The Arab Spring Uprisings Essay

The Arab Spring Uprisings Essay
The Arab Spring Uprisings are political protests against the governments of Tunisia, Egypt, Libya,
Yemen, Bahrain, Syria, Morocco, and Jordan. (Manfreda, ) The protests began in Tunisia when a
vegetable vendor set himself on fire in protest of the actions of the government. This incident is said
to have been the "spark" that fueled the action of the people to overthrow their governments. This
region is being watched by every country in the world. The world is watching to see how it will
affect their political and economic relationships with one another. Will the areas become democratic
nations or will they become shell states where terrorism runs rampant? December 17, 2010 was a
day like any other for Mohamed Bouazizi. Mohamed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Fahim) He was approached by a female police officer. (NPR Staff) Her name is Faida Hamdy.
(Fahim) The officer tried to confiscate his apples and Mohamed Bouazizi was resisting. (Fahim) He
had previously had his produce and scales confiscated and a fine was sent to his home in the amount
of $280 which is approximately two (2) months wages. (Ryan 2, ) This happened on two (2)
separate occasions. (Fahim) Mohamed's resisting angered Faida Hamdy who then slapped Mohamed
Bouazizi. (NPR Staff) He was then restrained by some of the other officers that were present and
beaten. (Ryan 2, ) The officer then took his wares. (Manfreda) Mohamed Bouazizi was upset by the
continued harassment by the police and attempted to have a meeting with a local official. (Ryan 2, )
He was told they were not available. (Ryan 2, ) He demanded his property and was beaten again.
(Fahim) Mohamed then went to the governor's office requesting a meeting and again was refused.
(Fahim) Mohamed Bouazizi then did the unthinkable. He lit himself on fire with paint thinner, in
front of the governor's office. (Fahim) The government of Tunisia was corrupt. Mohamed Bouazizi
was outraged that his form of livelihood was taken and it was going to cost him two (2) months of
pay to retrieve it from the government. (Ryan 2, ) Manfreda states that "it is not entirely clear
whether
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A Humanitarian Crisis In Syria
What comes to mind when you hear a country is going through a humanitarian crisis? Perhaps
destruction, genocide, surveillance, propaganda, civilians not having a voice, and much more. This
is what happened in the city of Aleppo in Syria. Aleppo was one of the oldest city with marvelous
medieval architecture, rich cultural history, and its popularity in tourism. Aleppo was an open
museum and a home to two and half million people, but all of that was lost in the Battle of Aleppo.
Syria is ruled by the dictator Bashar al–Assad and has been in power for seventeen years. Assad
restricted Syrian civilians from freedom of speech and according to CNN "gave the government
broad power to detain people for perceived threats to national security" (CNN). ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is strongly suggested that Assad has used chemical weapons on his own people but till this day he
denies it. In September 2015 Russa became involved backing Assad's soldiers and pounding rebel
groups with airstrikes repeatedly. Moreover, reports of civilian massacres at the hands of Assad's
soldiers quickly filter out the city. The neighborhoods are destroyed making it very difficult to live
there, but some people have nowhere to go and have no choice but to stay. Kids are wandering the
city while explosions are going off every few seconds. In the Vice episode "Assad's Syria" Isabella
the interviewer comes across three men sitting play a game and she find it rather weird that they had
not left yet, but the men said they have nowhere else to go. She also asked if they were scared
because she was wearing a bullet vest and they were just sitting in their normal clothes. The men
replied that they are used to hearing the explosions and they had accepted the fact that at any time
they could die. This has been the unfortunate reality for Aleppo for six

An Inside Look at the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 Essay
Wednesday, April 13th authorities took custody of the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak and his
two sons, Gamal and Alaa. He is being held in Sharm el–Sheikh while authorities investigate his
political crimes over the past thirty years, illicit gain, corruption allegations and particularly the
deaths of hundreds of protesters during the uprising. Officials reported, Mubarak was not in the best
of health after announcing he would not run for re–election, a precedent to his heart–attack during
interrogation last Thursday. Mubarak is currently undergoing interrogation in an Sharm el–Sheikh
hospital. Protesters worked continually during their three months of rallies and demonstrations to
speak out against Mubarak's thirty year reign of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It's rigged elections and we all know the results before it starts." One of the opposing candidates
demanded a repeat of the election. To avoid rebellion, the government convicted him of forgery and
sentenced him to five years of hard labor. The U.S. was especially troubled by these corrupt actions.
The corruption after the re–election was devastating. "You can say I never knew or experienced any
other regime, I can summarize it in one word CORRUPTION in everything in our life," said Hanan.
The government has a tight grip on the people. Hanan explained the difficulty,"I know I can't do any
legal governmental paper work without paying a bribe. If not it will take longer or might not [get]
done." Many opposing political figures and young activists became imprisoned without trials. The
State Security Intelligence (SSI) kept the Egyptians locked in fear for years. The Emergency law
allowed the SSI to violate human rights of the accused without a trial. The government maintained
control over many of Egypt's primary economic levers such as banking, tourism oil, the Suez Canal,
manufacturing, media, etc. These government employees are underpaid wreaking havoc on Egypt's
economy, rapidly dissolving the middle class. Doctor Hosam says: "It was a cumulative series of
injustice over 30 years and more ending by monopolizing the senate house elections. Egyptian
people were treated badly and corruption was disseminating to

The Controversy of the Military Coup in Egypt Essay
The military coup in Egypt was very controversial. I believe that the ousting of Morsi was
completely wrong and should never have happened. After the overthrow of Dictator Hosni Mubarak,
Mohamed Morsi was democratically voted president of Egypt. Morsi was only president for a year.
During his short spell the military illegally took control of Egypt and placed president Morsi under
house arrest. This sparked controversy across the globe.
One of my main reasons why I am against the coup is that president Morsi was placed under arrest
for killing his own people which is something I find hard to believe. Why would Morsi kill his own
people after the Mubarak dictatorship? After all Morsi was elected by the people of Egypt and he is
the people's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was believed by many people that Morsi done very little to change the country. I do believe Morsi
was the president who was going to take the country forward because he strengthened Egypt's links
with other countries. Through the influence of the deep state president Morsi was put across as being
a bad president. There is a website – morsimeter.com which recorded the progress of the president
through his first 100 days of presidency from the website it is clear that president Morsi was
continuously making changes in the country. Morsi was the right president for the country. He
wanted to do what was best for the country however the deep state didn't provide him with the
cooperation that he needed. I fully understand why people would protest against Morsi especially
when they think he ordered the killing of his own people. In the end the military has ended up
killing Egyptian citizens, who is there to stop them now? They arrested Morsi for allegedly doing
something they are now doing themselves. Whether Morsi was a good president or not it doesn't
really matter the Military should not involve themselves, the military coup defeated the purpose of
democracy and in my mind has put Egypt back to square one.
Finally, I believe the military took advantage of the situation the country was in. When Mohamed
Morsi became president the military lost its influence in

Essay on Egypt after Mubarak
Egyptians in a solidarity move demonstrated for 18 consecutive days of protest until the former
president Hosni Mubarak was forced to resign and the military took over the government
suspending the constitution. At the moment, the military can either run the transitional government
for a period of a year or less or run the country by committee. On taking over the power, the military
promised to deliver a new constitution and organize a free and fair election.
Under the imperative of Hosni Mubarak, Egyptians have been complaining about the inequality and
nepotism and with his exit, the Egyptians hopes the issues will be addressed and there will be an
equal wealth distribution all over Egypt. The main opposition leaders, the Muslim ... Show more
Since the opposition has not addressed the issue of reforming the laws to lift the segregation based
on sex, it would be wise for them to act positively for legitimacy rule. In the United States, women
participated effectively in the World War II thus earning themselves the right to vote.
Those hoping for a change in Egypt at the exit of Hosni Mubarak are homeless children who have
been estimated to be about 50, 000 in the Cairo streets alone. During the protest, at least one street
child died in the chaotic moments by a gun shot. Another female street child was denied treatment at
the first hospital her friends took her after she was shot but was treated at the second one when they
saw she was in a critical condition. Save the Children organization have lamented at the difficulty in
helping the street children when they do not own any identification documents. The discriminatory
treatment towards the street children is not practiced by the government but even the hospitals thus
for a change to be evident, the whole population should change the attitude towards the homeless
and less privileged members of the society. The new regime is expected to tackle the issue of the
street children, offer them identification papers but most importantly health care and education is
paramount. Street children used to be arrested for lack of

Conformity In Animal Farm
"Conformity is the jailer of freedom and the enemy of growth" –JFK. The general argument of
former President Kennedy's quote, is that conformity in itself will bring no good, and will only
cause a person to become submerged. Some conformists may think that conformity is something
usual and acceptable. They may think that because conformity is a global notion since they were
never introduced to anything other than that. The Egyptians, much like the animals of Animal Farm,
by George Orwell, were both a very large and effective group of conformists who were living under
the rule of an inequitable and corrupt leaders. They both have faced difficulties in their lives for a
really long time, from poverty and hunger to violence and outrage. For this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The situation was already so poor that the citizens chose to bear with it instead of fixing it. For
example, the country's total imports was greater than the country's total exports. This proved how
weak and unstable the government system was. According to the Washington Post, "You had 10
percent unemployment and 25 percent youth unemployment. Already there was a sense of a lack of
opportunity and declining social mobility. So Egypt went into its revolution when it was already in
difficult economic

Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood
The Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood
The Muslim Brotherhood is the largest Islamist organization in Egypt. It was founded in the 1920s
by Hassan Al–Banna. The movement was a model of political activism combined with Islamic
charity work. At first, it only aimed to spread Islamic morals, but soon became involved in politics.
While the Muslim Brotherhood claims that it supports democratic principles, it aims to create a state
ruled by Al Shariaa. Al Shariaa is the Islamic law stated in the Quran. The Brotherhood's mostly
used slogan is "Islam is the solution", and it is known worldwide. It officially opposes violence to
achieve goals; however, some of the movement's members were involved in massacres, bombings
and assassinations of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The movement is currently seeking to avoid full authority. It is, however, focusing on the longer
term. The Brotherhood is aiming for a leading role in the process of writing a new constitution.
Indeed, it is not clear if the old strategies of the Muslim Brotherhood will guide their actions through
the coming days (Brown). Another cause to the success of the Muslim Brotherhood is that its offices
acted as social service agencies. During winter people used to drop in asking for blankets, which the
party handed them out along with their brochures. They as well helped several people in paying their
medical bills (Kristof).
According to interviews I have conducted with different Freedom and Justice Party's supporters, I
have discovered some of the reasons why they voted for them in the elections. Some people believe
that Islam is the only solution for building a new, better and safer Egypt after the 25th of January
revolution. They believe that if the candidates are God–fearing and obeying they won't be corrupt.
Another reason is that some members of the Freedom and Justice Party offered financial help for
those who would vote for them. Most of the people I interviewed were from a low social standard;
therefore, they were in need of this help. In fact, the Muslim Brotherhood exploited poor people to
gain more votes. That is mostly how they attempted to win most of

The Revolution Of The Egyptian Revolution
The fact that the Egyptian revolution of early 2011 was launched via Facebook is just one of the
many extraordinary aspects of the whirlwind movement that effectively ended the 30–year rule of
President Hosni Mubarak. (Goldstein) It is a fact that the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 lasted just
over two weeks but in such a short time it definitely brought about significant historical changes
politically, socially, and economically. These 18 days were definitely pivotal in destroying a 30–
year–old regime and government corruption. Although the regime was widely accepted by the
majority of Egyptians, this revolution proved just how feeble the existing regime really was. Mainly,
because of all the economic downturn that Egypt was experiencing due to the heavy corruption that
had engulfed the political system of the country under Mubarak's leadership. This financial
depression included: an increase in unemployment, constant rising poverty, social and economic
inequality, and a very high debt. This brief yet highly effective revolution was initially described by
news clips and reporters as consisting of non–violent actions such as demonstrations, marches, the
overtaking of plazas, non–violent civil resistance, acts of civil disobedience and various levels of
strikes. But, through social media we saw firsthand in the documentary, "Uprising" by Fredrik
Stanton the reality of the do–or–die nature of the protests. After an essentially peaceful start, the
freedom fighters had to defend

The Arab Spring : A New Movement
The Arab Spring is the name given to the wave of movement of anti–government protests within the
Middle East and Northern Africa. The message of the Arab Spring is by no means an old one: there
has been a significant amount of protest and movements prior to the modern 2010 one. The modern
Arab Spring sparked in December 2010 when a local Tunisian vendor lit himself on fire in protest of
the bribes demanded by the corrupt police. This action sparked similar movements in surrounding
countries. Protestors wanted to end the limited civil liberties, political repression, and high
unemployment created by their authoritarian governments. The movement swept throughout the
Middle East and Northern Africa. The Egyptian Revolution of 2011, the Libyan Revolt of 2011, and
the Syrian Uprising of 2011 were the aftershocks of the Tunisian Jasmine Revolution. Thus, these
movements were grouped into the Arab Spring – a new movement dedicated to reform. Prior to the
Arab Spring and still in Syria Libya, Egypt, and Syria had authoritarian leaders who ruled with an
iron fist. Brotherly Leader Muammar Gaddafi, President Hosni Mubarak, and President Bashar al–
Assad all brutally repressed political demonstrations in their respective countries. This oppressive
reaction, exemplifying the lack of civil rights, only served to escalate tensions within the afflicted
countries. Prior to the Arab Spring all three leaders were in almost absolute control of their
countries. Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak

Essay For Grad School
Why is this Graduate program right for you, both academically and professionally? What might you
contribute to the program, both as a student and afterwards?
not knowing exactly where to turn and what to do. But one thing has been consistent, staying
informed of the world around me, this may sound very cliché but it's very true and dear to me. One
way I make sure of this is not by just reading the latest materials that interest me such as Feldman,
N. (2013). Cool War The Future of Global Competition. New York. Media and social networking
sites have made it much more simpler and easier to stay connected with the world around us. This
graduate program offered at NYU is right for me right now in my life because ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This is just one of several stories that I've been told but they all share a common interest and that is
people from all corners of their respected country are coming together for a sole purpose and that is
too demand change and equality of life. They have been feed up with there self respected
governments and now are demanding changes be taken swiftly. Perfect example would be the civil
war that is occurring in Syria, long and inhuman battles are being fought countless lives have been
lost along with the destruction of many homes. Actions are being taken by organizations and
countries to provide aid and basic needs for living, but it maybe too late. Professionally I know I
have the desire and will to offer more to this graduate program at this prestige university I would be
abbot to share some of the stories I've been told with those who are willing to listen. I may not have
accomplished a lot in my young career but what I am certain about is that would the help of this
graduate program and the willingness on my behalf and have so much more to offer, especially in
the concentration field of human rights, which holds a special place in my heart. The Global Affairs
degree
The passion and interest I first developed for human rights and international law first came at my
undergrad institution John Jay College. The course I took my final semester with professor Pfeifer
was

What Caused The Egyptian Revolution
"Our freedom is not up for negotiation."(Mohamed ElBaradei). The Egyptian Revolution was a
battle to take back rights that had been taken away for nearly thirty years.Socially, the main causes
were a lack of human rights, and poor living conditions.Economic changes also promoted the
development of protests. Political leaders were unjust, provoking citizens to create an uproar of
resistance. The Egyptian Revolution has had many harsh social, destructive economic, yet promising
political impacts on the Egyptian people while the prospect for peace remains uncertain. The
Egyptian revolution took place all over Egypt. The conflict involved two groups, the Egyptian
people, and the government. The first protest was on January 25th, 2011. The people ... Show more
Poor conditions sparked the Egyptian Revolution. The work conditions were so poor, that "...a street
vendor in Tunisia set himself on fire in front a municipal building to protest his work conditions"
(Global Issues in Context Online Collection). This is an example of the many forms of protests in
the Egyptian revolution. A street vendor had been severely mistreated in his job, so he put on a
public display to draw attention to his struggles. Setting himself on fire was his way of telling the
world that he needed a change. A social impact of the Egyptian Revolution were the emergency
measures taken by the government to control protesters. Although protests were non–violent, the
police used very abusive tactics to end them. Police used tear gas, rubber bullets, firehoses and even
guns, to end protests. (Egyptian Anti–Government Protests). Despite the country's fight to end
police brutality, and other violations of human rights, their protests were stopped by any means
necessary. The struggle that Egypt was going through was so harsh, the police had the right to
mistreat anyone participating in even the most peaceful protests. The biggest social impact of the
Egyptian Revolution was the number of casualties. Egyptian people faced mass arrests of protesters,
injuries, and even deaths. Over the course of the revolution, there were at least 840 deaths.
(Britannica School). Despite both sides' good intentions, the number of casualties in the Egyptian
revolution was astounding. Protesters were abused in protests, but they needed a better life. The
police force and government wanted to keep things under control, but their efforts sparked more and
more protests. This illustrates that a need is often granted with a sacrifice. In Egypt's fight for human
rights, it was clear it would not be easy, but the impacts were more significant

Egypt is a republic in northeastern area of Africa it was...
Egypt is a republic in northeastern area of Africa; it was known as the United Arab Republic until
1971. Egypt is an ancient civilization that grew from 2600 to 30 BC. Egypt's economic range
includes involvement with mainly tourism, construction and manufacturing. Currently, Egypt's
economy is not doing well. Because of the revolution in 2011, the Egyptian economy has gone from
bad to worse. The country's unemployment is still increasing which is causing the budget deficit.
Job creation is virtually impossible, and the Egyptian pound has lost majority of its value. To make
problems worse, the general lack of security in the country has increased. All of these issues have a
negative effect on the country. For example, the soaring ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moreover, the unemployment also increases because of the revolution due to many employees going
on strike and not working. From February 11, 2011 to February 11, 2013, the unemployment rate
has increase by 1.4% (Central Bank of Egypt.) At this rate the country's unemployment will just
keep decreasing if something is not done. Currently, Egypt's economic has been taking a number of
harmful tolls from many different factors. For example, underground dollar trade and political
instability has been reported to effect Egypt's economic in a negative way. The underground dollar
trade causes a negative effect because According to Middle East Online website, "money is sought
on Cairo's black market and currency traders at banks say they haven't been able to meet their
clients' demand through official channels." This makes it difficult for people to get the proper loan
they may need to get a home or car. The black markets are worsening the economy. This has been a
problem in the past when Egypt was struck with a thriving black market during economic insecurity
in 2003. Black markets are affecting the banks of Egypt. Banks are forced to trade dollars in fixed
ranges around the central bank's sale cut–off prices for interbank, commercial and retail
transactions, giving rights sizable encouragement over authorized exchange charges. Although
Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak stepped down, Egypt's

Total Domination Hannah Arendt Summary
Hannah Arendt, the author of The Origins of Totalitarianism, talks about totalitarianism and what it
looked like. She describes how the Nazi's ran their government by dehumanizing an individual,
group and how they took control over the masses in Germany. In this piece of work, the final
chapter "Total Domination", also contributes to what it means to be under the rule of a totalitarian
government. She goes on about how total domination can be achieved if "every person can be
reduced to a never–changing identity of reactions" (Hannah Arendt's "Total Domination"). Recently,
eastern countries have had revolutions because of totalitarian style governments doing whatever
they please. Two recent revolutions from Syria and Libya have shown that these types of
governments will not be tolerated. Even Egypt has had its fair share of trouble as well. Hannah
Arendt would have applauded the recent revolutions in Syria and Libya because in Libya it began
when a human rights lawyer was arrested, both were done to fight for political change, and in Syria
it was also done for a better economy. Arendt's idea of total domination cannot be seen in Hosni
Mubarak's rule over Egypt.
The human rights lawyer Fethi Tarbel, was arrested and sparked the uproar that caused the call of
removal for Muammar Gaddafi. In Libya, the government had taken political prisoners and people
were especially unhappy about this one. Fethi Tarbel "was the coordinator of one of the few
independent organizations in Libya – a group of families of victims of the Abu Salim prison
massacre, where more than 1,200 political prisoners were killed by security forces in 1996"
(thenational.ae). This set people off because "Mr. Senussi tried to persuade Mr. Tarbel to give up the
cause of the Abu Salim victim's families" (thenational.ae). People were not happy because they had
suffered a tragedy like that and were receiving help, but then the government comes and wanted to
shut it down. The families then gathered outside to protest the injustice that happened to Mr. Tarbel.
The actions the people took would have made Arendt proud because they were justified and meant
to make change happen. With this, people saw this as an opportunity and said, "Benghazi wake up,
this

Breaking The Social Contract: The Egyptian Revolution
Connor Tooley
POLS–Y 490
Professor Rasler
Breaking the Social Contract: Neoliberal Policies and the Rise of Revolution
I. Introduction A perfect storm of unfavorable conditions laid the foundation for political unrest in
the Middle East that would eventually ignite a pattern of revolutions in the region known as the
Arab Spring. Although there are many components that comprised the desire for revolution, it was
worsening economic conditions that played the vital role in beginning and driving these uprisings.
Egypt's January 25th uprising provides a classic example. Long hailed as a model for its
implementation of economic neoliberal policies by many institutions such as the International
Monetary Fund (IMF), it may seem ironic that Egypt's economic conditions were such a catalyst for
the uprising. Yet, it was the neoliberal policies of Egypt that brought about conditions for economic
unrest. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through the privatization of so many once public sectors, the government was able to eliminate
prior benefits it gave to employees in regards to healthcare, subsidies, and even basic housing. As
previously discussed subsidies that had once gone to support agricultural workers and education
began to flow into private corporations of those who had connections in the government. This
affected not only the income of many of the Egyptian workers, but also had devastating
consequences on the quality of work they could provide. The majority of Egyptians could no longer
afford advanced education or even rely on state education options, thus forcing them into accepting
low paying jobs with little to no hope of acquiring higher positions. The government also drastically
reduced its public healthcare system leaving many Egyptians to provide for their own medical
needs, which with nearly 40% of Egyptians living under the poverty line was

The Decentralization Of Chicago
"The definition of the "Middle East" as a category, is very much dependent of the existence of a
"West"" (Alsayyad, 2011). What defines the term western and what makes a populace considered
western? The term "western" derives from the idea of European modernization, from cities such as
London or Paris. Under this modernization the cities adapted to new technologies, such as
transportation and road systems. Western culture was introduced; culture referring to "that complex
while which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and other capabilities and habits
acquired by a person as a member of society" (Edward B Taylor, Anthropologist). Foreign capital,
through tourism and investors, began to appear in these cities. Foreign ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He developed a new master plan of Cairo, which would connect all of the satellite communities with
a ring road, which would give the citizens of Cairo the opportunity to become closer. Under
Mubarak's presidency, the informal settlements continued to grow. Even though they were illegal
and non–code compliant, the government did not demolish or evict the residents because the
informal settlements are some of the only means of affordable housing for some members of Cairo's
community. By the end of the 20th century 50% of Cairo's infrastructure consisted of informal
housing settlements. This has lead to Cairo becoming known as the Informal City, more so than any
other city of the same kind. These informal settlements had always been present in one way or
another, but their growth was linked to the dismantling of the public sector under president Sadat,
and the globalization of Cairo, which can also be seen in many other cities in the Middle East. With
the rise of the number of informal communities, or ashwaiyyat, in Cairo, Mubarak took great
interest in their communities and started to improve the conditions of the by improving and
providing more public

Step to Democratization in Egypt Essay
With the development of human society, civilization is incessantly progressive. One aspect of
human civilization's progress is political civilization. Democratic politics can be considered to be
the representatives of political civilization. When people refer to the history of human progress, they
find that human beings struggle to achieve this great goal and no one can stop the human desire for
political freedom. In 2011, one more country took a step towards democracy. Egypt is in the ancient,
sacred and conservative Middle East. Egyptians are cheering for their own political aspirations as
they overthrew Mubarak's dictatorship, and are gradually making efforts to establish a democratic
and peaceful country.
Egypt was known as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under that 'state of emergency', the government has the right to imprison individuals for any period
of time, and for virtually no reason, thus keeping them in prisons without trials for any period. The
political police may use intimidation, arbitrary arrest, torture and execution. It infiltrates other
coercive agencies of the state, such as the regular police and the armed forces, to ensure their
compliance. " this state of emergency causing strong dissatisfaction of Egyptian, the citizens live
under monitoring and political terror, human rights and political rights could not be gained.
From Mubarak's term lasting 29 years, elections in Egypt are pseudo–democratic. He and his party
maintain their power by force but rationalize their rule with pseudo–democratic arguments. In the
years 2005 and 2008, elections were held, but the party often nominated or approved only one
candidate. In 80% of the contests, the NDP's candidates ran unopposed. Moreover, the regime had
cracked down hard on his opponents, so that it was difficult to register or campaign; this lack of
opposition led to a low voter turnout which was estimated at only 3%. Nour experienced to evidence
Mubarak's political intimidation. He took part in the elections and strongly condemned Mubarak's
pseudo–democratic government; Mubarak created trumped–up charges against Nour so that his

Why Are Intra State Conflicts So Difficult? Resolve?
Why are Intra–State Conflicts so difficult to resolve?
This essay analyses the reasoning behind the difficulty of solving intra–state conflicts. First, it
examines the nature of Intra–State Conflicts, defining their origins and clarifying the different types.
The Arab Spring serves as the case in point to elucidate the problem. Furthermore, it is necessary to
describe the role of international actors in preventing as well as solving intra–state conflicts.
Interventionism, as a conflict management tool will be empirically assessed. This essay argues that
there are still imperialist characteristics in the behaviour of Western States, by emphasising upon
NATO foreign policy conducted in response to the Arab Uprising. The biased interventions in intra–
state conflict by international actors are highlighted as to why such conflicts are so difficult to
resolve. Concluding, it is remarked that ethnic, religious and cultural tension within states, as well
the friction between whole civilizations are a significant factor for the complicated nature of intra–
state conflicts.
In the post–cold war era, with the rise of globalisation and the interdependence of markets, one can
observe the moribund decline of traditional inter–state conflicts and the rise of more complex intra–
state conflicts. The reasons behind these conflicts are manifold but at the heart is arguably always a
conflict of interest between two or more groups. The Uppsala Conflict Data Project (2016) defines
armed

Animal Farm Then Vs Now
Then V. Now
"Animal Farm" was a book written by George Orwell in 1945 about the Russian Revolution, and
because "Animal Farm" was written about politics, and politics tends to repeat itself, it can relate to
many current and older political events. Some events can even compare so exactly, it is almost as if
they were based off of it. "Animal Farm" can compare to the Egyptian Revolution that took place in
2011 because there was an original uprising, the new leader was thrown out of the country, and the
second leader was even more cruel.
The book tells the story of how the animals, whom represent the people of Russia, overthrow their
human master Mr. Jones, which represents Tsarism, to make a new and better form of government.
In this new ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since this book was written about a political event, and politics always finds a way to repeat itself,
this book can relate and compare to many different situations and event that have happened
throughout the years, and in many years to come. The book, "Animal Farm" and the Egyptian
Revolution relate to each other in many different ways. A few of those ways being that there was an
original uprising that involved the old, cruel leader being removed from office, the new leader that
took over after the uprising was thrown out of the country, and the second leader after the uprising
was even more cruel than the first who was kicked

Egyptian Revolution Vs American Revolution
Revolution
In February 2011, when the Tahrir Square movement forced President Hosni Mubarak to resign,
Abdel Fattah El–Sisi became leader and president. Sisi is soft–spoken and very different from the
other leaders. Mubarak held his power for almost 30 years. He was overthrown by a revolution that
lacked leadership and organizational structure. In June 2012, Egypt's first democratic Presidential
election was won by Mohamed Morsi, a leader of the Brotherhood. Morsi didn't wait for anything,
he forced the retirement of the Minister of Defense, along with the leaders of the Navy, the Air
Defense, and the Air Force. This move was praised by young Egyptian advocates or opponents, who
saw it as a sign that Morsi was determined to reduce the Army's ... Show more content on
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This relates to the theme because the people of Egypt got rid of President Hosni Mubarak and
eventually wanted to overthrow Mohamed Morsi. That is exactly what revolution is. It's the
overthrowing of an established government such as their president.
The Egyptian revolution is similar to the American revolution because the thirteen colonies revolted
against Great Britain in 1763 lasting until 1785 just like Egypt revolted against their presidents and
governments. The American Revolution ended in favor of the thirteen colonies because they got
their independence from Great Britain like they wanted by becoming the United States of America.
The Egypt revolution worked at first when they overthrew President Mubarak but not President
Morsi.
I think Egypt did the right thing by revolting against President Morsi. He was only doing things to
benefit himself. It sounded like he was trying to become the one and only leader of Egypt when he
issued a Presidential ruling that gave him all temporary powers beyond the reach of any court or
system. That's not fair. If I was in Egypt's situation I would definitely try to rebel against him too
just like the state institutions such as the police did. I would do everything in my power to get him
out of the presidential role. That is what I think about the Egypt

The Revolution Of The Egyptian Revolution
The Egyptian revolution was an immense step towards democracy and freedom. This revolution was
considered to be one of the greatest revolutions of world history. However, this revolution is not
close to finishing. There are still many of obstacles ahead, conflicts that arise after every revolution
as shown in history. These conflicts and immediate effects are: widespread instability, the financial
problems that affect the nation as a whole, and the opposing viewpoints between Egyptian citizens
on how the country should progress as a nation.(Dehghanpsiheh, Babak,Giglio) (Egyptian
Revolution) The revolution in 2011 is undoubtedly one of the most important events in modern day
history. This coup d'etat only lasted eighteen days; from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
( St John, John)It is proven the more than two thirds of the Egyptian population has never known a
leader other than Mubarak. More than 800 people were killed and approximately six thousand were
injured. These protesters burned around 90 police stations. (Egyptian Revolution)
Hosni Mubarak was born on the 4th of May in 1928 in Kafr–El Meselha, Egypt. As a son of a
government official, Mubarak entered the military at a very young age. He served as president from
1981 through 2011. This was one of the major reason why the Egyptians went on revolt. Mubarak
spent a chunk of the nation 's income on the military and neglected infrastructure. Although he had
many people against him, some followers came to accept his way of "leadership". These people also
accepted the emergency laws because it gave a sense of control in the country. However, Mubaraka
saw his flaws and tried to fix it by appointing a cabinet to make economic changed but at the end,
the situation worsened. ( St John, John)
The muslim brotherhood is a Sunni Islamist religious, political and social movement. Unitl now, is
is thought as the biggest, most organized political force in Egypt. The Brotherhood had had clashed
with Mubarak for many years. In result, they were banished from Egypt. The muslim brotherhood
supported the people in their revolution. The revolution itself was a large success for the
Brotherhood because their enemy,

The Muslim Brotherhood of Egypt
The Muslim Brotherhood has been part politics in Egypt for more than 80 years. It was originally
formed by Hassan al–Banna in 1928. The Muslim Brotherhood is a combination religious and
political group based on the belief that Islam is not just a religion, but a way of life. It dictates a
separation from secularism, returning to the rules of the Quran based on healthy families,
communities, and states. The brotherhood focused on two key principles. They are (1), the
introduction of the Islamic Sharia or way of life or principles, by controlling the affairs of state and
society, and (2), working "to achieve unification of the Islamic countries and states, mainly among
the Arab states, and liberating them from foreign imperialism." The group concentrated on religion,
education and social services. As its membership grew, it moved into the political sphere, organizing
protests against the Egyptian government. The Brotherhood is the oldest and largest opposition
group in Egypt. It has had widespread support among Egypt's middle classes, and its members
control many of the country's professional organizations. Up until 2011, under Egyptian law, it
banned all parties based solely on religion. Sayyid Qutb, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood in
the 1950s and 1960s, developed the doctrine of jihad, and the radical group Hamas. It is believed to
be an offshoot of the Palestinian Muslim Brotherhood. Egypt's Islamists and the Muslim
Brotherhood have a history of perseverance.

Introduce Artifact Essay
Introduce Artifact Bryant Arnold, an artist for Cartoonaday.com, illustrated how social media, i.e.
Twitter and Facebook, has influenced the Egyptian people. In this cartoon, the former President of
Egypt, Hosni Mubarak, is running away and hiding behind the military from three Egyptians, two
men and one women in traditional Egyptian dress, who are holding swords that say Facebook and
Twitter. During the Egyptian revolution of 2011, part of the Arab Spring, Egyptians were able to
connect and coordinate protests through these social media websites due to their common interest:
the distaste of Mubarak and the Egyptian government and its policies. The swords with Facebook
and Twitter on them represents how the Egyptians were able to fight ... Show more content on
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Although he survived his attempted assassinations, he still faced a lot of difficulty being the
president as many Egyptians were against his ruling. The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 began in
January consisting of many protests against Mubarak's regime. Although, he promised to not run in
the presidential elections in the following September, many protesters were still unhappy. As the
demonstrations continued, they became more violent between anti–Mubarak and pro–Mubarak
supporters, to which on February 10, 2011 Mubarak resigned as president of Egypt
(bibliography.com). The protesters Mubarak is seen running away from in the cartoon are the
protestors of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. He is shown as running away since he didn't stand up
and fight against the protesters, but took the easy way out and resigned.
Military protecting Mubarak
Bryant Arnold's political cartoon depicts the Egyptian military as guarding President Mubarak.
Since Mubarak was president of Egypt, he was given the responsibility of being the "supreme
commander of the military" (Karon). Not only was Mubarak an eventual military leader, but before
he became president he served several years in the Air Force, with the height of his military career
being Commander of the Air Force. After being elected president, Mubarak then took his place as
the leader of Egypt's military. As the commander of Egypt's military Mubarak was

The Egyptian Revolution : Cairo The Economic, Political,...
In the megacity of Cairo the economic, political, and social difference between the rich and the poor
is outsized. The crux of Wikan's article is the Egyptian revolution that is celebrated around the world
paved the way for future success in Cairo. Cairo's poor is an example of hope and optimism,
especially for other Third World countries (Wikan 2012:168). The Egyptian revolution was a
political conflict and remained a peaceful protest, which followed in the removal of Egyptian
President, Hosni Mubarak (Wikan 2012:141). In Cairo not all lower class citizens celebrated.
Society feared that the way the President was forced to leave did not demonstrate their fundamental
values, therefore the community was split with emotions (Wikan 2012:143).
In the reading, Wikan focuses on two perspectives of cultural competence (2012:146). The first
perspective is the challenges and poverties Cairo's poor has to face during this chapter of their lives
(Wikan 2012:146). Cairo's poor have strong key values, stable relations, and a strong spiritual
connection that gives the people faith and hope. Culture competence is also includes adaptation of
the environment "...to include its cultural and social aspects" (Wikan 2012:147). This is reflected in
Cairo's poor environment through savings clubs where the community comes together, which gives
them opportunities. Cairo's poor persevere and strive in the project of "making a future for the
children" (Wikan 2012:147). Culture in Cairo involves a

History Of Hosni Mubarak 's Regime
Introduction
Hosni Mubarak's regime in Egypt had been the only government the Egyptian people had seen in
decades. Following movements such as The Kifaya (Enough) Movement, and The April 6 Youth
Movement, as well as the demonstrations in Tahrar square, Mubarak resigned and regime change
was not far behind. After his resignation and a promising push towards democratization with the
first democratically elected head of state, Mohamed Morsi, Abdel Fattah el–Sisi took office, proving
that Egypt is not working towards a democratic state, but rather pushing for an oppressive
authoritarian regime that takes after Mubarak, Sadat and Nasser's militarized Egypt. The
deterioration of human rights and the state of the economy prove that regime change in Egypt has
not pushed for democratization.
Mubarak's Regime
Hosni Mubarak's presidency began in 1981 and ended in 2011 with general discontent among the
Egyptian people. During his presidency, Mubarak implemented economic plans that contributed to
Egypt's preexisting economic crisis. Mubarak's predecessor, Anwar Sadat implemented Infitah, an
economic plan that "involved attracting foreign capital and technology, financial institutions, and
freeing up the labor markets." While this economic plan came with good intentions, it did not fare
well, as it caused lopsided growth of the economy. "The gap between exports and imports had to be
financed by extra borrowing." Thus, Egypt's economy suffered, and the country was forced into
debt. To

Analysis Of Occupy Wall Street
The point of occupy movements are to get back from the one percent and give to the ninety–nine
percent who are not rich in the world and those who do not make the laws and decisions of a nation.
Occupy Wall Street is a people–powered movement that began September 17, 2011 and has gained
actions in over 1,500 countries worldwide.The author says that "[They] call occupy wall street a
constructive failure because in failure it revealed the limitations contemporary activism... [though] it
did achieve some things and did have some positive outcomes"("Occupy black lives matter").
Occupy Wall Street aims to fight back against the corrosive power of major banks and multinational
corporations over the democratic process. The role of Wall Street is ... Show more content on
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The citizens of Egypt wanted to overthrow their president because he acted as a dictator. The people
were fed up with not being able to feed their children, the inequality between Christians

The Arab Spring in Egypt
Another prominent cause of the Arab Spring in Egypt was the corruption in the government run by
Mubarak. One of the best examples of Mubarak's corruption was the use of emergency law. For his
entire almost 30–year reign, Mubarak ruled through emergency law. Under emergency law,
Mubarak could censor all publications, search and tap phone, mail, and Internet use, and arrest
people without a trial, or through secret trials. (Tristam, 2013) All political meetings also had to be
preapproved by him before they took place. Demonstrations in the streets were also illegal. Many
members of the Muslim Brotherhood, Mubarak's main opposition, were arrested for no apparent
reason. Human rights organizations estimated that between 5000 and 10000 people ... Show more
(Leyne 2011) The police arrested and injured hundreds of demonstrators with the use of batons, tear
gas, and water cannons. Mohamed ElBaradei, one of the prominent figures battling Mubarak's reign
was reportedly placed under house arrest after he and his supporters were attacked with tear gas and
water cannons. However, he soon reappeared, denying he had been placed under house arrest.
(Mohamed, 2013) Violent clashes continued to occur between the protesters and the police. The
police fired rubber bullets as well as concussion grenades at the people. Several policemen beat a
few demonstrators while other protesters set fire to a police car. One of the protesters, Ramy Rafat,
said, "There are a lot of things wrong with this country. The president has been here for 30 years.
Why?" (Fahim, 2011) In an effort to emulate the self–immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, around six
Egyptians have set themselves on fire recently. Violence was a major effect of the Arab Spring in
Egypt. Another effect of the Arab Spring in Egypt was the resignation and trial of Hosni Mubarak on
February 11, 2011. On January 29, 2011, Mubarak appointed a vice president for the first time,
Omar Suleiman. It was the same man who announced that Mubarak would step down from his role
as President of Egypt on February 11. (Hosni, 2011) Protesters and civilians alike celebrated wildly
in Cairo's Tahrir Square. ElBaradei called it

Comparing Egypt And The French Revolution
In Tunisia, A man purposely set himself on fire to express his rights. Little did the government know
this was just the foreshadowing of major uprising in Egypt. In the Middle East, the dissatisfied
youth started a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests that began December 18, 2010.
Known as the "Arab Spring", the young adults protested all through the Arab world because of their
anger with unemployment, inflation, and the regulations of the government. The young adults, who
received message of the protest via social media, were hungry for political change, more voice, and
economic stimulus. However, this is not the first time we have seen citizens revolt like this. In 1972,
society revolted due to raised taxes, lack of freedom, and poverty, ultimately causing the French
revolution. In comparing Egypt and the French revolution, although the causes are the same through
changes in government, dire financial situation, and significant events, the results demonstrate
differences. France's society witnessed shifts in power due to the revolting of society, which was
mirrored by the frustration of people in Egypt. In 1774, Louis succeeded his father and was the new
ruler of France, along with is Austrian wife, Marie Antoinette. After years of long–term debt,
unfairness of society, raising taxes, and no change, the citizens revolted. This connects to the "Big
Idea" cause and effect because due to lack of equality, the citizens expressed their rights by
protesting. In

The Protection Of Human And Civil Rights
Part 1: Background
Introduction: The protection of human and civil rights, has been a long fight, one that this world has
yet to win. The battles of this war are vicious: protests to overthrow corrupt governments are noble,
but at what price? Protests and rebellions of international magnitude echo with violence and civilian
casualties. A recent example of this "war" has been the Arab Revolts in 2010, which devolved into
the full–fledged rebellions known as the "Arab Spring." The already tense situations in the Middle
East and North Africa, imploded into protests against unfair governments and pursuit of these
corrupt leaders. The international community, especially those of democratic roots were quick to
defend the "righteous" rebel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His story reflected, the story of the community, poor with little options, making the best he could out
of a bleak situation, only to be humiliated at the hands of the government. Because of this, it is
widely believed that the reason for such intense rebellion, stems from a deep–rooted dissatisfaction
with the rule of governments, and the lack thereof of civil rights (Sadian 24). This dissatisfaction
had been surmounting for years, and as the protests grew in size and scale, the need for change
became more prominent. The protests held in Tunisia, became an example to Northern Africa and
the Middle East, leading to a wave of unrest and rebellion. The "spring" began as Algeria, Jordan,
Egypt, and Yemen, as well as other countries began to rebel against their own governments, seeking
rights that had been denied to them for years. In the midst of these fiery protests, several leaders
such as Sudanese President Omar al–Bashir announced they would not seek re–election in fear that
their citizens would, too turn on them (Weyland 923). Others forcibly resigned after international
and regional pressure: Tunisian President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali fled to Saudi Arabia in January of
2011, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak resigned in February of 2011; Muammar Qaddafi (Libya)
was overthrown in

Current Affairs in Egypt
Egypt's Internet Cut Off, Egypt News, Egypt, Egypt Protest, Egypt Protests 2011
[pic]
[pic]
Image Source
Tens of thousands of Egyptian demonstrators took to the streets on 25 January, young and old,
Muslim and Christian, rich and poor, educated and not so–educated. They all chanted "Long live
Egypt", "Life, liberty and human dignity" and "Down with the Mubarak regime".
The day marked for the celebration of Police Day was dubbed the Day of Rage. The protests, which
continued through a second day in almost every part of the country, are showing no signs of abating
on the third day, with a million–strong march scheduled for Friday. These demonstrations are
sending shivers down the spine not only of the regime but of its friends and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As it cracked down on demonstrators, it issued statements, banning any further protests and
repeating the same old excuses. It blamed the Muslim Brotherhood for what it called riots on the
streets and blamed their members for infiltrating the crowds in order to wreak havoc. This is
supposed to do the trick of scaring the world about the propsect of an imminent Islamist takeover of
Egypt – a fear that the regime has painstakingly been fostering. The interior ministry also blamed
the ill–defined but frequently invoked "foreign hands" that are always bent on fomenting trouble and
inciting people against their loving and God–fearing rulers.
State–controlled newspapers have also shown that their reports are approved, if not written, by the
security apparatus. People were shocked to see the headlines of the state–run Al–Ahram newspaper
on 26 January, after a day of massive protests in different Egyptian cities: "Widespread protests and
disturbances in Lebanon". Egyptian state television was no better. While the streets were teeming
with protests, it offered its usual mix of cookery programmes and soap operas. The demonstrations
were, no doubt, happening in another country.
The reaction of Arab and international media has also been disappointing. Throughout the first day,
there was a near–total disregard of the events happening on Egypt's streets. Al–Jazeera, which
always follows important events as they happen, covered the demonstrations rather mutedly at the

Dictatorship and Dictators Essay
A revolution has begun by the people in the Middle East against their long time dictators. The
domino effect began first with Tunisia then Egypt, Bahrain, Yemen, and Libya. Thousands of
protestors were gathered on the streets with posters, shouting for change and democracy. Why
would there be protests unless the people are unsatisfied with the way the country is governed. Why
would they go against their dictator unless they feel they have no rights and that they have no voice.
Unlimited power should never be given to one person; the chances of corruption are very high
because power can change even the most virtuous individual. That is why the path of a dictatorial
country is a path of strife, oppression and economical downfall. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Freedom is a blessing that occurs in a slow but steady development if it's protected by ethics and
morals.
How can one become a dictator? There are certain ways of accomplishing that but first I want to
point out that dictators can be monarchs, presidents, prime ministers or chancellors. They're only
called that name by the way they wield their power. Every dictator is different and each one does
things differently but they have a few things in common. First, they don't acquire power through free
constitutional elections. Second, they often take over during coups, times of emergency or
revolutions. I was reading an article by Ms. Myriam Ehrlich Williamson stated that if "she wanted to
become the United States' first dictator, [she would]: sow contempt for and distrust of government,
while pretending a passionate belief in democracy. [She'd] go on television look the American
people straight in the camera lens, and lie about those who disagreed with [her], and about [her] own
intentions". She also had a list of other things she would do. It shocked me how easy it is to get into
a place of power; all you have to do is tell the people what they want to hear.
What are the powers of a dictator? Well for starters they're endless; a dictator can do about anything
he wants in his country and with his people. A dictator also has control of the military so if he wants
someone to disappear, be imprisoned or tortured he just has to give an order. This

What Happened During The Egyptian Revolution Of 2011
"We are not doing this to gain the sympathy of the people. We really suffered for so long, but like
the rest of the Egyptian people, we were too scared to speak or act."
–Hisham, a protesting policeman
It is ironic that this statement was said by a policeman, during the 2011 Egyptian revolution,
because the police were violent agents of the Mubarak regime suppressing the protests. However, all
people suffered under the autocratic leadership of Mubarak. The fact is everybody was afraid of
speaking out because of the consequences. The Egyptian Revolution of 2011 began as a result of
economical, political, and social injustices due to a corrupt and autocratic rule, which led to multiple
days of protests and ultimately caused the government to

Egypt 's Political Structure : An Arab Republic Democracy
Monica Murphy
PS 2 T/TH 930–1050
Nick Rowell
7 May 2015
Egypt Election Analysis Essay
Egypt's political structure is considered an Arab Republic Democracy. However, its citizens tend to
believe otherwise. Due to the immense amount of corruption and scandal in Egyptian politics, Egypt
has been closely compared to a hierarchical pyramid of mafias. In this pyramid, power is gained
through coercion and extortion. Those at the top, in charge of the country's decision–making
process, are likely the most politically corrupt and wealthy.
The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt largely derives from ideologies in English Common
Law and The Napoleonic Code. Egypt operates as a semi–presidential multi–party system. The
Executive Branch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Egypt's legislative branch is a bicameral Parliament consisting of the People's Assembly and the
Advisory Council. The People's Assembly or lower house is made up of 454 directly elected and 10
presidentially appointed members of a five–year–term. The People's Assembly holds the power to
appoint and impeach the president, replace the Council of Ministers and its Prime Minister with a
vote of no confidence, levy taxes, create new laws, and undertake investigations. Above all, the
Assembly is responsible for drafting State budget and developmental planes: the Assembly must
approve all state monetary transactions. The president can dissolve of the Assembly before the five–
year–term ends.
The Advisory Council or upper house is composed of 264 members, 88 of which are appointed by
the president. The Council is far more limited in power compared to the People's Assembly. The
Council generally offers the Assembly Advice regarding constitutional amendment and state policy.
The Advisory Council proposes new laws an regulations for the People's Assembly to consider.
The Egyptian judiciary combines both secular and religious courts, the highest being the Supreme
Constitutional Court established in 1969. The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction to validate
the constitutionality of laws and regulations. The Egyptian legal system is primarily based on
French legal concepts and values the principals of due process

The War Of The Middle East And North Africa
From the inception of the Arab Spring in Tunisia to the most recent round of insurrection in Yemen,
vulnerable states in the Middle East and North Africa have undergone waves of debilitating conflict.
The chain of events that rapidly spread the revolutionary sentiment from capital to capital was not
expected, and surprised the world. Ostensibly bloodless coups intermixed with violent rebellion and
created a new Middle East and North Africa. The largest, and arguably most important country
embroiled in the rash of regime change is Egypt. Egypt is the center of gravity of the North African
states, and has been a strategic ally of the United States since 1975. The recent conflict in Egypt was
preceded by years of corrupt authoritarian rule and increasing levels of poverty and lack of
opportunity, which ultimately led to untenable levels of frustration within the Egyptian polity. The
conflict participants: President Hosni Mubarak and his National Democrat Party (NDP); the semi–
autonomous military establishment; the protesters; and the Islamists (Muslim Brotherhood) clashed
together in a battle of wills which ultimately deposed Mubarak and the successive Islamist regime
and led to another round of elections. Apart from the inertial forces of revolution playing upon the
state of Egypt by her neighbors, Egypt had significant domestic social issues which factionalized
and provoked the people to protest in the streets. Primary factors which led to the call for change
were

Social Media And The Media
However, "Contrary to the idea that social media creates a polarizing "filter bubble," exposing
people to only a narrow range of opinions, 70 percent of Millennials say that their social media
feeds are comprised of diverse viewpoints evenly mixed between those similar to and different from
their own. (American Press Institute, 2015, p. 3) This disputes the notion that everybody who
engages in social media receive a uniform message, and these diverse viewpoints also enables users
to become judicious in what content they are consuming. In the same American Press Institute study
researchers concluded, "nearly three–quarters of those exposed to different views (73 percent) report
they investigate others' opinions at least some of the time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The study found Americans are selective consumers with behaviors varying reliant on the topic.
With this in mind we can hope groups other than millennials are not receiving a likeminded point of
view even if a clear proclamation cannot be made. All in all a multitude of voices talking about
assorted topics can only be good for public discourse, and could potentially impact mobilization.
The preceding paragraphs were aimed at providing a baseline of knowledge, show that social media
provides a wide variety of information, and to establish that its worthy of investigation. At the
moment there is a lack of research aimed at determining the impact of the public's use of social
media on Agenda setting, and priming. Yet, there has been research regarding social media and
mobilization that is quite promising. Thus far, mobilization is where social media has seen its
greatest impact. Mobilization is defined as, "the process by which candidates, parties, activists and
groups induce other people to participate" (Rosenstone & Hansen, 1993, p. 25). When taking the
definition for mobilization into account it is easy to understand why social media has shown
promise in this area. Social media supplies activists with the ability to circulate information, and
information is the means by which political activists recruit new members. Social media also creates
vast networks that ". . . allow people to assemble as individuals, with limited

Egypt under Mubarak
Egypt plays an extremely significant role as one of the major powers in the Middle East. Egyptian
force in the Arab world stems from the strength of its cultural life which makes it extremely difficult
to be ignored. The book, "Egypt under Mubarak" features essays from seven different authors,
which examine the causes and consequences of the many crises Egypt has faced. Mubarak comes
into power taking upon himself the previous Egyptian political, sociological, and economic
problems left by Sadat and Nasser. The present administration attempts to fix these problems by
employing Egypt's significant resources in the forming of a distinct and effective international role.
Vice President Hosni Mubarak succeeded Sadat as president. After Sadat ... Show more content on
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The book touches on topics with a broad range from politics to economy to geography. The book is
solely based on research of the Egyptian government from the time when Mubarak took power,
1981, up until the writing of the book which was in 1989.
Throughout the book, 16 books are cited. Even though the book is based on the government under
Mubarak, the writers refer to events that were held before Mubarak was put into power which helps
the reader understand the important history behind the present. After each chapter, there are
bibliographies as well as endnotes in some chapters listing the sources used in the passage. Except
for the Chapter on the National Debt where his previous statements based on The Central Bank of
Egypt, Cairo contradicts his final assessment of the sum.
The writers of each section always tend to agree with the sources that they have cited. With this
known, I was able to see that the writers in each chapter took into account the other writings of
scholars that wrote on similar topics. Because of the writers many sources, they are able to give an
unbiased look into the history of the Egyptian Government. They examine both the positive and
negative aspects of Mubarak as President specifically laws he passes and actions he takes towards
not only Egyptians, but also the Arab–Israeli relationship, as well as foreign relations with Arab
countries and the western world. Charles Tripp goes into detail about the

The Egyptian Revolution Essay
Introduction The economy of any civilization is inherently dependent on a well–founded political
system. A well–founded political system, on the other hand, largely impacts on the social well–being
of the people. In this regard, all these factors, as Abdou & Zaazou (2013) afford, are deeply
interrelated in the sense that they converge to provide a favorable environment for socio–economic
development. At the start of the Egyptian revolution in 2011, the country was largely plagued by
inconsistency as it pertained to the equitable distribution of wealth, and the lack of social justice
(Mossallem, 2013). As a matter of fact, Wahba (2011) provides that it was the tyrannical rule of
former President Hosni Mubarak that inadvertently led to the resentment expressed by the general
public at Tahrir Square. Many commentators on the Egyptian revolution have always attested to the
increasing police brutality of civilians, uncontrolled high levels of corruption in government circles,
the lack of freedom of speech, and the lack of elections, as some of the intrinsic factors that
stimulated the occurrence of the 2011 revolution. While it is important to recognize the role of the
revolution in ousting authoritarianism in Egypt, it is also imperative that we recognize the resulting
implications, many of which have negatively impacted on the economic state of Egypt, resulting in a
raging economic crisis. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2013)
provides that economic

Makings of a Tunisian Revolution
Makings of a Tunisian Revolution
Catalyzed by the Egyptian–born Wael Ghonim, who in June 2010 created a Facebook page in
response to a picture of "28–year–old" Egyptian Khaled Mohamed Said, "who had been beaten to
death by the Egyptian police", young people in Egypt unleashed a social and political revolution
against Hosni Mubarak's repressive regime. Within months of setting up the page, called 'We Are All
Khaled Said', over 250,000 people followed it. Inspired by Ghonim's call to action, demonstrators
protested against torture and other regime–led human rights abuses, high unemployment, poverty,
and corruption, which "led to the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak and the dissolution of the
ruling National Democratic Party." Seeing how Egypt's masses were able to affect political and
social change, young pro–democracy advocates in other Arab countries–including Tunisia, Yemen,
and Morocco–were encouraged to followed suit. The Tunisian revolution began in December 2010,
when fruit vendor Mohammed Bouazizi set himself on fire to call attention to government and
police corruption, as police officers attempted to steal his fruit and beat him. After being told off by
the city government when he tried to report the incident, Bouazizi decided that burning himself
would be the most effective way to demonstrate how poorly low income workers like himself were
being dealt with. Once video of a small–scale city hall protest to demonstrate against

Government Oppression and Corruption: Women In Islam
Government Oppression and Corruption
Groups demanding the enforcement and the alterations of laws dealing with sexual harassment have
had difficulty maneuvering within political channels because of the government's corrupt and
inefficient state. Throughout his 30–year tenure, President Hosni Mubarak frequently rigged
elections to remain in power. Specifically, in 2005, a Human Rights Watch report revealed that the
government had actively submitted, "yes" ballots and disregarded "no" ballots during a national
referendum on constitutional change. This dishonesty reflects the limited role that organizations
concerned with the enforcement and the alterations sexual harassment laws have in Egyptian
society. In the journal article, Anti–Sexual Harassment Campaign in Egypt, Helen Rizzo states that
"where competitive national elections are nullified, canceled, and/or perceived as fraudulent and
meaningless, challengers see the futility of operating through routine political channels." Here,
Rizzo suggest that there is a fundamental lack of faith in the government that prevents organizations
and groups hoping to reduce the prevalence of sexual harassment from viewing the use of political
channels as a viable and legitimate option. As a result, in contemporary Egypt, more citizens and
groups concerned with the wellbeing of women have relied increasingly on nonpolitical channels.
Specifically, organizations and initiatives like Operation Anti–Sexual Harassment/Assault
(OpAntiSH/A),

Analysis of the Arab Spring Essay
In late 2010, a Tunisian named Bouazizi set himself on fire in protest against the poor economic
situation in which he was living (CNN, 2011). Other Tunisians soon took the opportunity to resist
their government and possible overthrow the leadership of Ben Ali. They took it as their
responsibility to fight for the common good. Simple demonstration against the Tunisian government
soon went ahead to an extent that Ben Ali had to leave the country. The events that followed the
departures of the Tunisian president were the least expected. The revolts in Tunisia spurred citizens
of other Arab nations to revolt against their governments. By the end of the years 2011, the Arab
spring had claimed the presidency of three long serving presidents and ... Show more content on
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Before them was a whole generation of limited opportunities and deprived rights. Their calls for
reforms were, however, hampered by the police and security agencies.
Most individuals who were involved in the protests were led by the belief that it was through the
protests that they could better their lives. The majority of the Egyptian citizens have felt down,
trodden and despised over the recent years by their governments. Most governments were revolts
were witnessed had stayed in power for a long period of time. In Egypt, for example, Mubarak had
stayed in power for more than 40 years. Removing him from powered through democratic means
had borne no fruits since most presidential elections had been marred by instances or rigging and
corruption. He had therefore instituted himself as a president for life. One aspect of Mubarak's
governments was that it was dictatorial. Besides, the people surrounding Mubarak were so powerful
that talking negatively about the president could easily lead an individual into trouble.
The government of Mubarak initiated several techniques aimed at restoring normalcy and
preventing protests. In Cairo, for example, the city remained under several days of curfew. During
this time, the regime, aided by the Peninsula Shield Force, carried out brutal crackdown on the
protesters. For example, Doctors would be detained for treating

The Arab Spring Uprisings Essay

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