The document discusses vitamins E and K, their recommended daily allowances, roles in biochemical processes like antioxidant activity and blood clotting factor synthesis, deficiency symptoms, and diagnostic tests. Vitamin E protects against lipid peroxidation and vitamin K is required for gamma-carboxylation of clotting factors and warfarin acts as an anticoagulant by inhibiting vitamin K.

3. RDA
• Males = 10mg/day
• Females = 8 mg/day
• Pregnancy = 10mg/day
• The pharmacological dose of the vitamin is
200–400 IU per day.

4. • There are eight naturally occurring tocopherols
out of alpha tocopherol is most active form .
• Absorption :- absorbed along with other fats
and needs the help of bile salts occur in small
intestine.
• Packed in chylomicrons & transported in
plasma.
• It is stored in adipose tissue.

6. Role In lipid Peroxidation
• Vitamin E is the most powerful anti-oxidant.
It protects lipid peroxidation and also protects the
plasma membranes from the attack of free radicals.
Vitamin E protects RBC from hemolysis . By
preventing the peroxidation , it keeps the structural
and functional integrity of all cells.
• The aging process is due to the cumulative effects of
attack of the free radicals. Vitamin E also boosts
immune response. The vitamin reduces the risk of
atherosclerosis by reducing the oxidation of LDL.

7. Sparing action of selenium
• Lipid peroxides produced by oxidation of lipids
are neutralized by glutahione peroxidase as
second line of defence .
• This enzyme contains selenium as cofactor
• Selenium is present in glutathione peroxidase;
an important enzyme that oxidizes and destroys
the free radicals.
• Selenium has been found to decrease the
requirement of vitamin E and vice versa.

8. Anti atherogenic effect
• Oxidation of LDL is an critical event in
development of atherosclerosis .
• Vitamin E is known to prevent this oxidation in
the initial stage .
• But once the atherosclerosis process has started
by oxidized LDL & other cells. It is no longer
depend on the oxidation of LDL . Cytokines
released by the cells & other factors perpetrate
atherosclerosis .
• So, it play anti atherogenic role in the initial stage

9. Other function
• Prevention of hemolysis by maintaining RBCs
membrane integrity
• Maintaining the structural and functional
integrity of cells and organs-----antiaging factor.
• Beneficial in alzheimer’s disease , skin disease,
cancers etc.
• Anti-sterility role .

10. • Occur in malabsorption syndromes.
• Deficiency can also cause anemia , due to oxidative
damage to red blood cells.
• Delayed milestones in premature infants.
• Neurological deficiency :- neuropathy,
demyelization of nerves , cerebellar ataxia
• Retinal pigment degeneration, retinopathy,
peripheral neuropathy and myopathies.
• A betalipoproteniemia ( defect in chylomicron or
VLDL)
Deficiency manifestation

11. VITAMIN K ( coagulation factor)
• Exits in two form K1,K2

12. RDA & Sources
• 50-100 microgram /day
• Easily available in diet.
sources :- green leafy vegetables .
Synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

13. • Absorption :- require bile salt.
• Transported in blood in chylomicrons &
VLDL.
• Stored in liver.( less amount)
• The vitamin K may be derived from the diet or
intestinal bacterial synthesis

14. Biochemical function of vitamin K
• Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of blood
clotting factors are factor II (prothrombin);
factor VII ; factor IX , factor X .
• All these factors are synthesized by the liver as
inactive zymogens. They undergo post-
translational modification; gamma carboxylation
of glutamic acid residues. These are the binding
sites for calcium ions. The gamma
carboxyglutamic acid (GCG) synthesis requires
vitamin K as a cofactor.
• Occur activation of clotting factors.

15. Carboxylation at gamma carbon

16. Role of γ-carboxylate glutamate in
clotting factors
• γ-carboxyl group of clotting factors such as
prothrombin chelates Ca++ ions & so
helps in binding of blood clotting factors to
platelet cell membrane through –ve
charged phospholipids .
• In vitamin K deficiency , this carboxylation
does not occur & leads to coagulation
failure .

17. Role of warfarin as anticoagulant

18. Contd.
• Warfarin is dicumerol type of synthetic
anticoagulant that inhibit vitamin K2 by
competitive inhibition .
• It is then excreted leading vitamin K deficiency.
• It is used as a rat poison .
• High doses of vitamin K act as antidote for
warfarin toxicity.

20. Causes
• Premature infants & new born babies
- Unable to store vitamin K
- chronic liver diseases
- malabsorption from intestine
- Prolonged use of antibotics
- Prolonged use of warfarin ( anticoagulant drug)

22. Diagonsis
• Increased prothrombin time ( PT)
• to rule out liver disease , PT is measured
before and after giving viatmin K
• PT is between 11-14 sec.
• Clotting time is usually 6-8 min.
• Chronic use of aspirin ( MI patients) :-
increase PT .
• Hypervitaminosis K : - hemolysis , jaundice,
symptoms of brain damage

24. • Q1. Name vitamin E and describe its function
and deficiency manifestation??
• Q2. Name vitamin K and describe its function
and deficiency state and test used to evaluate
the deficiency ?