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Chapter 01
1.
2.
Chapter One Globalization
3.
1 - 3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Opening Case: The Globalization of Health Care • There is a shortage of radiologists in the United States and demand for their services is growing twice as fast as the rate of graduation • Solution to the problem: Send images over the Internet to be interpreted by radiologists in India
4.
1 - 4 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Opening Case: The Globalization of Health Care • Outsourcing health care is not only limited to radiology; we are beginning to see patients travel internationally for treatments as well as surgery • In 2004 some 170,000 foreigners visited India for medical treatments; the number is expected to grow at 15% for the next several years • Question: Will demand for American health services soon collapse as work moves offshore to places like India?
5.
1 - 5 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. What is Globalization? • The shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy • Two components: - The globalization of markets - The globalization of production
6.
1 - 6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Globalization of Markets • The merging of distinctly separate national markets into a global marketplace - Falling barriers to cross-border trade have made it easier to sell internationally - Tastes and preferences converge onto a global norm - Firms offer standardized products worldwide creating a world market
7.
1 - 7 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Globalization of Markets • Difficulties that arise from the globalization of markets - Significant differences still exist among national markets - Country-specific marketing strategies - Varied product mix
8.
1 - 8 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Globalization of Markets • The most global markets are not consumer markets • The most global markets are for industrial goods and materials that serve a universal need the world over
9.
1 - 9 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Globalization of Production • Refers to sourcing of goods and services from locations around the world to take advantage of - Differences in cost or quality of the factors of production • Labor • Land • Capital
10.
1 - 10 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Globalization of Production • Historically this has been primarily confined to manufacturing enterprises • Increasingly companies are taking advantage of modern communications technology, and particularly the Internet, to outsource service activities to low-cost producers in other nations
11.
1 - 11 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Globalization of Production • Outsourcing of productive activities to different suppliers results in the creation of products that are global in nature • Impediments to the globalization of production include - Formal and informal barriers to trade - Barriers to foreign direct investment - Transportation costs - Issues associated with economic risk - Issues associated with political risk
12.
1 - 12 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. The Emergence of Global Institutions • Globalization has created the need for institutions to help manage, regulate and police the global marketplace - GATT - WTO - IMF - World bank - United Nations
13.
1 - 13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Drivers of Globalization • Two macro factors seem to underlie the trend toward greater globalization - Decline in barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital that has occurred since the end of World War II - Technological change
14.
1 - 14 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Declining Trade and Investment Barriers • During the 1920s and ‘30s, many of the nation-states of the world erected formidable barriers to international trade and foreign direct investment • Advanced industrial nations of the West committed themselves after World War II to removing barriers to the free flow of goods, services, and capital between nations.
15.
1 - 15 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Average Tariff Rates on Manufactured Products 1913 1950 1990 2002 France 21 % 18 % 5.9 % 4.0 % Germany 20 % 26 % 5.9 % 4.0 % Italy 18 % 25 % 5.9 % 4.0 % Japan 30 % -- 5.3 % 3.8 % Holland 5 % 1 % 5.9 % 4.0 % Sweden 20 % 9 % 4.4 % 4.0 % Great Britain -- % 5.9 % 4.0 % United States 44 % 14 % 4.8 % 4.0 %
16.
1 - 16 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Figure 1.2: Growth of World Trade, Production and FDI, 1992-2004 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Index1992=100 World Trade World Production FDI Outflows Growth Trends
17.
1 - 17 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Affects of Lowering Trade Barriers Figure 1.1: Volume of World Trade and World Production, 1950-2004 100 600 1100 1600 2100 2600 3100 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 Index1950=100 Total Merchandise Exports World Production
18.
1 - 18 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. The Role of Technology • Lowering of trade barriers made globalization possible; technology has made it a reality • Since the end of World War II the world has seen advances in - Communication - Information processing - Transportation technology
19.
1 - 19 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Internet Usage Growth Figure 1.3: Internet Users per 1000 People, 1990- 2003 0.00 100.00 200.00 300.00 400.00 500.00 600.00 700.00 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 InternetUsersper1000people Japan United States European Monetary Union World
20.
1 - 20 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. The Changing Demographics of the Global Economy • World output and trade • Changing foreign direct investment • Changing nature of multinationals
21.
1 - 21 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. The Globalization Debate • Pro Factors - Lower prices for goods and services - Economic growth stimulation - Increase in consumer income - Creates jobs - Countries specialize in production of goods and services that are produced most efficiently • Con Factors - Destroys manufacturing jobs in wealthy, advanced countries - Wage rates of unskilled workers in advanced countries declines - Companies move to countries with fewer labor and environment regulations - Loss of sovereignty
22.
1 - 22 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Managing in the Global Marketplace • Much of this book is concerned with the challenges of managing an international business (any firm that engages in international trade or investment) • Managing an international business is different from managing a purely domestic business in four areas: - Countries are different - Range of problems confronted by a manager in an international business is wider and the problems themselves are more complex than those confronted by a manager in a domestic business - An international business must find ways to work within the limits imposed by government intervention in the international trade and investment system - International transactions involve converting money into different currencies
23.
1 - 23 McGraw-Hill/Irwin International
Business, 6/e © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Looking Ahead • Chapter 2: National Differences in Political Economy - Political Systems - Economic Systems - Legal Systems - The Determinates of Economic Development - Development - States in Transition - Managerial Implications
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