Oozes And Aahs Summary

Oozes And Aahs Summary
The article, "Oozes and aahs: Slugs' gooey substance may provide alternative to surgery," begins by
talking about how scientists have been inspired by slug slime to create a flexible glue. Scientists
believe that sometime in the near future, this glue could possibly hold together a beating, bleeding
heart. According to the professor of Bioengineering at the University of California, "The sticking
power of this adhesive is probably on the order of 10 times better than what's currently on the
market." Not only can this adhesive contribute in surgeries, it can also help hold medications in
place that need to be released in the body. Since it is really flexible, scientists think that they could
possibly be used in the hearts of children who have
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Key Problems Associated With Titanium Machining And The...
Ezugwu and Wang (1997) presented a review on the main problems associated with titanium
machining, including tool wear and the mechanism responsible for tool failure. They suggest that
uncoated carbides (WC/Co) cutting tools are better than most coated cutting tools for machining a
titanium alloy. The high chemical reactivity of titanium causes welding of work–piece material on
the cutting tool during machining, leading to chipping and premature tool failure. The prominent
failure modes in titanium machining were: notching, flank wear, crater wear, chipping, and
catastrophic failure. Different tool materials have different response to different wear mechanism.
Crater wear is closely related to the chemical composition of the cutting tool. The conclusions
presented by this researcher, they suggest that dissolution–diffusion wear dominates on the rake and
flank face for uncoated cemented carbides used for the turning of titanium alloys. At very high
cutting speeds and temperatures, the conclusion is that plastic deformation and development of
cracks due to thermal shock will be the dominating wear mechanisms. Change of feed rate, depth of
cut or cutting speed give changes in the wear rates. They also suggest that cutting fluids have to be
used during titanium machining to minimize high stresses and temperatures. The cutting fluid has to
work both as coolant and lubricating agent to lower the cutting forces and avoid chip welding,
which is a phenomenon often experienced during

The Effect Of Titanium Dioxide ( Tio2 )
There have been many similar studies done on the photocatalytic effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2)
that encourage the further research in this study. To provide a solid background to the current study,
it is first important to review the literature available in the field of implantology. Over many years,
some studies have been done to evaluate the surface characteristics and photocatalytic activity of
commercially pure titanium (cpTi) dental implants using sterilizing and cleaning methods, including
ultraviolet radiation (UV–C) and Radio Frequency Glow–Discharge (RFGD) treatment. Different
modifications and aspects were proposed from those studies, regarding surface cleanliness, coatings,
surface energy and Critical Surface Tension (CST), TiO2 thickness layers, cells' activities and much
more. These studies were done to effectively eliminate clinical failures of dental implants that occur
from an unknown origin (e.g. misleading expiry date) that can happen without obvious explanation
from time to time. The original clinical procedures were very favorable with very high success rates
>95% (Albrektsson et al. 1986), and recent lesser successes seems to be associated with more
widespread use.
This section involves the following related literature review:
Surface characteristics and biocompatibility of cpTi dental implants and their importance for
successful treatment.
The effect of sterilization and cleaning of implant surfaces by RFGD treatments – uses and
effectiveness.

Titanium Tetrahalide Lab Report
United States Patent
Patent no.: US 7476,378 B2
Patent date: Jan. 13, 2009
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING TITANUM DOXDE
Objective:
In this patent article a reaction of titanium tetrahalide with oxygen is done in order to produce
titanium dioxide powder with improving its particle size and its size distribution.
Process:
Titanium dioxide can be produced by reacting a sufficient amount of titanium tetrahalide such as,
titanium tetrachloride in a liquid phase with an oxygen gas. This process will be done as follow;
firstly, a small quantity of titanium tetrachloride in a liquid state is evaporated, then the vapor of the
titanium tetrachloride is reacted with the oxygen gas that was heated in 1200℃ and then introduced
to the reaction zone through a different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, the water is added to the product in one pot, keeping the same range of temperature constant
from 30 ℃– to 50℃. The titanium dioxide precursor is present with a concentration of 10–30% with
respect to the remaining mixture. In order to maintain the titanium dioxide particles in one shape,
the pH of the added water is controlled. If the water is acidic this will lead to formation of nanorods,
and when it is basic it will lead to the formation of nanocubes. However, the acidic water is
preferred when pH ≤2. The reaction mixture is then heated at reflux temperature which is not more
than 120℃. After completion the reaction mixture is cooled to 50℃. Then, the working–up step can
be carried out as follow; either by concentration of the reaction mixture at low pressure, dilute the
residue by using an organic solvent, rising and filtrate with the same solvent and keep them to dry in
the oven. Or, use the spray drying directly on the reaction mixture at the end of the chemical
reaction. Finally, the nanocrystalline titanium dioxide that is produced will remain stable when

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Titanium
Advantages and Disadvantages Titanium is widely known as a useful metal. Its unique properties
allow the widespread usage of the element in several applications. As everything in this world,
titanium has several notable advantages; however, it does suffer from some disadvantages. The most
recognizable advantage of titanium is its high strength–to–density ratio. It is considered to be one of
the strongest and most durable metals on earth. The strength of titanium is the same as steel,
however, it is way denser than steel. Thus, when weight is an important matter, titanium may be
substituted for steel. Furthermore, titanium is immensely resistant to corrosion and any other
chemical attacks. Titanium is also biocompatible, which means that it may be used in medical
application for its nontoxic quality. Also, it is not easily rejected in when used in medical processes.
Because titanium is considered to be a non–combustible material, it is more suitable as a building
material than stainless steel. Lastly, the eminently recyclable property of titanium reduces the
production costs. According to the perspective of manufacturers and engineers, the major
disadvantage of titanium is its high reactivity and especially at high temperatures. This indicates that
titanium must be guided differently during each stage of its production. Due to its high strength,
titanium cannot be easily cast. Moreover, titanium is more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The reason why titanium is very practical in such industries is that the equipment is in constant
contact with corrosive materials. Titanium is mainly used in chemical applications that include heat
exchangers, titanium anode, and titanium container. In the chemical industry, sodium carbonate is
one of the major consumers of titanium. Furthermore, the paper industry uses titanium in the process
equipment that is exposed to corrosive materials.

Paper About Magnet
I have always been coming up with crazy ideas on to build stuff. Most people would just look at me
and shake their head. This project is based on one of those more crazy ideas. Most people don't
understand the awesome capabilities of magnets. This paper will discuss the research of magnets
and the hopefully I will be able people the awesome things magnets can do. What I Knew The day
where I got the most brilliant idea happened on a cool fall afternoon, I had just gotten home from
school, throwing my bags on the ground. I carefully race down the stairs without trying to make too
much noise, before my mom yells at me and gives me a job to do. After picking out a movie that I
haven't seen in a while, I close the door and turn off the lights, letting the setting sun be the only
light in the room. I walk over and get cozy on the couch as the movie begins to start. A little over
half way into the movie my mother comes down and tells me to walk down and water the sheep and
a neighbors pasture. I sigh, pause, and get up and start to walk down the road. As I'm walking my
mind begins to wonder like it always do. In the movie there is a superhero that uses MagLev
(Magnetic Levitation) to move super–fast. I knew it used magnets to ... Show more content on
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What does the future of engineering look like and is this possible? The first one is my more formal
question, and the one that started this project. The second question is more of the personal type. As a
man of science (what I like to call myself) I always want to learn new things and push limits to new
limits and then break those so call limits. Plus I hate it when I'm told no or that's not possible. The
great Walt Disney himself said "Nothing is impossible, the word its self says I'm possible." By the
time this is over I want to have learned a lot and that just from my research, but I really hope I have
an answer to my question and know if this is

Current Research On Dental Implants
Raminderjeet Kaur Prof. Cheng BIOE 324 4/30/15 Current Research in Dental Implants Medicine
and technology have been evolving for centuries. New practices, drugs, and therapies are constantly
emerging to better adapt to the needs of the new era. One such development is the widespread use of
dental implants. Gone are the days where civilizations would carve shells and implant them into the
mandible. Dental implants have evolved from using allograft and xenograft to using ceramic
material for osseointegration. [15] While ceramics provide superior osseointegration properties, new
research is being conducted to improve the surface properties of implant materials to reduce the
recovery time after implantation. [12] Coelho et al consider this ... Show more content on
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[12] [14] To satisfy these ambitions, the authors speculated that alterations in both surgical and
restorative procedures as well as implant design may affect the treatment short and long–term
outcomes. They suspected that "implant design may have been rationalization driven by implant
therapy protocol alteration toward diminishing the period allowed for bone healing after implant
placement instead of being based on well–designed in vitro, laboratory in vivo and clinical research
results." [12] Limitations in previous designs have rarely been investigated, but surface
modifications have been extensively in an attempt to increase the rate of bone healing and thereby
allowing the early loading of dental implants. [14] The article claims there to be a "lack of
hierarchical approach that has led to difficulties in isolating the topographic and chemical
parameters that provide the optimum bone healing around the dental implants." [12] It further
recognized literature inconsistencies in respect to the mechanistic effect of surface modifications in
short term and long term loading of implants. It calls for more accurate clinical studies to be
performed that consider different implant surfaces. The authors further put clinicians in charge of
interpreting in vitro, laboratory in vivo, and clinical study data for the effectiveness of new and
improved materials. [12] Despite a well–formed and compelling argument, the authors fail to
provide concrete data to support

El Filibusterismo Theory
In one of the first scenes he members of mission control are sitting around a table in a conference
room. This is when they first explain the concept of the bomb which is referred to as the "payload"
in the remainder of the movie. The concept of the bomb seems to be questionable. It doesn't seem
the most realistic to launch what appears to be a giant bomb into the sun to restart it. From our
knowledge of stars in class it seems more likely that a large amount of small atoms such as
hydrogen and helium would be more beneficial but that likely isn't possible. According to Universe
Today the most likely way of keeping our sun from dieing is to connect the convective zone, which
is on the outer edge of the sun. To the core where the Nuclear fusion happens. The Radiative zone
separates the two. The radiative zone basically just acts as a barrier between the core, where the
fusion happens and the convective zone which essentially acts like a giant lava lamp churning up the
elements in the outer layer of the sun. If the Core and the Convective zone were in contact with one
another the convective zone would allow the core to fuse all the hydrogen found. If the "payload" in
the movie was to somehow do this then this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to put out the fire the crew flooded the airlock with o2 causing the fire to burn out very
quickly. This seems very unlike to happen without causing significant damage to the ship and
wasting virtually all of the crew's oxygen supply. In the movie the crew flooded the garden airlock
with oxygen which would cause an explosion and put out the fire as shown in the movie. The fire in
the airlock would have required a great amount of o2 to put out. Due to it's large size and it being
full of flame, the airlock would need a great amount of oxygen to burn off the fire so quickly. This
likely would have to use most of the stored oxygen meaning it'd be potentially fatal for the
astronauts on

Vehicle Window Tinting
Window tinting is a popular accessory for cars, trucks, and automobiles. It gives your vehicle a sleek
and sporty look. It also protects the interior of your vehicle from the sun's damaging UV rays. Auto
glass coatings–or tinting–are really a win–win.
If you are interested in having your auto windows tinted, you should start by familiarizing yourself
with the type of tints available. Here are five different types of vehicle window tints:
1. Dyed Film
If you want something dark and mysterious, dyed film is ideal for you. Dyed film contains three
layers: an adhesive, a dyed film, and a protective coating. Since it is the darkest, it offers the most
privacy and protection. It also eliminates glare from headlights and streetlights. However, since it is
layered it may begin to separate over time. The color of the film itself might also change from a
deep gray or black to a dark purple. All it all, it's a nice option. It's also budget–friendly, so it's ideal
for those you cannot spend a lot of money on their window tint. ... Show more content on
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Metalized Film
Another option for vehicle tinting is metalized film. This type of film contains four layers: an
adhesive, a metalized layer, a layer that protects from UV radiation, and a protective coating. As you
might guess, metalized film is reflective. It works wonderfully for reducing glare and heat from the
sun and other light sources. It's also resistant to fading. However, the film might interfere with radio
waves as the metalized layer can sometimes disrupt the antennae. It's also more expensive, as it
contains several layers that offer maximum protection.
3. Hybrid

Titanium Research Papers
Titanium is chemical element, with number 22 as its Atomic Number, while its Mass Number is
47.867. Titaniums symbol on the periodic table is simply Ti, it is a transition metal, and is one of the
strongest metals in the world. Titanium has low density which is 4.54 g/cm3, meaning it is a good
conductor of electricity, titanium has a basic silver colour. Titaniums melting point is 1660 °C, while
its boiling point is 3287 °C. Titanium has a Hexagonal Crystal Structure, which is common. The
hexagonal crystal structure has layers, with atoms of six. The person who first found Titanium was a
man named William Gregor, in the year 1791. Titanium is obtained from different kinds of minerals,
and can be found in eg Ilmenite (FeTiO3) and Rutile (TiO2), these two are the most important ores
for creating titanium. Ilmenite is probably the number one source of titanium, about 90% of the
titanium is provided by Ilmenite, and it is estimated that from all the Ilmenite in the world you can
get one billion tons of titanium dioxide, while the resources of Rutile in the world is enough to get
230 million tons of titanium dioxide, which is a lot and can last for the entire lifespan of the human
race if we use it efficiently. To get Ilmenite and Rutile you have to extract it from different kinds of
sand and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But, titanium oxide has many uses that differ from the solid metal form of titanium. Titanium oxide
is where you will find the most uses of titanium. For example, titanium oxide is used as a pigment in
different kinds of paints, like house pain and paint for proffesional artistic use. Titanium oxide is
also used for plastics and paper, since titanium oxide is a bright white pigment. Another use for
titanium oxide is in sunscreens, since it prevents UV rays from accessing and harming the

Impact Of A Worldwide Russian Supply Restriction
Impact of a Worldwide Russian Supply Restriction to the Global Market of
Titanium Mill Products
By Grecia R. Matos
Description of the world titanium market
Titanium metal is an important strategic and critical material and is widely used for high
performance military and commercial aircrafts (airframes, engines, and landing gear), in power
plants, and for a wide variety of chemical processing, infrastructure equipment and several other
applications. Titanium metal is produced by highly sophisticated chemical processes and is more
expensive than most other structural metals such as aluminum and steel. The highly expensive
processes associated with its manufacture and fabrication means that its use is largely restricted to
advanced ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consumption was 42.5 t according to Roskill's Titanium report and production of titanium mill
products was 36 t, of which approximately 74% of mill products and castings were produced for
commercial and military aerospace applications. Other applications for titanium mill products and
castings included, in descending order, industrial, medical, other commercial, non–aerospace
military applications, and consumer products (Bedinger, MIS 2013).
The titanium mill products industry is highly consolidated. American companies dominate the
industry. Major producers are Titanium Metal Corporation, Allegheny Technologies Incorporated,
RTI International Metals, and VSMPO–AVISMA (Russian company). This raw material integration
reduces dependency on foreign imports and provides supply chain stability. US production was the
largest globally until 2011 when it was overtaken by that in China. By 2013, China was major
producer with 70.3 t but mainly for internal consumption.
Most titanium production in Russia is in the hands of VSMPO–Avisma group, weather in the form
of sponge, ingot or mill products. It is one of the few producers integrated from raw materials
through to partially fabricated titanium products. It is focused on exports, particularly to the major
aerospace companies in the US and Europe. It sells much of its output on long–term contracts to
Boeing, Airbus, General Electric and Rolls

Synthesis Of Tio 2 Nanoparticles
INTRODUCTION
In nature Titanium Oxide exists in three primary phases, namely, Anatase, Rutile and Brookite. In
each case the sizes of different cells vary.[1]
In recent years TiO2 has been widely used for preparation of various and varying types of
nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanorods, nanowires as well as nanoporous TiO2 containing
materials.[3] Regardless of its scale Titanium Oxide maintains its photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale
TiO2 has an advantage of being surface reactive that fosters its interactions with biological
molecules, such as phosphorylated proteins and peptides [4] as well as nonspecific binding with
DNA [5].
The surface molecules of nanoscale TiO2 particles are "on the corner" of the particle and are forced
by confinement stress into a pentacoordinated, square–pyramidal orientation. Such molecules have
an affinity for stable nanoparticle conjugation to ortho substituted bidentate ligands such as
dopamine.[7,8]
The various methods used for the synthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticles include sol gel, solvothermal and
hydrothermal methods[3], although new methods are now being used. One of the new methods is
the use of different dopants in the synthesis of Titanium oxide nanocomposites, such as the different
noble metals[11]. Also different nanoparticle coating materials and photosensitizing dyes.[13–17]
In this paper the various applications of TiO 2 nanocomposites are briefly summarized. Some of the
major applications of TiO2 nanocomposites are in

Star Of Lankan Research Paper
The Star of Lanka is discovered in Ratnapura. It is named by Royal Ontario Museum. The color of
the star is dark blue. In Fact, the pure corundum is actually colorless, but when the amount of iron
and titanium ions increases to 0.01%, it appears a blue color. There are also various color star
sapphires in existence, such as pink, violet, yellow, green and black star sapphire. Sapphire is very
useful in a many ways. For example can to make them as jewels or can be used on the phone
screens, vases or watches dial, because sapphire is a extremely hard object.
The Star of Lanka is discovered in Ratnapura. It is named by Royal Ontario Museum. The name of
this sapphire represents the place where it is founded. The shape of Star of Lanka is high cabochon
and its weight of the Star of Lanka is about 40 g. The color on the star is dark blue. This star
sapphire is a six–ray star. The star effect is called Asterism. It is because the intersection of needle–
typed inclusions among each other. For the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The pure corundum is actually colorless, but when the amount of iron and titanium ions increases to
0.01%, it appears a blue color. The process of color producing of the blue sapphire are transition
metal impurities and charge transfer. When Al3+ are displaced by Fe2+ and Ti4+ ions, the charges
in that area are not in balance. Therefore, An electron is transferred from the Fe ions to the Ti. When
there is a change between electrons, it will require additional energy. Thus, the electromagnetic
energy will be absorbed. As the electromagnetic energy of yellow light will be absorbed, the blue
color appears. The needle inclusions inside the sapphire can affect the transparency of gemstone,
which can harm the value of the sapphire. For star sapphire, the best condition is semi–transparent.
For a valuable star sapphire, the lines must be straight and not broke. On the other hand, the lines
must be centered on the top of

Tungsten And Titanium Comparison
Tungsten carbide, which is often just called tungsten, and titanium are the most popular materials for
contemporary rings. While some people believe there aren't many differences between the two
metals, there are some definite differences to consider when making your choice between tungsten
and titanium. After reading this list, you'll be able to see that it comes down to the person's lifestyle
when trying to make a choice between tungsten and titanium.
Hardness Levels Between the Two Metals
When it comes to the Mohs Scale of Hardness, the very hardest material known to man is diamond,
which most people know. What they might not know is that tungsten comes in second on that list.
Where diamonds have a hardness of 10, tungsten carbide is a ... Show more content on
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Any resizing will result in the ring breaking. With the inexpensive costs of the metals, though, the
rings can easily be replaced if they need to be resized. There are also some manufacturers that allow
customers to return a ring for a different size without charge.
The Colors of Titanium and Tungsten
The metals are available in a variety of colors. They're naturally darkish–gray, but they're seen
commonly in black as well. Tungsten has the option of being a white that gives a more classic white
gold or platinum look to the jewelry. Titanium can be created in a variety of colors. It goes through a
heating or oxidation process that can produce blue, purple or black. The color in a titanium ring
doesn't penetrate completely and can be scratched off the ring itself.
Are the Metals Hypoallergenic
When it comes to titanium rings, people who are prone to allergic reactions to metals will not have a
problem. The same can't be said for tungsten rings, which have elements in them that will cause skin
allergies. The allergy is often caused by cobalt, so if a piece of jewelry says that it's specifically not
made with cobalt, the person might not have an issue. It depends on the alloy

Window Tinting Research Paper
A Color For All Seasons: When Is the Best Time to Tint Your Windows
Window tinting is a great option for your home or vehicle. There are a great many benefits to
tinting, including increased privacy, protection from broken windows and protecting furniture from
UV fading. Knowing when to tint your windows is a vital piece of information, because taking this
step at the wrong time can ruin the tint, wasting precious time and money.
What does Tinting mean?
Tinting a window means that a window has its composition changed to alter the amount or type of
light that shines through. There are two common tints. UV blocking reduces the amount of
ultraviolet radiation that comes through. Reflective tints increase privacy by making it more difficult
to see into the window. Tinting windows comes one of two ways: an overlay or complete glass
replacement. Complete glass replacement is much more expensive than an overlay and takes more
time to finish.
When to Tint Car Windows?
If you are using an overlay, winter is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The best time to have your home windows tinted is during the spring or fall. This is true whether
you are having full replacements done or using an overlay. The main issue for a full replacement
will be weather. The window specialists will need to measure all of your windows, which will take
an afternoon. The actual work to replace the windows will take about two hours per window,
provided nothing goes wrong. It takes about a day to do overlays. Spring or fall weather will reduce
condensation on the inside. Condensation creates bubbles under the overlay, which then needs a do–
over.
Tinting windows is a great step to improving the value of your car or home. One warning for car
windows: make sure that you are aware of the legal limits of window tinting for your state. You do
not want to spend the money on the tint, only to receive a traffic ticket and have to remove the tint.
Consult your local window tinting company to discuss your options

Use Of Green Chemistry For The Reduction Of Air Pollutants
Alexandra Younes
Due: September 30, 2016
Background Research
In this experiment, the scientist will be testing the use of green chemistry for the reduction of air
pollutants. The problem statement is, Would attaching a filter coated with Titanium Dioxide reduce
Co2 levels from car emmissions? If so, how? In this experiment, the independent variable is the
filter coated with Titanium Dioxide (Tio2) The dependent variable is the measurement of Co2 in
PPM emitted from the vehicle. The constants in the experiment is the vehicle used ( a Dodge
minivan), the amount of time the vehicle is powered on, the measurement device used to measure
the levels of Co2 in PPM, as well as the kind of gas used in the car (regular, premium, etc.).
The scientist's purpose is to test the amount of Co2 a Tio2 coated filter on a car's muffler would
reduce from the emissions. The experimentalist's hypothesis was that it was going to work because
the filter will be coated with titanium dioxide that supposedly would absorb air pollutants such as
Co2. The scientist will test the hypothesis by first, creating the filter by taking the two PVC pipes
and attaching them together at their center ( they naturally interlock), then coat the 5 diameter circle
of screen with the Tio2 sunscreen and allow it to dry for 10 minutes, then attach the screen between
the two PVC pipes. The scientist will then turn on the vehicle, put the Co2 measuring device in an
enclosed container with a hole on top for the

Using Titanium Dioxide as Photocatalyst to Reduce Pollution
Recent research shows that titanium dioxide can be used as a photocatalystic property to reduce
pollutants. This was first discovered by Fujishima and Honda in 1972, where the photocatalystic
properties of titanium dioxide were found to be applicable. It was shown that by converting
ultraviolet light energy, this compound acts as a catalyst to produce hydroxyl in the presence of
moisture in the air. Hydroxl then can oxidize and convert these harmful pollutants to HNO3. The
reason that this is useful is because nitrogen oxide is a common pollutant which has many adverse
effects to society. Nitrogen oxides may form into nitric acid which contributes to acid rain, and it
also chemically reacts to sunlight and changes into ozone which additionally has many adverse
health effects for living organisms and non–living things alike. The health related issues are a major
reason to reduce emissions of NOx because although health is important, money is an issue as well.
In California an independent study conducted from 2005 to 2007 found that nearly 30,000 visits in
the state were due to California failing to meet both federal and state standards for PM and ozone.
This data comes from statistics of hospital reports for respiratory, cardiovascular, and asthma
attacks. Even though the study estimates were on the conservative side, it was estimated that the cost
of un–attainment to the state between that 3 year periods was 193 million dollars. And because the
majority of residence

Surface Micropatterning Of Pure Titanium For Biomedical...
SURFACE MICROPATTERNING OF PURE TITANIUM FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
VIA HIGH ENERGY PULSE LASER PEENING
Seminar Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
By
AMAL RAJ S (Roll No.:B110211ME)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT
May 2015
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the report entitled "SURFACE MICROPATTERNING OF PURE TITANIUM
FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS VIA HIGH ENERGY PULSE LASER PEENING" is a
bonafide record of the Seminar done by AMAL RAJ S(Roll No.: B110211ME), in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering
from National Institute of Technology Calicut.
Faculty–in–charge Dr. A Shaija Associate Professor Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
Dr.Alleshu Kanjirathinkal Professor & Head

Titanium Research Paper
The element I chose to research is the element Titanium. Titanium's symbol is Ti and is located
Period and Group number four. Also, Titanium is considered a metal but does not have a group
name. This element is usually found in the minerals rutile, ilmenite, and sphene. It also makes up
0.57% of Earth's crust. When you look at Titanium's physical data there are many components you
have to look at. For instance, you have to look at it's boiling and melting points. The boiling point is
3,287 degrees celsius while the melting point is 1,668 degrees celsius. Another area you need to
look at is the atomic mass which is 47.867 and the atomic number which is 22. One of the last areas
you need to look at if you study the physical data of Titanium is the solubility, and Titanium is
insoluble. Some other interesting ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the facts is that Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in Earth's crust. Another
interesting fact I found was Titanium is as strong as steel and twice as strong as aluminum, while it
is 45% lighter than steel, and 60% heavier than aluminum. A third interesting fact I found is
Titanium is not only found on Earth, in 2011, a satellite map found clusters of Titanium–rich rock on
the moon's surface. The next interesting fact I found about Titanium is it occurs in rocks, soil, and
all bodies of water. The last interesting fact I'm going to share with you about Titanium is that it is
the seventh most common metal on the Earth. Overall I'm excited I picked to research the element
Titanium. This is because there is a lot of information found about it, and I hardly knew anything
about it. Practically this whole paper is new information to me, and a wide variety of the
information I found and read was very interesting. I hope you find this information I gave you
interesting and give you more of a reason to do some research on Titanium

Titanium Cold War
The Cold War facilitated an arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union that helped
advance space, nuclear and aircraft technology. The need for better aircraft prompted both nations to
search for and develop new and better performing materials. One of the new materials was titanium.
Titanium heled revolutionize airspace technology and was a critical component of some of the most
groundbreaking aircraft ever built. Titanium was discovered in by William Gregor in 1791. Gregor
was a pastor who was fascinated with minerals and kept his own amateur journal where he recorded
his observations. One day when Gregor was doing research a stream in the parish of Mannacan in
Cornwall, England he noticed black metallic sand at the bottom. He ... Show more content on
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One of titanium's most important uses is in aerospace technology used by the United States Air
Force. Titanium is very beneficial because it is corrosion resistant, has a high strength to density
ratio, resists fatigue and racking, and is temperature resistant. Because of these properties titanium
has many applications for the Air Force. In aircraft titanium is crucial to engine parts because it can
handle high temperatures and stress. It is used in modern aircraft, such as the F–22 raptor, and was
one of the key components in the record holding SR–71 Blackbird. Because of its low weight and
heat resistance titanium is also used in spacecraft and ballistic, air–to–air and air–to–ground
missiles. Since titanium has roughly the same weight as aluminum and the strength or iron it has
many armor applications. The most noticeable for the US Air Force is in the "bathtub" like shell that
protects the pilot of the A–10. Titanium is invaluable to the US Air Force; titanium and its alloys
have numerous applications in modern aerospace technology, have been used in some of the most
influential and important Air Force missions, and have the potential for future applications that
could once again result in a drastic shift in aerospace

Becoming A Piercing Expert Essay
For decades now, people from all around the world have been piercing areas of the body, for cultural
purposes or for fashion. The ages can range from a newborn to adulthood. I happened to come
across a job that one of my main responsibilities was to pierce a person's ear. At first I was very
nervous on account of making sure the customer would walk away happy and to use the proper
skills I learned through training. To become a piercing expert you must have knowledge in the type
of metal to use, have the proper Instruments, align the area to be pierced, give the customer a great
experience, and make sure they walk away with proper aftercare instruction to avoid complications
later. When you are beginning the piercing process, you need to obtain the customer's information
on account of policy and protocol. The individual must be 18 years of age or older to get pierced on
their own, unless they have a child then mom, dad, or legal guardian may sign. The areas of the ear
pierced are the lobe or cartilage. The lobe is the bottom part of the ear and the cartilage is the top
around the outside. Next, the customer may choose a metal; this can be gold in 10 or 14 karat, 24
karat gold plated, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, I must clean my hands with sanitizer and apply my safety gloves to avoid giving the customer
germs on my hands. Then I gather my tools which are the box containing the earrings, the piercing
gun, an alcohol pad, and the marker to dot the ears. Toddlers and adults sit alone; unlike infants who
must sit on a parent or guardian's lap to avoid movement. At this point we are ready to clean the area
with an alcohol pad to avoid bacteria entering the new piercing. You must gently clean the lobe or
cartilage area, making sure everything is sanitized. This is very important because if the area is not
clean, this can cause an infection that will not be comfortable and will require them to remove the

Koa Wood Jewelry
In our Maker's Spotlight this week, we'll be talking about Komo Koa. They're the makers of fine
Hawaiian wood jewelry. We love all things Hawaiian here, so when we started covering koa wood
jewelry, it was inevitable that we'd jump into the realm of all things Hawaiian and koa from rings to
watches, pendants to bracelets. Koma Koa uses natural koa wood that is native to the region as well
as beautiful titanium in all its jewelry.
Family–Owned and Operated
The company has been creating rings for its customers since 2004. At Koma Koa, they pride
themselves on using an approach to their jewelry that leaves the planet better than when they started
the creation process. They use an eco–friendly system to finish the wood with low VOC resins. As
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With many of the pieces, there's a definite link back to the islands. The money clip has a design
featuring the Hawaiian Islands while some of the pendants feature the individual islands from Maui
to Kauai.
Customer Service Excellence
They understand the needs of their customers. Small companies, designers and creators know the
value of customer service. This is certainly true of Komo Koa where they have a philosophy of
"Treat others how you wish to be treated." They have free shipping overseas. They jokingly say
"After all, we're from Hawaii, it's pretty much all overseas from here."
They have an unconditional lifetime warranty on most of their items. They'll repair or replace it for
free, no matter how the damage occurred. Their watches carry a one–year–limited warranty. Rings
have a free 30–day size exchange. The rings are comfort fit, which could mean some range in the
sizing.
Koma Koa has some truly stunning pieces of jewelry. We love their philosophy as well as their
commitment to customer service. When we feature creators in the spotlight, we're looking for
companies and small businesses exactly like the one run by the Garcia family. They're a small
company that truly cares about their customers while creating jewelry that will last for a

Titanium Essay
1. INTRODUCTION:
Titanium has played a successful biomaterial in biomedical application especially for orthopedics
(bone–anchoring systems), dentistry, drug delivery, and nanotherapeutics in treating bone cancer and
arthritis. One of the treatments of bone cancer patients is the replacement of cancerous bone with
implant material. The current implant materials have implemented coating technology (such as
Calcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite) which gives good cytocompatibilty but over the time it gets
encapsulated with the surrounding bone cells and lead to poor osseointegration. An augment of
current implant material, we used nanotechnology application tailoring nanoscale topography on
conventional implant material into TNA by anodization ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This indicate the TNA may result in modification of the cellular protein lead to clustering or
aggregation and this could explain the variations in the cells shape and spreading behaviours that we
observed earlier. Our preliminary result suggested the interaction of the TNA surfaces with bound
cells may induce structural and cellular changes could be due to the surface roughness, chemistry
and wettability that may count as the cell interaction factors. Therefore, we would like to suggest
further detail study of genomic and proteomic test that can help us to explain this phenomenon. We
would also like to screen several oncogene and tumor suppressor gene expression in order to study
the potential carcinogenesis effect of this material.
2. OBJECTIVES
2.1 To evaluate the differential in telomere length of the cells grown on the TNA and the test–control
materials.
2.2 To measure the expression of telomerase activity in the cells that grown on the TNA and test–
control materials.
2.3 To study the TNA effect on the genetic changes using metaphase spread technique and
immunoblot for the protein changes in looking the potential anticancer properties.
2.4 To screen the possible oncegene expression or tumor suppressor gene product of the cells grown
on the TNA compared with the test–control.
3. LITERATURE

Titanium Synthesis Essay
When it comes to the materials used in middle ear replacement, Titanium has made a name for itself,
being the prime material used for implants today. This is because of its mechanical qualities, as well
as its biocompatibility and bio stability. These are far better suited for this implant than other
materials such as hydroxyapatite and gold. Because titanium is such a good material for this
procedure and is widely used, many comparative studies have been done on different types of
titanium to further understand them and further improve implants functions. A study done by
Ossama Hassan and others, compared that of the Classical Titanium Prosthesis with that of Vario
Titanium Prosthesis on 16 different patients. They discovered that the Vario ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
These two types were systematically compared and evaluated using meta–analysis conducting 40
investigations with over 4300 subjects involved. Through many experiments, they came to the
conclusion that even though no significant effect was detected between the two implants, the
effectiveness of the PORP was higher than the TORP (except within staged groups). The stability of
PORP was also superior to TORP in the long term follow ups. This would suggest that PORP has an
overall greater success rate, Since you are taking more parts out of the body and replacing it with
more artificial parts, so there is bound to be slightly different results. This also shows us that there is
more to learn about middle ear replacement. (4) Recent experimental methods for this implant is the
Duesseldorf Bell Prosthesis. The first one was designed in 1994 in conjunction with doctors at the
Dominikus Hospital. It was developed from many years of designing and producing other
prosthesis. The main three superiorities acquired from this type of middle ear replacement were
biocompatibility, overall hearing improvement, and intraoperative manipulation. Many different
experiments and studies have shown this to be true. The reliability and safety of these mechanisms
have also proven to be good from the long term prospective.

International Symposium On Intelligent Manufacturing And...
25th DAAAM International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, DAAAM
2014
Electro Chemical Honing (ECH) of External Cylindrical Surfaces of Titanium Alloys
P.S. Rao , P.K. Jain, D.K. Dwivedi
Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee–
247667, India
Abstract
Surface roughness has become the most significant functional requirement and it is an index of the
product quality. In order to increase the efficiency of hard to machine alloys like titanium and nickel
alloys, an Electro Chemical Honing (ECH) process has been employed to achieve highest material
removal rate with the best surface qualities. This extended abstract describes the design and
fabrication of an indigenously developed tooling setup for ECH of external cylindrical surfaces of
Titanium alloys (TI 6AL 4V) and also highlights the key process parameters and their affect on ECH
process. The influence of the machining parameters on the surface finish has been investigated and
optimized the process parameters for improving the surface roughness is also evaluated. Percentage
improvements in surface roughness values Ra and other parameters like electrolyte temperature,
composition and concentration were studied while changing the processing time (PT). And also the
study of surface characteristics of micro and macro level and micro hardness too examined.
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer–review under responsibility of DAAAM

The American Academy Of Ophthalmology
The American Academy of Ophthalmology states that more than 150 million individuals within the
U.S. wear some kind of corrective eyewear. Various lifestyles, activities and occupations may
require an individual to wear a specific type of lens and/or eyewear. Whether an individual wears
glasses to correct his or her vision, protect the eyes or to make a fashion statement designer
eyeglasses are available to express oneself and fit any lifestyle.
Your eyeglasses become part of your identity, which is why the eyeglasses you choose helps to
shape the way others perceive you. Designer prescription glasses and sunglasses are available from
renowned designers including LizClaiborne, Oakley and X Games Eyewear. Each designer offers
various colors, shapes and sizes. The stylish eyeglasses that are available can make you appear fun–
loving, conservative, sophisticated, youthful or style–conscious.
Eyeglass Designs – Defined
Fun–Loving Designer Eyeglasses for Students
Students are not restricted to a conservative look and can really express themselves with fun–loving,
eye–catching colors and shapes. Bright colors, unusual shapes and larger–sized frames are easily
available from numerous designers.
The Conservative Look
A conservative eyeglass design instills trust and conveys confidence; thus, enhancing your
professional image.
Characteristics of a Conservative Design
Designer Glasses Frames Three–piece mountings, rimless, stainless steel and titanium Shapes

Dent Ko & Window Tint: Case Study
Much like the clothes you wear, the look of your vehicle makes a personal statement.Dent KO &
Window Tint can help make sure this statement is one that reflects your sense of style and attention
to upkeep. Offering dent repair, auto detailing, and window tinting, this Hazelwood, MO, company
provides a range of services that's sure to keep your vehicle looking its very best. Dirt and damage
can take their toll on the appearance of a vehicle, and Dent KO & Window Tint can reverse the
effects of both with tender loving care. The company offers auto detailing that will rejuvenate the
look of your vehicle and keep your car's paint protected from damaging elements. Dent KO &
Window Tint's specialists will pamper your car's exterior with a hand

Window Tinting In Hawaii
Trying a new look for your vehicle? Hawaii's hot sun requires a quality tint, and Tintwerks proudly
supplies Honolulu residents with the best vehicle tinting in the business. Made of ceramic tint,
Tintwerks offers the highest quality vehicle window tinting in Hawaii. A unique way to add appeal
without spending too much money, tinting extends beyond aesthetic benefits–spruce up your car's
look without spending big bucks, protecting both yourself and your vehicle in the long run. Tinted
windows significantly reduce glare from the sun, which can be a dangerous distraction for drivers.
What Tinting Does: Offering one of the highest quality ceramic products on the market, tinted
windows are instantly improved with the help of Tintwerks' knowledgable

How Has Titanium Formed
Would you believe that an actual element from the periodic table was named after the sons of the
Earth goddess in Greek mythology? After William Gregor discovered Titanium in 1971 on England
grounds, that is exactly what he did. In fact this element was not found alone, but in the midst of a
mineral called menachanite. When William detected this unique new element he knew it was
something special due to his interest in minerals. However, Titanium was not only discovered once
but three times! Next a German chemist, Klaproth and then the pure elemental metal was found in
1910 by Matthew Hunter. This pure element was made when Matthew heated TiCl4 together with
sodium in a steel bomb. As you can imagine this would need some extreme heat, in fact it was
around 600 to 700 degrees celsius. Although this remarkable elements has no major uses, it is
however the ninth most abundant in the earth's crust. Since Titanium is not easily broken down by ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Facts have shown there is Titanium in the Earth's crust, therefore; it will always available to our
society. Another positive to this element is it has no harmful effects to the environment. The only
way for it to disappear is if the crust was to completely disintegrate. With this supply we can
continue to grow and find integrative ways to produce new products. Titanium is not an element
most people would see or notice at first glance. However it has been used to create technology that
continues to shape our society today. Can you imagine a life without the strongest boats for shipping
good or other jobs? What about having a prosthetic that isn't the most efficient and could possibly
break. Neither one of these could ever happen due to the discovery of one of the strongest elements,
Titanium. Just to think where would we be if those three men hadn't discovered one of the most
reliable elements, and it all started in

Titanium appears on the periodic table under the symbol...
Titanium appears on the periodic table under the symbol Ti. The transition metal is known for being
very strong. When a person thinks of an element that is very strong, they also think that the item
would be very heavy. Titanium is different; the element is very strong, but it is also very light
weight. Since Titanium is so strong, it is named after the strong Greek mythology Titans (History of
Titanium). The element, Titanium, is one of the most abundant elements. The metallic element is
found in many alloys; those alloys are found in many items today (The Editors). The top physical
property that titanium is recognized for is its strength–to–weight ratio. Titanium is very strong, but it
is very light weight. The element is lustrous; it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The factors also make it a great candidate for surgical instruments. Since the element is resistant to
corrosion from things such as sea water and chlorine, it is often found being used in the industrial
world. One of the most common places that Titanium is found is in desalination plants, which
convert sea water into drinking water. The element is used in heat exchangers; if the heat exchangers
were made of a different element they would need to be replaced more often due to corrosion. A
very strong alloy is produced when Titanium is combined with iron, aluminum, vanadium, and
molybdenum. This alloy is found in large items such as: jet engines, missiles, spacecraft, military
equipment, and even automobiles. The alloy is also used in many things that we are known to love.
Americans usually carry items with them everyday that are made up of this alloy. For example, right
now in my car I have many items that are made up of the alloy such as: jewelry, a cell phone, and a
football helmet grill (History of Titanium). The element, Titanium, has a very low toxicity.
Although, when Titanium is in powder form it is becomes a fire hazard (Titanium). The other time
that Titanium is a hazard is when it is heated in the air. The element then becomes an explosive
hazard. When Titanium does catch on fire, a normal fire extinguisher will not put out the

A Brief Note On Titanium Alloy Implants And Joint Replacement
Erik Rasmussen
11–13–2016
ME 315
Titanium Alloy Implants and Joint Replacements
The advancement in materials science has paralleled with human ability to make improvements in
the fields of engineering, manufacturing and medical fields. Specifically in the medical field, as
major joints or sometimes organs begin to fail, foreign materials must be introduced into the body to
perform the functions of the failing component. Not all materials can be used in the human body
however, therefore materials science is directly correlated to the success of implants. This report
discusses some of the challenges faced when selecting the most ideal material for an operation, and
investigates many of the material properties of common joint replacement/implant materials.
Understanding further the certain requirements of proper implant materials used in practice will
permit greater advancement in the field of medical implants and joint replacement once other
materials are created to better fit those requirements. There are three main areas which a certain
material must prove to be superior in a given application in order to be considered for use in
implants and joint replacements. First and most importantly, the material in question must be
compatible with the human body. Introduction of foreign materials into the human body causes a
reaction between the foreign material and human tissue, we consider the material compatible so long
as this reaction is not producing negative or harmful

Year 10 Science Research
Year 10 Science Research Investigation
This has been developed for the unit: Chemistry
The claim: Metals are the most useful substances
Research question: How does the properties of Platinum enhance its usefulness when it comes to
playing a role in pharmaceutical and surgical treatments?
Rationale:
Platinum is utilized extensively over a range of different items, from catalytic converters in our cars
to the pretty rings that we wear on our fingers. It is more importantly used in many treatments that
are used on our bodies in cases where we are ill or injured. Medicinal actions are undertaken every
single day. The world is dependent on the treatments that the medical field supplies. The claim that
metals are the most useful substances poses ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This allows it to interact with other atoms in many ways. This is very significant when Platinum is
used in anticancer drugs for chemotherapy. Cisplatin is a Platinum based drug and is one of the
oldest and most successful anticancer drug in the history of chemo prescriptions. The molecule
structure of DNA is very important for the interaction of Cisplatin. It is a double–helix and is held
together by building blocks, scientifically known as nucleotides. Through the bases of DNA,
Platinum is then able to its job. The drug reacts in a displacement reaction. The chlorine atoms that
are in our bodies are displaced by the aqua ligand, a coordination compound of metal ions and
water, which is the displaced by the nitrogen in the DNA. The cisplastin then is left to interact with
the DNA and creates two cross–link stands. Repairing mechanisms in the body then separate the
cisplastin from the DNA which then causes the damage of the unhealthy cells. (Carmen Drahl 2017)
this is shown in fig

Titanium Research Paper
I chose titanium because it is a very common element and is used for many purposes.
Titanium was discovered in 1791 by amateur geologist, William Gregor, as an inclusion of a mineral
in Cornwall, Great Britain. Gregor recognized there was a new element present in Ilmenite, when he
found black sand by a stream and noticed the sand was attracted by a magnet. He determined the
presence of two metal oxides: iron oxide and 45.25% of a white metallic oxide that was
unidentifiable. After realizing that the unidentified oxide contained a metal that did not match any
known element, Gregor reported his findings to the Royal Geological Society Titanium is composed
of 22 protons, 26 neutrons, and 22 electrons. Titanium has 8 isotopes, 5 are stable and 3 are
unstable. Isotopes from Ti–46 to Ti–50 are stable isotopes, Ti–44, Ti–45, and Ti–51 are unstable
isotopes. Electron configuration of Titanium is shorthand [Ar] 3d2 4s2 and longhand is
1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2 . Titanium is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The most common mineral sources of titanium are ilmenite, rutile, and titanite. Titanium is also
obtained from iron ore slags. Slag is an earthy material that floats to the top when iron is removed
from iron ore by melting it down. Titanium is part of the metals class of elements. Metals are good
conductors of heat and electricity, most metals are malleable and can be flattened into thin sheets,
most metals are ductile and can be turned into wires, metals possess a metallic luster, metals are
opaque as thin sheets, and metals are solid at room temperature (except Mercury). Titanium exists in
a solid state at room temperature and is very brittle. Titanium is very unreactive and is resistant to
oxygen, acids, chlorine, and other corrosive agents. Titanium gets more reactive at high
temperatures and can also catch fire when exposed to oxygen. Pure titanium can exist

Impact Of Titanium In Medicine
Amelia M. Lamberty
Monday, May 1, 2017
FS 162: Science That Changed History
Dr. Heroux
Impact of Titanium in Medicine
My family has seen the impact of titanium firsthand. My father had an ankle replacement, my
mother had a lumbar implant, and I had a knee replacement; they all have titanium. I like to joke
that we are a bionic family. I find it even funnier, and sometimes frustrating, that we beep at the
checkpoints in airports. It is pretty interesting that we can all relate in some odd and comical
manner. Titanium has proven to be a very useful and impactful mineral in today's world.
Titanium was discovered in 1791 in the mineral menachanite by the British clergyman William
Gregor, who named the new element "menachite". Four years later, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There is no more challenging use in this respect than implants in the human body. Here, the
effectiveness and reliability of implants, and medical and surgical instruments and devices is an
essential factor in saving lives as well as in the long term relief of suffering and pain. Implantation
of other metals represents a potential assault on the chemical, physiological and mechanical
structure of the human body. There is nothing comparable to a titanium implant in living tissue.
Most metals in body fluids and tissue are found in stable organic complexes. Corrosion of implanted
metal by body fluids, results in the release of unwanted metallic ions, with likely interference in the
processes of life. Titanium is judged to be completely inert and immune to corrosion by all body
fluids and tissue, and is thus wholly bio–compatible.
The natural selection of titanium for implantation is determined by a combination of most favorable
characteristics including immunity to corrosion, bio–compatibility, strength, low density and the
capacity for joining with bone and other tissue, known as osseointegration. The mechanical and
physical properties of titanium alloys combine to provide implants which are highly damage

Fatigue
Fatigue is a form of failure that can occur in dental prostheses (e.g. implants and partial dentures)
and appliances (e.g. braces) that are subjected to dynamic and fluctuating stresses that are lower
than the yield strength. All materials in the mouth will be under repeated random stresses due to
mastication, parafunctional loading, swallowing and clenching. These forces of parafunctional
activity may create enough stress to initiate a crack in a defect and start the fatigue process. Most
factures in dental prostheses and appliances (90%) occur after many years due to fatigue failure, and
are usually unrelated to a single event of acute overload (Wiskott HW 1995). Causes of failure are
multifactorial but understanding the mechanism of failure can help the dentist with treatment plans
regarding restoration design and material selection. This will reduce costs for both patient and
dentist in the long run since the full service life of the restoration will be utilised.
In brittle materials, fatigue crack initiation occurs at a stress concentration due to a microdefect on
the surface or within the material of the restoration. In metals and alloys, where there are no
macroscopic or microscopic discontinuities, the crack initiation can begin ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In osseointegrated implants, macroscopic analysis shows that crack initiation tends to occur near the
bores (holes) on the side surface. Thus although bores promote osseointegration, they also act as
stress intensifiers, which aids the fatigue process. Another region of stress concentration on the
implant is the interface between the screw and the abutment so during stress intensification, the
portion of the implant that is under tensile strength is more likely to initiate a crack when the applied
load is cyclic and high. Shear stresses also reach a maximum at this interface and can rotate the
whole implant along its long axis (Felli, F

Common Use of Ceramics in Dental and Orthopaedic Applications
Ceramics are most commonly used in dental applications as restorative materials for crowns,
cements and dentures.
Some ceramics are used in orthopaedic applications such as bone repair, bone augmentation and
joint replacement but their use in this field is not as extensive or widespread as metals and polymers
because ceramics have poor fracture toughness. This severely limits the use of ceramics in load
bearing applications (Davis, 2003).
Ceramics have high hardness and wear resistance, making them suitable for applications such as the
articulating surfaces in joints and bone bonding surfaces in implants. Ceramics like alumina and
zirconia are more appropriate to use in joint replacements and dentistry whereas hydroxyapatite or
calcium ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, being a ceramic, pyrolytic carbon is brittle and therefore once a crack has initiated, it will
propagate through the material which will inevitably cause the mechanical heart valve to fail which
will lead to dangerous consequences such as the death of the patient. This is highly unlikely to occur
though because the increased ductility of pyrolytic carbon would make it difficult for crack initiation
to occur in the first place. Along with the mechanical tests, biological tests have also shown that
pyrolytic carbon also had less platelet aggregation and therefore lower risk of blood clotting
occurring than other materials that were tested like titanium alloys, polycrystalline diamond. This
proved that pyrolytic carbon is highly biocompatible and therefore suitable for this application as
well as being safe within the body (Davis, 2003; Snyder and Helmus, 2004; Ritchie, 1996).
As biomaterials, metals are normally used for load bearing applications such as pins and plates for
bone fixation devices, femoral stems for hip replacement prosthetic devices. They have also been
widely used in dentistry as part of orthodontic devices as well as pins for anchoring tooth implants.
In order to be successful in load bearing applications such as hip or knee replacements, the metallic
biomaterials must have satisfactory fatigue strength in order to endure the forces placed upon the
body by daily activities like walking or chewing (Czernuszka, 1996).

A Brief Note On Titanium And Its Effect On The Surface Of...
Since the invention of implants, titanium has been the best material of choice due to its unique
biocompatibility and the titanium dioxide (TiO2) corrosion resistance – compared to other metals
which release ions into the adjacent tissue and cause inflammatory process. The important role in
the biomaterial surface preparation has been a major study area for many scientists to enhance the
surface properties for better dental and orthopedic implant osseointegration. The very last step of
surface modification is the sterilizing method used to sterilize the implant surface before packaging.
All biomaterials must be "well" sterilized before using them, however, the effect of these methods
on the implant surface properties have not been thoroughly studied. Many different techniques are
used to sterilize – each with its modification actions –, one of which is the oxygen plasma/ Radio
Frequency Glow–Discharge (RFGD) treatment. In general, research interest in the RFGD treatment
method has increased since the 1970s. Significant attention has been paid to the effect of
sterilization on the surface of different biomaterials, specifically dental implant materials. Baier et
al. (1984) indicated the importance of high Critical Surface Tension (CST) and surface cleanliness
of the substrata for a better cell adhesion. This study was done in vivo using rabbits. They used
implants with different surface energy states on three surfaces for healing periods of 10 and 20 days.
Baier et al.

Osseointegration Research Paper
The idea of incorporating titanium and bone to become one seems a bit far fetched, something of
science fiction or of the future yet the concept was introduced and studied some 75 years ago. Three
researchers, Bothe, Beaton, and Davenport were the first to document titanium's reaction with bone
during experiments on animals in 1940. Titanium was again noted to be a potentially useful
prosthesis material by Gottlieb Leventhal M.D. in 1951. However, the name osseointegration was
not given to the process until 1952 by a swedish physician and researcher, Per–Ingvar Brånemark.
The meaning behind the word osseointegration is taken from the Greek word for bone, osteon and
integrare, meaning to make whole. Experiments with rabbits lead Brånemark to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Titanium is used in orthopedic implants, dental implants and prosthetic appendages are also made of
it. Biocompatible and accepted by the body, this is an element that has proven reliable enough to
replace human bone. The characteristics that attribute to successful cellular response include it's
surface texture, binding sites, and the fact that it is hydrophobic. When titanium is exposed to air it
naturally covers itself in a encasing oxide film. Before the titanium implant can be placed and used
inside of the human body the surface atoms must be removed by exposing to it to high temperatures,
this gives it a fresh surface that is oxidized instantly. Within seconds of contact with air a layer of
titanium dioxide covers and protects Ti from

Titanium Man Essay
Stephen was a basketball player. He was also a genius and was very smart. Stephen played in the
NBA or National Basketball Association. Steph lived in a society where everything was unjust and
people were forced to serve their ruler. Many things are banished in his society. Their society is
ruled by the evil Titanium Man who rules in total tyranny. Titanium Man has big robots that keep
the people under his control. These robots are also shapeshifters and known as Transformers. These
Transformers could be very tall or very short.
Stephen learns one day that basketball is banned and all basketball courts are teared down. Stephen
becomes agitated when he learns about this. Steph asks his friends why, but they all have no answer.
Steph wants to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Steph also starts building new and better weapons for Hot Rod and Bumblebee. He creates a sword
and different types of guns for the two.
Steph decides to test his Iron Man suit by doing good acts for his community. Steph sees a woman
being harassed by a Transformer. He flies up to the Transformer and confronts it. He blasts the
Transformer and saves the

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