Manitoba Independent Labour Party MP and a social worker. They adopted the Regina Manifesto that was to set out its goals of
wanting social programs for the elderly, unemployed, homeless and sick and wanting to spend money on public works to create employment by
creating a mixed economy through the nationalization of key industries by establishing a welfare state with universal pensions, health and welfare
insurance, children's allowances, unemployment insurance, workers' compensation. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In, 1935, 7 CCF MPs were sent to Ottawa and the party captured 8.9 per cent of the popular vote and in 1940, 8 MPs were elected with 8.5 per cent
of the popular vote. The CCF then gradually declined in popular appeal after the WW2 because it was accused of being associated with communism
and was split between supporters of Woodsworth's pacifism, and supporters ofCanada's entry into the conflict. In 1958, the CCF suffered a disastrous
defeat by only having 8 MPs elected . A agreement between the CCF and the Canadian Labour Congress wanted to save democratic socialism in
Canada to form an alliance to create a new party that lead to in 1961, they merged together to create the New Democratic Party (NDP). The CCF
contributed greatly to the Canadian welfare state and has impacted Canada

How Did Tony Blair Influence The Labour Party
Assess the impact of Tony Blair on the Labour Party.
Methodology
My research for this assignment has base on mainly academic literature and BBC politics ,Firstly , For instance ,the politics biography wrote by
Anthony Seldolon name "BLAIR" which book content has closely relevant with this topic .and it mentioned the certain data and examples to conclude
the Tony Blair influence on Labour party .and this book also has the clear and systematic chapters to analyse the effectiveness of the "third way "by
Tony Blair on Labour Party and this whole country .
Introduction
Tony Blair the person who became the youngest leader of Labour party in Labour party history in 1994. and the labour party defeated the opposition
party (conservative party ) which has run the country fifty years by the majority vote .After 1994 when smith died .Tony Blair Made a political deal
with one of shadow cabinet members ,Gordon Brown .on account of the social and economic problems ,For example ,the high unemployment and
currency inflation , The internal problem in conservative party, and another was separated Britain from the Exchange Mechanism(ERM) of the
European Monetary System (EMS)and devaluation of pound (ВЈ) .The influence of this two affaires reduced the Conservative's reputation for
economic competence .In addition ,the internal reform of the labour ,Tony Blair with Brown corrected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
nationalisation and emphasised the solution of financial issues which conservative party could not handle and called it "New Labour "party .In 1997
.The "new labour "party won its greatest election .Exactly , when the election finished ,Tony Blair got the highest support rate in Britain history .In
same line ,in premiership of Tony Blair.He hold his party together and achieved a far greater achievement of unity than former Labour leader .In this
following page , it will assess the positive and negative influence of the Tony Blair's on his Labour

Collective Bargaining In Canada
Introduction
The right to associate (join a union) is a statutory (legally protected) right in Canada, but collective bargaining has not yet been ratified as a
constitutional or human right (though the debate of such has been ongoing for decades). A human right is defined as a right inherent to all individuals,
"as a part of their fundamental existence as human beings" to create/preserve dignity (Foster, 2011, p. 34). The basic disunion between the concepts of
collective bargaining for economic parity and human rights for democratic and social equality lays the foundation for the ongoing argument: should
collective bargaining be recognized as a human right?
Included in the analysis to follow are how historical perceptions of collective bargaining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
24). It is democratic in nature but, like management, will bargain based on how it represents workers and the values held by membership. The
democratic nature of unions increases the complexity of decision–making (Foster, 2011, p. 24). The power and stability of unions might shift if
collective bargaining were to become a human right, and the strength of the labour movement would wane (Savage, 2008, p. 69). Unions would have
to give up power and the rigid, government–certified structures currently in place in favour of independent organizations that workers might want
representing them (Adams, 2008, p. 59). As well, unions would have to eliminate mandatory union membership and dues as they contravene the "basic
principles of freedom of association" (Adams, 2008, p.

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Parliamentary Democracy
Vlad Ivanov
Upgrade essay
AP GOV
Ms.Taylor
Explain what the term parliamentary sovereignty means in the British political system.
Parliamentary sovereignty is the most important part of the UK constitution. It makes Parliament the supreme legal authority in the Britain, which can
create or end any law. Essentially, the courts cannot overrule its legislation and no Parliament can pass laws that future Parliaments cannot change.
Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of parliamentary democracy.
Parliamentary democracy vary in significant ways with advantages and disadvantages in both cases.Let's take a closer look on them.
Strengths (Advantages):
In a parliamentary system, with a collegial executive, power is more divided. It can also be argued ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Executive is separated into useful groupings, and every department has a leader directly accountable to the Parliament, as a result department head are
more responsible.
Weaknesses (Disadvantages):
For any party to gain majority power is almost impossible without building coalitions and working together. Coalitions can be tenuous, and when they
fail the government must reorganize and choose new leaders. Instability makes progress difficult.
The direct connection between legislative and executive branches signifies there is efficiently no check on either power in the other.
There is a small incentive for bigger parties to disburse some attention to the small party concerns. As a result views ignored or unheard.
What are the differences between the major political parties in the country?
Conservative:
Conservative Party, byname Tories, in theUnited Kingdom, a political party whose guiding principles include the promotion of private property and
enterprise, the maintenance of a strong military, and the preservation of traditional cultural values and institutions. Since World War I the Conservative
Party and its principal opponent, the Labour Party, have dominated British political life. The membership of the modern Conservative Party is drawn
heavily from the landowning and middle classes – especially businessmen, managers, and

Health Care Reform In Canada
Health care reform has been the main factor of parting between Canada and the United States, with the different political systems of the countries
influencing how the molding of the system occurs. A Social Democratic Third Party in Canada had created the foundation of reform, the influence that
a third party had on the government of Canada was significant (Maioni, 1997, p.415). The working class banded together to support the third party in
Canada to push for their rights in a way that the major two parties were unable to do and unconcerned with doing, the third party that was supported
created essentially a voice that gave the working class a prominent position in their country with concern to reform in health benefits. Within the United
States ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beginning in Saskatchewan with the help of the Co–Operative Commonwealth Federation in coalition with the New Democratic Party holding control
in the province of Sasakachwan and acquiring great influence through the support of labour workers in other provinces they were able to pressure
the government towards reform and grasp the attention of the working class (Maioni, 1997, p.415). The joining of an organization like the CCF
and the political party of NDP created great influence that led to the formation of universal health care by means of a third party. As opposed to the
United States who were unable to convince the organization nor the political party to get involved in the reforms of health services, this stood in the
way of reform, the inability to form a coalition between these two groups and inability to convince them of reforms in healthcare led to the rejection
(Maioni, 1997, p.420). It was not solely an issue of the lack of third party representation rather that health care reform was not an idea that had an
opportunity to be tested in a state under a trial basis therefore they were unable to weigh the benefits or consequences as had happened in
Saskatchewan, in which they essentially had senn how the system worked and drew up the conclusion that that universal health care would be a
benefit to Canada (Maioni, 1997, p.421).

How to Institutionalize Peace
Another major influence on the ability to institutionalize peace is the role of powerful national individuals. Many people will follow an influential
figure and do whatever they say if they believe in what they are being told. This can be both good and bad depending on the situation. If the leader
has radical views and wants change, they will often resort to violence to get what is desired. That is the worst case scenario because if peace is trying
to be obtained, then fighting will only make the situation worse. This is why major global powers such as the United States have overthrown important
political leaders in other countries to help restore order to the country. Larger, more powerful countries will often make decisions to intervene if
they feel it is in the best interest of the world or neighboring countries. If such great power is put into the wrong hands, the consequences can be
devastating. McNamara is a good example of a powerful figure that had a terrific war mind, but wasn't the best when it came to making or keeping
peace. The Vietnam War was one that came with lots of controversy because of how costly it was. The war lasted many years and resulted in the
death of many American soldiers. McNamara felt that we could win the war and continued to send troops into battle. This was not good for any hopes
of achieving peace because this did nothing but make the Vietnamese unhappy and less likely to want to stop the war. Instead of trying to make peace

The Formation Of Social Policy
Aaminah Shabbir The Formation of Social Policy
In this essay, I will be discussing how Conservatism and Socialism ideologies shape social policy in the UK. I will also be arguing that despite the
United Kingdom being a democratic society, it is falling below democratic standards. At present, social media is one of the most powerful tools in
shaping people's perceptions on political ideologies, and therefore will be evaluating the extent it plays on policies as well as social conscience. The
United Kingdom has two main political parties, the Conservative party and the Labour party. Although the political system in the UK has always been
a multiparty system, ultimately it is either of these parties which shape policies in Britain. They have several differences on many key issues and
principles. On the political spectrum, the labour party belongs to the centre left of the centre with socialistic ideology whereas the Conservative party
sits at the centre–right of the political spectrum with their primary philosophies of British unionism, Euroscepticism, Conservatism and Economic
Liberalism. The Conservatism ideology stands firmly against the ideals of Liberalism and Socialism. The labour party (left wing) aim to support
people who are unable to support themselves and believe in equality. Conservative party (right wing) value equity, economic freedom and freedom to
succeed. Right wing people

Essay on The Rise and Fall of Political Parties
December 20, 2010
I.Thesis Statement
While the question on whether or not they should be accepted as a legitimate means to express political disagreement is really up to the citizens. As
long as the parties don't become too powerful then there shouldn't be a problem at all. If somebody wishes to express a disagreement and they don't
agree with either of the current two parties then by all means let them start their own party. As long as the citizens agree with what you are saying it
shouldn't really matter what political party you belong to or what political office. Political participation is influenced by many important factors, one of
which is political parties. The participation of citizens is a fundamental component of modern ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Following this, different core concepts, which are imperative to a definition of politics, will be discussed, in the hope to discover a true and fair
interpretation of the word politics.
The word politics comes from the Greek word polis, meaning the state or community as a whole. The concept of the polis was an ideal state and
came from the writings of great political thinkers such as Plato and Aristotle. In his novel The Republic Plato describes the ideal state and the means
to achieve it. The word politics originally has connotations in the ways in which to create the ideal society. An ideal society is in practice a rather
difficult aim and even an impossible aim to achieve. Politics implies measures which could and should, in the views of their devisor, be implemented
in the hope to create a better society, than that which is already present. The very fact that Plato and Aristotle saw imperfections in the societies, in
which they lived, prompted them to write their political philosophies. These philosophies provided the first written recognition of politics. Aristotle
believed that man is a political animal, in another words; it lies deep within the instinct of man. According to Aristotle politics was not a dreamt up
concept, but rather an inherent feature of mankind. To begin with, the basest premise that underpins the notion of politics should be considered in
order to arrive at a fair definition. Man is self–preserving by

Ramsay Mcdonald's Political Party
Ramsay McDonald was born on the 12th of October, 1866, in Scotland and died abroad on the 9th of November, 1937. Ramsay McDonald was an
illegitimate child and came from a modest family of workers. His father was a farm labourer while her mother was a housemaid. His studies were
very brief. He had an elementary education in the Free Church of Scotland then entered in the Drainie parish school. He eventually stopped school
to work in a farm at the age of 15. Although this situation did not prepare him to become the first Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom,
he had early interest in politics, especially in socialism and democracy. While he was in Bristol working for a clergyman as an assistant in 1885, he
joined a Radical sect, the Democratic Federation, and remained one of its members when it lately became the Social Democratic Federation then the
Bristol Socialist Society. At the age of 20, he moved to London where he went through several crises. He ended up unemployed and had to live with
very little money. Despite the fact that he eventually found a job as an invoice clerk, this experience influenced him in several ways: his socialist
convictions grew stronger в”Ђhe joined the Socialist Union which was... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, despite his diverse studies, he failed and eventually came back to politics by working as a private secretary to a Liberal Member of
Parliament, Thomas Lough. This new job gave to Ramsay McDonald new opportunities to integrate the political landscape. Thus, he made himself a
reputation through going to several Radical clubs and meeting Radical and Labourer politicians. As a result, after several years, Ramsay McDonald
became Secretary of the Labour Representation Committee which later changed its name into Labour Party 1906. In 1911, he eventually became the
Leader of the Party at the age of

The Treaty Of Waitangi : New Zealand
In the early 1800's prior to British involvement the Maori people's early contact began with Whalers, sealers, and ship builders. In 1809, s ship
arrived in Whangaroa harbour to collect supplies. On the ship was chief Te Ara, he complained of mistreatment so in an act of revenge they lured the
captain ashore where they murdered and ate him and his crew along with burning there ship. This clearly marked one of the worst of the early
encounters with the Maori. However, relationships with the british strengthened as time progressed which eventually led to British Sovereignty via the
Treaty of Waitangi. It isNew Zealand 's founding document that was signed on February 6th 1840. The treaty is an agreement made between the
British Crown and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are currently 53 countries a part of the commonwealth nations. Along with being a commonwealth country, New Zealand is a commonwealth
realm (there are currently 16 commonwealth realms). Now in order to be a commonwealth realm, the nation must have the Monarch (currently, Queen
Elizabeth II is the reigning monarch) as its head of state. Similarly to the how a commonwealth country works, a commonwealth realm is also voluntary
and they may choose to leave at any given time. However, with being a commonwealth realm, New Zealand does not have to exchange ambassadors
with other commonwealth members. They do nevertheless maintain diplomatic relations with other commonwealth members, along with having other
benefits when traveling to other commonwealth realms. In addition, they also work with the monarchy by maintaining a governor–general in each
realm, which is the crown's personal representative in the commonwealth realm.
There are seven Parliamentary parties of New Zealand Government. These parties include National Party, Labour Party, Green Party, New Zealand
First, Maori Party, United Future and ACT Party. The National Party is the largest of the seven and according to the website, "The National Party has
always valued enterprise, hard work and the rewards that go with success. We will continue to aspire to a New Zealand where all New Zealanders can
flourish." Someone values this party focuses on are loyalty to the country, its democratic principles, and its

Relationship Between Germany And Germany
The actors and/or parties of employment relationship in Germany after 1990 are still the same as before, consisting of employers, employees and the
government in 2010s. National policy consideration and economic trends During Kohl's chancellorship (1982–1998), the 1985 Employment Promotion
Act created law that permitted employers to issue fixed–term contracts without valid reasons. This law was strongly opposed by trade unions and
Social Democrats who were the government composition at the time. Kohl's era has given many flexibility to 'marginal' workers (workers without
secure employment). This includes the increased of take–up of part–time work at low weekly hours. Employers perceived these contract as strategic
option to circumvent social insurance contributions an establish low wage segment of the labour market. In contrast, 'core' workers were hardly
affected by this law. Flexibility for core workers only arises after the reunification and the steep rise in unemployment in 1990. There was increasing
pressure for change due to the structural problems of the East Germany economy. In the following of the 1994 recession, tor educe the cost of
unemployment insurance, replacement rates were lowered. Unemployment rose further in subsequent 2 years, this was seen as an obstacle to the
government re–election. Social insurance and dismissal protection configuration in 1997 led to the parliamentary opposition and trade unions' view on
it as massive cuts. As a result, the Social

To what extent do political parties promote democracy?
To what extent do political parties promote democracy? (25 marks)
Political parties have many functions, one of which is to uphold the principles of a democratic political system. A democratic political system is one
which involves various features, such as a peaceful transition of power from one government to another, free and fair regular elections, people having
open access to independent information, government accountability to the people and representative institutions and that the government operates in
the broad interests of the people. Democracy can take a number of forms, the main two being representative and direct democracy. In the UK a
representative democracy is in place. Arguably, the mere existence of political... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, politicians may go against the wishes of the people, for example with the bedroom tax. There was a great deal of controversy associated with it,
however the government still pursued it. If a referendum had been held, the opinions of the public on the matter may have been expressed, however
one wasn't held therefore this political action could be deemed as being undemocratic.
The fact that, in the United Kingdom, we have multiple political parties, with a variety of view points and policies, is exemplary of the fact that
political parties enhance democracy. The existence of various political parties gives the publicvoting options, and provides them with a choice of who
governs their country, which is arguably a democratic approach, and encourages public participation. The idea that the public are not only voting for
the party and its leaders, but also its policies show that they have an influence in how the country is run. For example the Conservative party (under
David Cameron) believes in traditional institutions and values, protecting the rights and interests of property owners, and support the idea that the
wealthy do have a responsibility to improve the conditions of the disadvantaged. However modern Labour (under Ed Miliband), emphasises that
education is the main driver of social justice and social mobility, agrees that there should generally greater stress on environmental protection, and the
party now favors more active state

The Negative Aspects Of UK Voting In The UK
Voting in general elections can essentially be described as a mouth piece for the people, allowing the public to have an opinion regarding issues that
directly affect them, holding significant importance within a democratic society. As "history used to be written off by the dates of kings... now it is
marked by the dates of general elections." (Butler D,1998) Throughout this essay the topic of general elections in the UK will be thoroughly analysed
with regards to critique surrounding their nature and the current UK voting system in place. Followed by the negative aspects of employing referendums
in democracies such as Britain. Until quite recently, all voting within the UK took place utilising the single member, single plurality system– each
constituency had a representative, the winner depended on whoever received the majority of votes in one area. Meaning that a candidate with a few
extra votes has the majority. However, there was criticisms regarding this voting system and several other have been employed since. These new
systems are in place as an attempt to "Bolster popular support for devolution in Scotland and Wales; ensuring representation for the different
communities in Northern Ireland" (David D, pg120, 2014) In 2011, a referendum was held on whether the voting system should change from First past
the post to the alternative vote system. Although, people did not favour the alternative voting system meaning that First past the post was continued.
Various people

Explain The Political Changes Of The 1940s
The aftermath of World War II ushered in an era of unprecedented political change. The allies had won the war and upheld democracy against a fascist
regime. During the war, the economy experienced exponential growth. With victory came the hope and a vision of prosperity for all. As Britain
transitioned from a war time economy to a peaceful one, many were adamant in leaving mass poverty and unemployment of the 1920's and 30's behind.
The public interest in a new way of running the government meant that the conservative agenda was thrown out the door. It meant meant taking a
democratic collectivist vision for Britain's post war future. The political changes of the 1940s is best understood as launching a distinctly modern
political settlement.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Resulting in a setting of common policy between the Conservative and Labour party. The policies implemented by the Labour government between
1945–51 laid the bases for consensus. However, the concept of consensus has its limits. Major discontinuity and contestation existed regarding policies
toward the economy, welfare, unemployment. Consensus politics represented a compromise and broad agreement on certain aspects of public policy.
The economic interest of the country in regards to the tenement of a mixed economy was seen as ideal, Keynesianism was seen as important in
promoting full employment. The conciliation of the trade unions and commitment to the welfare state based in order to promote 'social citizenship'.
Finally, Britain's changing position in the world was seen as inevitable, as a result both parties felt a need for Britain to take a step back from its
foreign policy as an empire, which ultimately meant decolonisation. The Industrial Charter: A Statement of Conservative Industrial Policy was a 1947
policy statement by the Conservatives in which the party made a commitment to accept the economic and social policies introduced by Labour.
Chancellor of the Exchequer, Rab Butler commented that he and Labour leader Hugh Gaitskell may have, "spoken the language of Keynesianism. But
we spoke it with different accents and a different emphasis." (Dorey, 2009)

The Growth of the Labour Party and the Decline of the...
The Growth of the Labour Party and the Decline of the Liberal Party
At the end of World War One in November 1918 the Labour Party emerged as a strong political Party. Prior to this it was the Liberal Party that was
expected to be the main opposition to the Conservatives, with Labour as a party who used the popularity of the Liberals to become noticed.
However, it soon became apparent that the Liberals were a weak and flagging party who were unable to unite as one to make decisions. It is evident
that the First World War may have been an important factor in the growth of Labour and the decline of the Liberals.
It seems that the decline of the Liberals began with several problems that can be traced back to pre–war times. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Liberals were hesitant to support women's suffrage because it was hard to know whom women would vote for. Between 1911 and 1914 the
Suffragettes became increasingly militant as the Liberals refused to find parliamentary time to debate the question. The party claimed the issue was 'a
constitutional not a moral question'. The suffragette issue damaged the Liberals as their evident reluctance to treat it as a matter of belief weakened
their moral standing. Their failure to resolve the issue proved to be a political embarrassment.
Between 1908 and 1914 the position of Trade Unions legally improved, but these years also saw the most active period of Trade Union action. This
included industrial unrest and much strike action. Two reasons have been given to justify this industrial unrest: syndicalism or a response to the
current social and economic conditions. However, it is possible that the Liberal government were to blame for this industrial unrest. They were
accused of not taking quick enough action to reverse the Osbourne judgement (where Trade Unions could not ask for a political levy) which was a
great embarrassment to them. The political levy was declared illegal in 1909 after a union used part of the fees to fund the Labour Party. There was then
a feeling that Liberals were determined to undermine the Labour

Socio-Economic Inequality in South Africa is Due to the...
Socio–economic inequality in South Africa is due to the institutionalised ideological mismatch regarding labour and economic policy
Economic growth is shaped by policy context and promoted most effectively when it is consistent with either liberal market or co–ordinated market
ideal type varieties of Capitalism. Policy inconsistency dampers economic growth post–apartheid South Africa attempted to adopt a social–democratic
and co–ordinated variety of Capitalism. This failed due to the adoption of macro–economic neo–liberal policies. Organised labour protected labour
market policies which lead to policy inconsistencies with regard to trade liberalisation. Trade liberalisation combined with labour market protection
leads to unemployment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A social democratic or coordinated variety of capitalism seemed like South Africa's destiny. CME–type coordinated wage setting seemed realistic and
major effort was put into developing regional and national–level social democratic institutions. Organised business and labour agreed to discuss the
impact of labour relations on the economy.
National Economic Development and Labour Council (NEDLAC)
According to the leading business representative " Nedlac was intended to inaugurate a new era of inclusive consensus–seeking and ultimately decision
making in the economic and social arenas" (Parsons 2007, 9). Nedlac failed. The first obstacle was the fact that peak– level business organisation was
racially divided which made national coordination impossible. BSA turned into BUSA and from it emerged BBC. The second blunder came from
government when they only referred some economic policies to Nedlac. The post–apartheid Labour relations act was negotiated in Nedlac before it
went to parliament; sadly they neglected to send the 1996 "Growth Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)" macro–economic framework through
Nedlac. Even though it would curb government spending, enhance private investment and liberalise aspects of the labour laws to promote job creation,
it was still met with great public condemnation

The Bitter Conflict in Northern Ireland Essay examples
The Bitter Conflict in Northern Ireland
Out of all the conflicts that have occurred in Western Europe since the Second World War, Northern Ireland has been one of the most bitter, long lasting
and intractable. This conflict is based in the struggle of one side of the community for a unified independent Ireland and the opposition of the other part
of the community to this aim and their desire for Northern Ireland to remain a part of the United Kingdom. Due to the hostility between these two sides
issues of discrimination in areas such as housing, employment, electoral manipulations and religious histories have been rife. Northern Ireland is torn
over the balance of power relations between communities and questions of governance. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although this is good news there are many areas of employment which are still inadequate and unmonitored. The Policy of Appraisal and Fair
Treatment and Targeting Social Need initiatives were intended to be set up in the 90's to act as monitoring and job creation schemes. Neither of these
reached the goals they were hoped to achieve. PAFT received no consideration and hopes for reparation for past discriminations came to nothing when
its function became reduced to 'equality' and TSN was sidelined with no real aims. Neither monitor the religion or gender of staff.
The allocation of public housing has also been an area subject to accusations of discrimination. In the 1960's civil rights movements began in protest
against the lack of civil and housing rights of the Catholics of Northern Ireland. In June 1966, a nationalist councillor Austin Currie squatted in a house
in the Tyrone village of Caledon to oppose the treatment the Irish people were receiving. Though it was meant to be a peaceful protest there was a
violent reaction. In 1969 The Cameron Report examined the causes of the civil disorders which started on 5 October 1968 in Londonderry. They found
that the discrimination in the allocation of housing, together with lack of housing provision was among the main grievances of the Catholic population.
At the time, housing was an important political issue, in addition to being of great socio–economic importance – sub–tenants were not given a vote in
local

How The Diaspora Helped Violence Essay
How the Diaspora helped Violence Having established the motives for the Diaspora aiding the nationalist, now it needs to be analyzed what the
diaspora actually did to aid the nationalist movement. The aid can be broken down into three categories, financial, political and physical aid. The
first and the biggest being financial aid and this type of aid was collected by members of the Irish Diaspora in the US then given to various
different nationalist groups. Seldom was the money given to violent groups like the IRA but instead was given to other groups and in turn led to the
purchasing of arms or goods and stuff like that which the IRA could use. One of the major organizations that did this was Noraid or Irish Northern
Aid. The true purpose of Noraid dealt with arms smuggling and fund raising and thus were closely aligned and allied with the IRA(Brian Hanley
2004:1). The support for Noraid in terms of funding can be tracked in the same exact way that the general diasporatic support can be tracked. The
hunger strikes of 1980–81, in which IRA prisoners staged a hunger strike to protest conditions in their prison in which a few of them died, was
monumental in the history of Noraid because it led to not only an increase of donation which in turn were given to IRA and groups like it but it also
changed the image of Noraid in the US. It led to an increase in membership and made the organization less radical which meant that it year by year
would have generally more memberships and

What Are the Main Characteristics of New Labour?
In answering this question it is first necessary to define what is meant by the term В‘New Labour.' With respect to the history of politics, В‘New
Labour' is a fairly recent description of a change or shift in the Labour party ideology occurring within the last 12 years. It refers to a gradual shift of
Labour from political left to a more conservative right wing approach to various issues and in terms of the political spectrum, Labour now occupy the
middle–to–right area, rather than the middle–to–left of the previous Old Labour. The phrase was first coined in a 1994 Labour Party conference and
later used as the heading for Labour's new manifesto entitled: New Labour, New Life For Britain. It is used to evoke a sense of change within the ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The fact that Labour had suffered an increasing number of electoral defeats was one of the main reasons the party itself sought change. They needed
to change in an effort to regain power, since it was evident that their old approach would not be able to achieve this.
The New Labour government of 1997 had very clear aims. Labour wanted a global economy rather than isolating themselves from the economic
world. Mortgage rates were to be as low as possible and the rates on income tax were to remain stagnant. Labour also placed a great emphasis on
education, coining the phrase В‘Education, education, education' to instill their message. In the manifesto they promise to cut class sizes to 30 and
improve the lower performing schools, as well as increasing the emphasis on technology and computing skills within schools. They also aimed to
improve the NHS service, one which they had started by getting 100,000 people off the waiting list and removing a waiting time for operations
concerning cancer. Labour also developed a different approach to crime and wanted to be В‘tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime' in an
effort to prevent the problem, rather than have to deal with it. New Labour wanted to introduce a fast–track punishment program for persistent young
offenders and have more police on the beat. As well as this, Labour sought to devolve the power of government throughout Britain in a bid to clean up
politics by

Labour Party Today
Sociology Home Page |All Sociology Modules |Sociology Links |Government and Politics Home page |AS Government and Politics |A2 Government
and Politics |Government and Politics Links | |
Labour and Its Ideology 1945– 1979
Core Principles of Socialism: Positive attitudes to human nature; critical analysis of capitalism; class inequality and poverty, equality, justice, liberty,
community, cooperation, internationalism, collectivism public ownership
.
Variants ofSocialism: Marxism, Anarchist Socialism, Democratic Socialism, Social Democracy, New Labour?
Revolutionary Socialism and Evolutionary Socialism
Fundamentalist Socialism and Revisionism
Democratic Socialism and Social Democracy
Old Labour and New Labour
Similarities ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Judgments vary as to the effectiveness of the social democratic strategies of the 1945–51 Labour governments. It has been argued ,for example, that
especially given the difficulties involved in post –war reconstruction that the Attlee governments succeeded in significantly changing the balance of
economic power between the private capitalist sector and the state via its nationalisation programme and succeeded also in radically improving the
situations of disadvantaged individuals via its use of Keynesian economic policies to secure full employment and its greater expenditures on health,
housing , education and social security. Among the critics some would claim that despite some set–backs between 1945 and 1951 social democratic
strategies could nevertheless bring further advances in the future while others, often writing from a Marxist perspective point to what they see as the
inevitable weaknesses of social democratic strategies which inevitably inhibit progress toward socialism
[Similar but different disputes surround the records of the Wilson administrations of 1964–66, 1966–70 1974–1974, 1974–1976 and the Callaghan
administration of 1976–1979 . Even their supporters would probably have to admit that the records of these administrations were disappointing but in
each case serious economic problems restricted their freedom of manouevre such that it is claimed that , in the

The Relationship Between Constitutional And Physical Force...
This analysis will look at how historians have attempted to explain the relationship between constitutional and physical force nationalism/republicanism.
In the book Irish Peasants Violence and Political Unrest 1780 – 1914 editors Samuel Clark and James S. Donnelly Jr. suggest, in the opening
paragraph, that poverty related rebellion in Ireland became commonplace during the late 18th and early 19th century that led to the ideas of a separatist
republic. These events gave rise to, at first, a constitutional nationalist party called The Society of United Irishmen that sought parliamentary reform and
to make this change they worked through parliament before later becoming an armed revolutionary group. Focusing on this time period and going on
the writings of Clark and Donnelly it could be argued that the relationship between constitutional and physical force nationalism was, at this time, a
unified one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Perry Curtis Jr. in his article 'Moral and Physical Force: The Language of Violence in Irish Nationalism' points out that constitutional and physical force
nationalism existed side by side in Irish politics up until the Anglo – Irish Treaty of 1921. It appears that for a substantial period in Ireland
constitutional nationalism and physical force republicanism stood on equal ground until people had an opportunity for their own parliament and then
the physical force tradition succumb to constitutional politics. Curtis also alludes to a point made earlier in this piece in how both nationalist traditions
shared similar goals despite having different approaches to the issue of British rule. Curtis argues that the relationship between constitutional and
physical force nationalism became ''bound in a close and complex'' way that had the effect of increasing both the strength of nationalism and the
difficulties for Britain in dealing with the Irish Question. This relationship in question can be said to be a bit unusual but worked out to be extremely
effective for

Socialism Vs Communism

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