Other centers of civilization around egypt 2012
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Examples of other civilizations near Mesopotamia and Egypt. The major civs were not necessarily the ONLY civs!!
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Other centers of civilization around egypt 2012
- 2. Mesopotamia and Egypt: examples of impressive River VVaalllleeyy CCiivviilliizzaattiioonnss…… IImmpprreessssiivvee cciivviilliizzaattiioonnss aallssoo ddeevveellooppeedd aalloonngg tthhee IInndduuss aanndd HHuuaannggee HHee,, aanndd iinn MMeessoo aanndd SSoouutthh AAmmeerriiccaa...... BBuutt tthheessee wweerree nnoott tthhee OONNLLYY cciivviilliizzaattiioonnss aatt tthhee ttiimmee.. HHeerree aarree aa ffeeww eexxaammpplleess ooff ootthheerr ccoommpplleexx ssoocciieettiieess tthhaatt cceerrttaaiinnllyy ddeesseerrvvee tthhee tteerrmm ““CCiivviilliizzaattiioonn”” oonn tthheeiirr oowwnn mmeerriittss.. TToo wwhhaatt eexxtteenntt wweerree tthheeyy ““ssttaanndd-- aalloonnee”” cciivviilliizzaattiioonnss,, aanndd ttoo wwhhaatt eexxtteenntt wweerree tthheeyy aaffffeecctteedd bbyy tthheeiirr iinntteerraaccttiioonnss wwiitthh ootthheerr cciivviilliizzaattiioonnss??
- 3. AA.. NNuubbiiaa// KKuusshh • Along the Nile, above 4th cataract • 22330000 BBCCEE-- ffiirrsstt mmeennttiioonn ooff NNuubbiiaa iinn EEggyyppttiiaann rreeccoorrddss • Peaceful cultural interchange and marriages • Urban centers- Meroë
- 4. What do we Know about Relations Between the Two societies? How do we Know it? Why is it significant to World history? What “lesson” Does it show? TThheessiiss SSuuppppoorrtt CCoonncclluussiioonn
- 5. •TTrraaddee wwaass tthhee ggaatteewwaayy bbeettwweeeenn EEggyypptt ((ttoo MMeessooppoottaammiiaa,, CCrreettee,, aanndd PPhhooeenniicciiaa)) aanndd aallll ooff SSuubb--ssaahhaarraann AAffrriiccaa..
- 6. NNuubbiiaann EExxppoorrttss:: •GGoolldd •IIvvoorryy •EEbboonnyy •IInncceennssee •SSppiicceess •GGiirraaffffee ttaaiillss,, oossttrriicchh ffeeaatthheerrss,, aanntteellooppee && zzeebbrraa sskkiinnss,, RRhhiinnoo hhoorrnnss,, mmoonnkkeeyyss,, lliioonnss…… •MMeerrcceennaarriieess,, SSllaavveess..
- 7. EEaarrllyy NNuubbiiaann AArrcchhiitteeccttuurree • Nubian ssppeeooss – carved from solid rock – 3700 – 3250 BCE • Ramses II used this style at Abu Simbel.
- 10. “Medjay:” Elite Paramilitary Police - Pharaoh’s Guards - Guarded Trade Routes, Royal & Religious Centers Nubians settled, married Egyptian women, had Egyptian children, were buried in the Egyptian manner… but still proudly maintained their Nubian identities. 1122tthh DDyynnaassttyy:: 11999911––11778866 BB..CC..EE VVaarriioouuss PPhhaarraaoohhss ooff NNuubbiiaann oorriiggiinn
- 11. Murals from the tomb of HHaarreemmhheebb Last Nubian- 1306 BCE (most likely) or 1319 BCE until 1292 BC (18th Dynasty) Egyptian Pharaoh, 25th Dynasty
- 12. NNeeww KKiinnggddoomm -- KKuusshhiittee PPeerriioodd “The two cultures melded together; so much so, that Nubians evaporated from the archeological record as a separate people…”
- 14. KKuusshhiittee PPhhaarraaoohhss…… ooff EEggyypptt
- 15. MMeerrooiittiicc WWrriittiinngg • BByy 55tthh CC.. BBCCEE • AAllpphhaabbeettiicc oorr hhiieerrooggllyypphhiicc ssccrriipptt?? • SSttiillll nnoott ddeecciipphheerreedd..
- 17. Pyramids at Meroe: Kushite
- 18. • MMooddeerrnn--ddaayy SSoouutthheerrnn EEggyypptt,, NNoorrtthheerrnn SSuuddaann • TTrraaddeedd wwiitthh eeaacchh ootthheerr,, MMeessooppoottaammiiaa,, aanndd ??
- 19. BB.. WWeesstteerrnn AAffrriiccaa 11.. DDjjeennnnee DDjjeennoo OOllddeesstt uurrbbaann cceenntteerr iinn ssuubb-- SSaahhaarraann AAffrriiccaa • 3rd Century BCE • Earliest mud brick architecture • Terra cotta figures • Iron
- 20. 22.. NNookk CCuullttuurree • 500 BCE-200 CE • Pottery figures • EEaarrlliieesstt IIrroonn aarrttiissaannss iinn AAffrriiccaa
- 21. AAkkssuumm 33.. EEaasstteerrnn AAffrriiccaa:: MMooddeerrnn EEtthhiiooppiiaa • 11000000 BBCCEE • AArraabbiiaann ttrraaddeerrss mmiixxeedd wwiitthh KKuusshhiitteess • MMuuddbbrriicckk bbuuiillddiinnggss • FFrroomm 330000’’ss oonn –– ssppookkee GGrreeeekk Salt, emeralds, brass, copper, gold, cloth, olive oil, wine…
- 22. ““EEtthhiiooppiiaann”” GGrreeeekkss ccaalllleedd NNuubbiiaannss tthhee ““bbuurrnntt ffaacceedd oonneess””…… – ““TTaalllleesstt,, hhaannddssoommeesstt ppeeooppllee oonn eeaarrtthh”” – PPiieettyy ssoo ggrreeaatt tthhaatt tthhee ggooddss pprreeffeerrrreedd tthheemm ttoo aallll mmeenn – MMeemmnnoonn,, NNuubbiiaann kkiinngg wwhhoo ffoouugghhtt iinn tthhee TTrroojjaann WWaarr – GGrreeeekkss kknneeww tthhee NNuubbiiaannss ccoonnqquueerreedd EEggyypptt && rruulleedd aass tthhee 2255tthh ddyynnaassttyy
- 23. 2. Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations
- 25. A. PPhhooeenniicciiaannss • GGeeooggrraapphhyy – Lebanon / Syria – 1200 – 800 BCE - settled on Coast – Main cities: Tyre & Sidon • SSeeaaffaarriinngg TTrraaddiinngg ssoocciieettyy – Not much arable land – Elaborate trading contracts with major civilizations of the time – Advanced cloth dying technologies: Secret: Tyrian Purple made from sea snails color of Royalty – Glass
- 27. PPhhooeenniicciiaann CCoolloonniieess EExxaammppllee:: CCAARRTTHHAAGGEE:: – major trading city on North coast of Africa – Hannibal, Punic Wars with Rome… Sewing salt.
- 28. • “Missionaries of Civilization” - spread basically Mesopotamian culture all over the Mediterranean – early reed ships, later made of cedar • Invented a simplified alphabet – based on Mesopotamian 22-letters – Used papyrus from Egypt to make scrolls for books. – The words “Bible” and “bibliography” come from the Phoenician city of Byblos. • 6th Century BCE- collapsed: Assyrian invasions.
- 29. B. Minoans of Crete
- 30. DDuurriinngg tthhee BBRROONNZZEE AAGGEE:: •880000 yyeeaarrss bbeeffoorree HHoommeerr;; 11000000 yyeeaarrss bbeeffoorree ccllaassssiiccaall GGrreeeeccee.. •NNoo eevviiddeennccee ooff mmiilliittaarryy;; tthheeiirr nnaavvyy wwaass aa mmeerrcchhaanntt mmaarriinnee..
- 36. CCiittyy DDwweelllleerrss && TTrraaddeerrss
- 37. MMiinnooaannss • Thera – more elite? Artistic? Affluent? • Crete - trade & government hub; business • Egypt’s colossal architecture • Phoenician trade • Mesopotamian bureaucracy • “Seed society” for Ancient Greece: Mycenae
- 38. TTrraaddee • MMiinnooaannss eexxppoorrtteedd:: – WWiinnee,, – OOiill,, – SSaaffffrroonn && ootthheerr mmeeddiicciinnaall hheerrbbss – JJeewweellrryy,, aanndd –HHiigghhllyy ccrraafftteedd wwoorrkkss –AAppeess ((nnoo ttaaiillss)) • Minoans Imported: – Raw Materials – Some food – Monkeys
- 42. MMiinnooaann SSoocciiaall HHiieerraarrcchhyy • WWeeaalltthh wwaass sspprreeaadd lliibbeerraallllyy.. • EEvveenn iinn ""ppoooorr"" ppaarrttss ooff ttoowwnn -- ppeeooppllee lliivveedd iinn ffoouurr,, ffiivvee,, aanndd ssiixx rroooomm hhoouusseess—— wwoouulldd bbee vveerriittaabbllee mmaannssiioonnss iinn tthhee MMiiddddllee EEaasstt oorr EEggyypptt aatt tthhee ttiimmee!!
- 43. Wealth & Secular Art • PPootttteerryy – Visual pleasure, not utility, politics, or religion. • NNaattuurree wwaass rreelliiggiioonn?? – Holy/scarce Saffron…
- 46. Collection of Saffron • Crocus flower • Color, scent, medicine, aphrodisiac • Blue Monkey?? SSaaffffrroonn
- 47. Minoan Writing • Minoans – Linear A • Accounts of transactions? • Maybe derived from Egyptian hieroglyphs. • Mycenaeans- Linear B – An early form of Greek – has been translated
- 49. • “…they spoke a language we don't understand and they wrote in a script which we can't read. So the voices of the Minoans, their stories, their history as they understood it, is lost to us.”
- 50. DDeecclliinnee ooff MMiinnooaannss:: AAfftteerr 55 cceennttuurriieess ooff pprroossppeerriittyy…… • Palace centers weakened by fire, 1500 BCE…rebuilt on top. – Left trash & rebuilt on top, so we found early artifacts in tact, incl. Linear A & B • Crete, Thera volcanic eruption, & tidal wave: 1450 to 1500 BCE-destroyed Minoan cities including Knossos. • Attack of Myceneans.
- 51. So… What? • Do you think most civilizations are off-shoots of another, or did they develop independently? • HOW do you think ideas spread in the ancient world? • What kinds of ideas were probably the mozt popular or EASIEST to spread?
Editor's Notes
- Iraq – Thunderstorm coming!
- Navigable to 6th cateract…
- Limestone grave marker from Upper Egypt: depicts a Nubian soldier named Nenu holding his bow and arrows; Beside him is his wife, wearing the close-fitting linen dress typical of Egyptian women. Nenu wears a kilt tied with a characteristically Nubian leather sash. In the upper right, an Egyptian servant presents a bowl of beer. Dogs are often included on the stelae of Nubian soldiers, suggesting the great affection they had for these pets.
- Horemheb (sometimes spelled Horemhab or Haremhab and meaning Horus is in Jubilation) was the last pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from either 1319 BC to late 1292 BC,[1] or 1306 to late 1292 BC (if he ruled for 14 years) although he was not related to the preceding royal family and is believed to have been of common birth. Before he became pharaoh, Horemheb was the commander in chief of the army under the reigns of Tutankamun and Ay. After his accession to the throne, he reformed the state and it was under his reign that official action against the preceding Amarnarulers began. Horemheb demolished monuments of Akhenaten, reusing their remains in his own building projects, and usurped monuments of Tutankhamun and Ay. Horemheb presumably remained childless since he appointed his vizier Paramesse as his successor, who would assume the throne as Ramesses I
- Who are these people? Nubian? Egyptian? Probably BOTH! Nubian queens of Egypt…
- By 730 Egypt in decline. Kushites invaded & ruled 100 years as 25th Dynasty – til driven out by by Assyrians. Continued to rule Nubia as Egyptian culture.
- By 5th c. BCE Kushites ruled only their own land – Decidedly Egyptian culture. Hieroglyphs ? Pictograms – or Phoenecian Alphabet that represented phonetic sounds?
- Egypt and Nubia developed side by side- adopting some ideas from Mesopotamia, with whom they traded.
- What’s another name for “urban center?” City. So was this a civilization? Maybe! It was here that later Ghana, Mali and Songhai were built. We just don’t have enough firm information YET.
- Modern Day Lebanon
- Loved jewelry! But have not found any… WHY? On Thera, knew volcano was coming, so evacuated with time to spare! (Unlike in Pompeii). On Crete, squatters stayed, but …most evacuated. Started new settlements
- Egyptian influence in Architecture – monolithic, heavy
- 1600 BCE – Capitol- Knossos
- Youths boxing
- Initiation ritual – demonstrated by belts. Monkeys wore a harness…
- Saffron from Crocus stemens
- Reconstruction of baboon -
- reconstruction
- Garment for ritual wear only – reconstruction of original w/ some interpretation…
- Snake Goddess (c.1600 BC) - Found in Palace of Knossos, height 13 1/2 inches (34.3 cm) - Archeological Museum, Herakleion
- Secular dress – covers breasts; Initiate has open bodice, but not developed + topknot with shaved head starting to grow hair back