Common Ion Effect In Equilibrium

Common Ion Effect in Equilibrium
Lab Experiment # 11 The common ion effect in dissolution and precipitation Equilibria
Introduction:
Dissolution and precipitation reactions are very important chemical reactions because it is applied to many aspects of the industries in medicine, food,
water etc. The objectives of this laboratory experiment is to become familiar with dissolution and precipitation equilibria, develop a lab technique
suitable for the determination of the solubility for a sparingly soluble salt, Ba(NO3)2 (s) at room temperature and measure the common ion effect in
solubility of Ba(NO3)2 (s) in an acidic solution, HNO3 (aq).
Procedure:
In this lab, the evaporation technique was used to determine the solubility of the salt at room temperature in water. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Conclusion:
From the experiment, it can be seen that the solubility of barium nitrate in water is greater than the solubility of barium nitrate in nitric acid. This is
due to the common ion, NO3–, in barium nitrate and nitric acid. The acid dissociation yielded a concentration of this ion already, so the dissociation of
this ion from barium nitrate is an additional concentration of the ion. This is called the common ion effect. The experiment took the evaporation
technique approach, but there are other ways to carry out this experiment to determine the solubility of barium nitrate. One of such was is by using a
specific amount of barium nitrate and dissolving it slowly in water until precipitation occurs. From that the amount that was dissolved will be known by
taking the mass of the remaining amount of barium nitrate. This procedure was carried out as well during the lab experiment to test the experiment's
accuracy. From the results, it showed that more barium nitrate was dissolved using the evaporation technique. This is because in the alternate
technique, it is hard to determine when the salt begins to precipitate; therefore it is not as accurate as the evaporation
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Effect Of Sulphuric Acid Concentration On The Time Taken
Introduction: Aim: To investigate the effect of sulphuric acid concentration (mol L–1) on the time taken (seconds) for magnesium pieces to dissolve in
it. Independent variable: The concentration of sulphuric acid. (mol L–1) Dependent variable: Time taken (seconds) for the magnesium to dissolve.
Hypothesis: If the concentration of sulphuric acid (mol L–1) is increased, then the time taken for the magnesium to dissolve should decrease.
Controlled variables: The size of the beaker used to dissolve the magnesium in (use the same size beaker). Volume of concentration that is being used
(use 50ml for each trial). Stopwatch is started when each magnesium piece hits the water (use the same stopwatch). Concentration not stirred once
magnesium piece is added. Magnesium pieces are the same size (1cm). Ruler used to measure magnesium length. (Use the same ruler) Process:
Material: Small beaker x3 (100mL) 50ml concentration sulphuric acid x6 – 0.5 mol L–1 – 1.0 mol L–1 – 2.0 mol L–1 Stopwatch Ruler Gloves
Magnesium pieces x6 (1cm) Apron Safety glasses Method: 1.Collect all materials. 2.Add 50ml of the 0.5 (mol L–1) sulphuric acid concentration to a
beaker. 3.Place magnesium piece in the of sulphuric acid. 4.Time how long it takes for the magnesium piece to dissolve. 5.Record timed results in the
table. 6.Pour the used sulphuric acid concentration into a larger glass beaker (separate beaker) (do

How Does The Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid Affect The...
Aim:
To investigate how concentration affects the volume of gas that is produced after one minute.
Background Information:
In this experiment hydrochloric acid is reacting with magnesium to form magnesium chloride and hydrogen, and the chemical equation goes as follows:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) ==> MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Particles must collide with each other at a certain activation energy in order for a chemical reaction to take place. Reducing the concentration reduces
the amount of particles, which in turn reduces the probability of particles colliding with enough activation energy thus reducing the rate of reaction.
Hypothesis:
I predict that the rate of reaction will increase as the concentration increases. This is due to the fact that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was clear to see as the amount of gas produced after one minute with the hydrochloric acid of 0.5 molars was 6.5ml, while the hydrochloric acid
with 2M produced 68ml of gas after one minute. The results that I got agree with my hypothesis because I predicted that the higher the concentration
the faster the rate of reaction would be, and the results I got show that more gas was produced at each given time interval as the concentration
increased. THis is due to the fact that as the concentration increases, the number of particles increases. Therefore, resulting in a higher chance of
successful collision which in turn increases the rate of

How concentration affects the rate of reaction between...
How concentration affects the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate
Chemistry Coursework
How Concentration Affects a Reaction
Aim:
The aim of this experiment is to find out how concentration affects the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium
Thiosulphate.
Introduction:
This experiment will be carried out by drawing a cross on a piece of paper and mixing hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate together to see if the
cross disappears. The concentration of hydrochloric acid would change every reaction to show that concentration effects a reaction. The time in which
the cross took to disappear would be recorded as well as the temperature at the start and end of the reaction, the concentration ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The sunlight could affect the speed therefore the experiment will take place in the shade, so that temperature shouldn't change the reaction speed, we
will check by using a thermometer. Also the same amount of hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate will be mixed each time so that the
concentration changes will affect the same amount of hydrochloric acid and sodium thiosulphate. The concentration of the hydrochloric acid will be
changing each time to test if it speeds up a reaction. The speed for the light intensity to drop by 10% will be measured after each attempt so that the
affects of concentration changes can be recorded. Each concentration will be tested three times and an average will be worked out, to see if there
were any anomalies within the experiment. If one result is out of line with the others then that will be easily identified using graphs and tables. The
concentration has been picked so that there is a range from 0.25M to 2M, at intervals of 0.5M, 1M, 1.25M and 1.5M.
Prediction:

I predict that the higher the concentration the faster the reaction will take place meaning the light intensity will drop by 10%. This is because the more
concentrated the hydrochloric acid is the more particles there are to collide, therefore more effective collisions to break old bonds and make new
bonds. 0.25M concentration would be the slowest reaction and 2M would be the

Concentration Of Acid-Base Titration
Acid–Base titration is defined as using a solution of known concentration and volume to find the concentration of a solution with known volume but
unknown concentration. Acid–Base titration can be used when mixing strong acids and strong bases because strong acids and bases neutralize each
other. Phenolphthalein indicators, substances that change color based on pH, can be used to determine when the titration is complete and when both of
the solutions are neutralized. In this experiment, Acid–Base titration will be used to determine the concentration of 10mL of an HCl solution by
adding a known volume 0.1003 M NaOH solution using a buret. The chemical equation for this reaction is NaOH(aq)+HCl(aq) в†’
NaCl(aq)+H2O(l). Because the moles of NaOH equals the moles of HCl, the number of moles of NaOH that are added to the solution in order to
neutralize it will equal the moles of HCl in the solution. The number of moles of NaOH added to the solution will be used to determine the moles of
HCl, which will then be used to determine the molarity of the HCl solution by dividing the number of moles of HCl by the volume of HCl, according
to the formula: Moles/Volume=Molarity.
Results
The average HCl molarity was found to be 0.090 M. Our actual values were 0.091, 0.091, and 0.089. These molarities were found according to the
formula mass/volume=molarity. For example, 0.089 was found by dividing the moles of NaOH added to the solution (8.9x10–4) by the volume of HCl

Compare And Contrast The Concentration Of Hydrochloric...
Considering the data and evidence collected from both primary, secondary and additional sources, I can conclude that my hypothesis, which suggests
that the higher the food colouring concentration, the steeper the gradient of diffusion reaction, is valid. To support my hypothesis I will refer to my
primary, secondary and additional evidence to explain my conclusions in depth.
Firstly, if we consider the data collected in tables from my primary and secondary evidence, we can see that the values of the range of diffusion
reaction are higher when the concentration of food colouring dye used is higher in percentage. Specifically, when the concentration is at 0%, there is
no diffusion reaction at all. In contrast, as we increase the percentage of food dye used by a specific set value (+20% each time) the distance (radius
or diameter) of food dye formed from diffusion around the well becomes steeper. For example, 20% of food dye concentration diffused presents the
lowest means: 12.3mm (primary data) and 2.3mm (secondary data, where the radius has been measured instead of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Agar is remarkably related. To be specific, diffusion is a process in which substances move down a concentration gradient, from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration to reach the equilibrium. When a well is filled with a specific food dye, the well becomes the area of
high concentration. It eventually diffuses through agar, (agar being the region having no concentration of food dye particles) at a certain rate,
depending on the concentration of the food dye to reach the equilibrium. When doing my practical and collecting data, food dye with higher
concentration diffused through agar had a bigger gradient of diffusion(bigger area around the wells), which presents higher values exactly as I
predicted in my

How Does the Concentration of the Sodium Thiosulfate...
Investigation
How does the concentration of the sodium thiosulfate affect the rate of reaction to hydrochloric acid?
contents
page 1: contents, aim, prediction, equation, diagram page 2: equipment, preliminary experiments page 3: page 4: page 5: page 6: page 7: page 8:
Aim:
In my investigation I am trying to find out how the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid gets affected but the
concentration of the thiosulfate.
Prediction:
My prediction is that the increased concentration of the thiosulfate will in turn lead to an increase in the rate of reaction. This is a well informed
prediction as I know that one of the factors that speeds up rates of reaction is the increasing of the substrate, this ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The way in which the preliminary's helped was so I could try out different concentrations and different volumes to work out which ones would
produce the most accurate and widely spread results I could manage. The final way they helped is a simple one, the got me used to doing the
experiment so by the time I needed to do my real results and real experiment I could get everything ready, start and finish quite fast and accurately.
Initial method:
My initial method was as follows:
Preparation:
First I made sure that I had prepared the equipment required and has checked to see if they were all working and reliable, making sure not to have
forgotten anything. Then I made sure to fully protected my eyes and face by then putting some safety goggles on.
The next bit of preparation was to mark the cross on the piece of paper, I did this with a biro which was the thinest pen I could find, this meant that
the cross i drew was as accurate as possible.
I then boiled a kettle it make boiling water which i was going to put in the conical flask later on. After that I started to make the concentration of the

sodium thiosulfate by mixing it with the correct volume of water in the measuring cylinder
The actual test:
All I had to do now was to add the concentration of sodium thiosulfate to the hydrochloric acid
At the exact same time as the above step happens I start the stopwatch.
Making sure that the conical flask is directly on–top of the cross

Experiment On The Concentration Of Acetic Acid
Year 11 Chemistry Summative Practical
CHEMICAL QUANTITIES
Aim:
To calculate the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar, CH3COOH– via titration methods.
Apparatus:
0.100 M standard solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
Household vinegar (CH3COOH)
Phenolphthalein indicator
Distilled water
200ml volumetric flask
250 ml conical flask
20ml volumetric pipette
Burette
Retort stand
Filter funnel
Method:
Before the commencement of the practical, all necessary glassware and measurement tools were rinsed appropriately. The pipette was rinsed three times
with vinegar solution, whereas the volumetric flask was rinsed three times with distilled water. 20mL of the vinegar solution was measured and
transferred to the volumetric flask, where it was diluted with distilled water by filling the flask to the 200mL graduation line. A 20ml aliquot of the
aforementioned solution was extracted from the volumetric flask via the volumetric pipette and subsequently transferred to the conical flask. Three
drops of phenolphthalein indicator were then added. The burette was filled with the provided NaOH solution of 0.1M, with volume measurements

taken from the bottom of the meniscus. The conical flask was placed under the burette, from which a rough titration of the vinegar solution began.
Titrations halted once a permanent color change was visible in the conical flask. This process was repeated until three concordant titre values were
obtained.
Results and Calculations:

Diffusion is the movement of particles from one high concentration area to a low concentration area. The particles disperse until the entire substance
has an identical concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent, such as water. The solvent passes from a dilute solution, through a semipermeable
membrane, and to a more concentrated solution. Osmosis does not require energy to occur. A semipermeable membrane acts as a barrier, permitting
some molecules to pass through and preventing others. Cell membranes and dialysis tubing are types of semipermeable membranes. Dialysis tubing
promotes the removal of molecules from a solution. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the four types of biomolecules. The
biomolecules all serve important functions in living organisms.
Over a span of 15 minutes the weight of the glucose dialysis tube increased from 9.4 grams to 10.11 grams. The weight of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After reviewing the data collected, we reject the hypothesis because the weights of all the tubes changed over time. The weight of the glucose
increased by 0.71 grams. The sucrose increased by 0.89 grams. The sodium chloride increased by 0.59 grams. The albumin decreased by 0.07 grams.
The distilled water increased by 0.38 grams. The glucose and sucrose are carbohydrates. The large change in their weights prompts the question of
whether the dialysis tubing allows more carbohydrate molecules to diffuse. The very small decrease in the albumin, a protein, suggests that the dialysis
tubing does not allow many protein molecules to diffuse. Based on the fluctuation of weights it can be assumed that diffusion and osmosis both
occurred, either individually or simultaneously. The semipermeable dialysis tubing aided the diffusion and osmosis. This observation leads one to
question if the weight of an organism's cells is constantly fluctuating due to diffusion and

The objective of this experiment was to discover how the concentration of hydrochloric acid affected the rate of reaction in a reaction with calcium
carbonate. It was deduced through the experiment that an increase of concentration principally results in a greater rate of reaction. This can be
justified through each data point increasing from the previous value, aside from the anomaly when the concentration was at 2 M. The correlation
between the two variables was positive. The correlation was not as strong as expected due to the point while the concentration was at 2 M being well
off the trend of the data.
Concentration is the number of molecules for a given volume (Dictionary of Earth Sciences, 2008). As any concentration is increased, there are more
available molecules to react with other molecules. The 2 M hydrochloric acid which was used in the experiment had the greatest amount of molecules,
much greater than the 0.4 M hydrochloric acid. When there is a much vaster amount of total molecules of one reactant, there is a higher probability that
more reactions will occur with the other reactant. With so many overall collisions occurring with higher concentration hydrochloric acid, a greater
amount of successful reactions should come as a byproduct. The pressure in the flask increases due to the amount ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Multiple factors must be achieved for a successful collision to occur. There must be enough kinetic energy during the collisions in order for bonds to
be broken and as well molecules must be oriented in the right direction in order for a successful collision to occur (UCDavis, n.d). This is the
justification for why every single collision is not successful and why the largest concentration and therefore greatest amount of molecules should result
in the greatest rate of reaction, as it has the largest potential for successful

The Effect Of Acid Concentration On Plant Plants And...
Introduction
Gibberellic Acid is a naturally occurring plant growth hormone that belongs to the gibberellin group (Gupta and Chakrabarty, 2013). Gibberellins are
responsible for stem growth in plants and regulate the synthesis of proteins. Gibberellic acid is a by–product of the Gibberella Fujikuroi fungi which
has the effect of causing developing rice plants' stems to grow in such an expeditious manner that the plant collapses (John M. Riley, 1987).
The experiment's variables include the independent variable, which is the concentration of gibberellic acid that is used to soak the seeds, and the time
period of germination, as well as the dependant variable, which is the number of seeds that germinate. The control used to compare seed germination
and in this situation is the sample with a gibberellic acid concentration of 0 ppm. Constants in the experiment include factors affecting seed germination
such as constant temperatures where each sample receives the same temperature and in the case of variation the same amount of variation, quantity of
moisture where the same amount of gibberellic acid is added to each bag corresponding to the concentration, the samples should also receive the same
conditions of light, have the same sowing density, and number of seeds per square centimetre.
The aim of this practical is to investigate the effects of gibberellic acid on the germination rates of two plant species. It was hypothesised from the
above information that higher

How Does The Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid Increase...
Introduction:
The collision theory states that reactions are produced by the collision of particles. Frequent collisions produce a faster reaction time and release greater
energy. This energy is converted into heat and therefore the temperature can be measured.
There are many factors that can increase the reactivity of an element when mixed with hydrochloric acid. These include pressure, temperature, surface
area and concentration.
The atmospheric pressure of a room affects the reaction rate as it forces the particles closer together therefore inducing more collisions. The more
energy released from the particles raises the temperature. The higher the concentration of the solutions the more particles there are therefore making it
more likely to collide. The surface area can have an influence on the rate of reaction as the element had more exposed surfaces, allowing the reactant to
collide with the element.
It was known that a reaction had occurred as there was the formation of new substances from the existing elements such as hydrogen. This was an
exothermic reaction as it produced heat which was another factor contributing to the increased reaction rate.
Variable identification:
The independent variable in this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This trend can be observed in the graph above. The lowest concentration of hydrochloric acid was 1 mole and produced an average temperature
increase of 18.4В°c. This value sat above the line of best fit and it can be concluded that this is due to the difference between the averages collected
from the groups. There was a range of 4В°c which was the greatest difference recorded. The next concentration tested was 1.5 moles, recording a
temperature change of 23.8В°c. The temperature change increased by 6.5В°c as the concentration increased by 0.5 of a

How does Concentration affect the rate of reaction between...
How does Concentration affect the rate of reaction between Magnesium and Hydrochloric acid?
Secondary resources:
Chemical reactions only occur when reacting particles collide with each other, with sufficient energy to react, this is called the collision theory. The
minimum amount of energy required to cause this reaction is called the Activation energy. There are four main factors which affect the rate of reaction.
The first factor is:
Temperature of reactants:
When the temperature increases the particles move around faster
(because they have more energy). Because the particles are moving faster , they are more likely to collide. When the temperature is low, the particles
are slower and they also collide less. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is a smaller surface area there is less collisions, therefore there is a decrease in the rate of reaction.
Aim:
My aim for carrying out this investigation is to find out whether concentration effects the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and magnesium
metal.
Mg+2HCL –––– MgCl +H
Magnesium +hydrochloric acid –––– Magnesium chloride +hydrogen
Pre–test:
I have decided to use the water displacement method to collect the gas. While carrying out my pre–test, I performed experiments with different

amounts, times, lengths etc in order to establish the most appropriate quantity.
I have decided to use magnesium granules instead of magnesium strips and magnesium powder because when I experimented with magnesium strip
It took way to long for the gas to be collected. When I experimented with magnesium powder the gas was collected to fast. So I decided to use
magnesium granules because the time of the gas to be collected. As you can see the results below match my statement.
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Magnesium (g) HCA (cm) H20 (cm) Time (s)
0.1g (granules) 20cm 0 12.38
0.1g (strip) 20cm 0 26.70
0.1g (powder) 20cm 0 No time

Reaction Rates of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric...
Reaction Rates of Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid at Various Concentrations
Introduction/ plan
––––––––––––––––––
I am experimenting into the reaction rates of Sodium Thiosulphate and
Hydrochloric acid when under different concentrations.
Both Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid are clear solutions but when they react together they produce a cloudy solution, the solution
become so cloudy you cannot see through it. To measure the rate of reaction I am going to print off a cross from the computer onto a piece of paper,
place it under the beaker with the solution in it and record the time taken for the cross not to be visible.
The Symbol equation for my experiment is:
Na S O (aq) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
By doing this it is changing the concentration. I am not going to carry out an experiment using 0ml
Sodium Thiosulphate, 10mls Hydrochloric acid and 30mls water, as there would be no Sodium Thiosulphate for the hydrochloric acid to react with. I
will do each experiment 3 times and then work out averages for each one, as this will give me a more accurate set of results. Altogether including
averages I will have 40 separate results. From repeating each experiment 3times I will be able to discover any drastic anomalies if there are any.
Preliminary Work
––––––––––––––––
Sodium Thiosulphate (mls) 30
Hydrochloric Acid (mls) 10
Water (mls) 0
Time Taken for Cross to Disappear (mins) 01.10

Prediction
––––––––––
I predict that as the volume of Sodium Thiosulphate decreases the reaction time will increase, as there will be a lower concentration of
Sodium Thiosulphate for the Hydrochloric

Discovering The Concentration Of Sodium Hydroxide And...
Discovering the Concentration of Sodium Hydroxide and Citric Acid
Introduction:
This laboratory experiment focuses on determining the quantity of a substance that is existing in a certain solution, by using titration in the experiment,
(French et al. 2014). A hypothesis for this experiment is that the unknown concentration of a solution will be identified. The objectives are to identify
the concentration of citric acid and the concentration of sodium hydroxide in solutions of unknown concentration. In order to discover the concentration
of a solution, acid–base titration must be executed during the experiment, (French et al. 2014). The standard solution (known concentration) is reacted
entirely during titration due to stoichiometry located in the equation, and because the chemical reaction is between a base and an acid, the products
formed from the reaction will be salt and water, (French et al. 2014). The equivalence point occurring in an acid–base titration will have the same
amount of moles in H+ as in OH–. The equations that are used for this acid–base titration are as follows:
HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq)в†’NaCl(aq)+H_2 O(l)
H_2 SO_4 (aq)+2NaOH(aq)в†’гЂ–NaгЂ—_2 SO_4 (aq)+2H_2 O(l)
To determine the concentration of acid in the solution, the number of NaOH moles supplemented to equivalence point must be discovered, (French et
al. 2014).
Because sodium hydroxide takes in water and is hydroscopic, the discovery of the concentration is required that sodium hydroxide is titrated against a

The Level of Concentration Effecting the Reaction Rate
Year 10 Chemistry Investigation
Aim–
To observe the effect of varying concentrations of hydrochloric acid, on the reaction rate.
Hypothesis–
If the concentration of hydrochloric acid is increased, then the reaction rate will also increase.
Variables–
Independent– Concentration levels in mol L–1 (1 mol L–1, 1.5 mol L–1, 2 mol L–1)
Dependent–Reaction rate. Measured by recording the mL of air that is produced as a result of the reaction, recorded every 10 seconds.
Controlled– Amount of marble chips, one levelled spoon. 25 mLs of hydrochloric acid, controlled by using a measuring cylinder How much air is in
the measuring cylinder before experiment is conducted (0 mLs) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The gas displaced the water in the measuring cylinder.
Evaluation–
Due to our main error, we found outliers and unpredicted results. Our main source of error was, when we used up all the CaCO2 the chips became
smaller as we got to the bottom of the container. Because of the smaller chips there would have been bigger surface area meaning the reaction time
would have increased even though we were still using the same concentration. This was most prevalent in the 2 mol L–1. To fix this we should have
identified when the chips were becoming smaller and used a new container or shaken the container up in the beginning to evenly distribute the smaller
chips.
Another error which was made was that even though the air was coming out of the tube and displacing the water, at the end of the experiment there
would have been air in the tube which wasn't measured. There could have also been air in the tube to begin with. A way that we could have fixed this
is by sinking the tube in water so that there is no air in the tube or in the top of the

The Concentration Of Acid Soluble F Concentrations On The...
Data werer taken from (1) Chen et al. 2002; Fung et al. 1999; (2) Mossman 1973; Walton 1988; (3) Al–Agha 1995; Shomar et al. 2004; (4) Haikel,
Voegel, and Frank (1986).
And also compared to critical limits of total F with 1000 mg kg–1 (Ozsvath 2009)and the critical limit of acid–soluble F with 150 mg kg–1 (Arnesen
1997), the F concentrations in the soils of the CDR area near Kaduna, Nigeria are, with respective average values of 160.5 mg kg–1 and 8.0 mg kg–1,
within safe ranges.
In summary, the F concentrations measured in the soils of the CDR area near Kaduna are significantly lower than the critical F concentrations as well
as the F concentrations measured in areas of endemic skeletal fluorosis. The reason for the low F ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compared to the geogenic background value of areas underlain by acidic igneous bedrock, which contain high concentrations of F–bearing minerals,
such as biotite or apatite (Reimann and Caritat 1998), the F concentrations of the drinking water in the CDR area near Kaduna are significantly lower.
As the water samples were taken from surface sources and shallow, hand–dug wells, where the main F source are the highly weathered parent rocks, the
low F concentrations were expectable. However, since surface water and the shallow hand–dug wells are the main drinking–water sources of the local
population, we assumed the overall F consumption via the rock–water pathway to be low as well.
In contrast, F concentrations in drinking water in basalt areas around Lake Magadi in Kenya, where dental fluorosis is endemic, are greater than 1.7 mg
L–1 (Jones, Eugster, and Reitig 1977). In the Obuasi area and the Bolgatanga area of Ghana, where the local population suffers from dental fluorosis,
the F concentrations are typically greater than 3.0 mg L–1 due to high contents of F–bearing minerals in the granitoid basement rocks (Smedley et al.
1995). According to Dissanyake and Chandrajith (2009) and Ekanayake and Van der Hoek (2003), F concentrations of greater than 4.0 mg L
–1 cause

Hydrochloric Acid Concentration
The Effect of Concentration on the Reaction Time of Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulphate Introduction The speed if which a chemical
reaction occurs is known as the reaction rate. When chemical reactions occur they can either happen at a slow or fast rate depending on the
chemicals. The concentration of the chemicals has the largest effect on the rate of reaction. Concentration, which is usually measured in mass volume
per unit is referred to as the ratio of a substance. Sulphur is produced when Hydrochloric acid and Sodium Thiosulphuric react to each other. In todays
society, the rate of reaction is relevant and needs to be taken into consideration because if the reaction time is too long it may be impractical because
today the world is considered... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Materials Hydrochloric acid (1.0 M) Sodium Thiosulfate (1.0 M or 0.1M) 50 mL and 25 mL measuring cylinder 100 mL Flask 2 x 100mL
beakers Teat pipette Stop watch White tile Black marking pen/texta Method 1.On the white tile use the black texta to draw a cross 2.Measure 10
ml of hydrochloric acid into the flask. 3.Carefully pour 40ml of sodium thiosulfate into the flask, gently swirl and start the stopwatch. 4.Place the
flask on the white tile over the cross. 5.When the cross disappears stop the timer. Safety Ensure that lab coats and safety goggles are worn at all
times when the experiment is being conducting as the acids are extremely toxic to the skin. If the come in contact with skin, ensure that the area of
skin effected is washed thoroughly under water then go and see a school nurse. Results The effect of Concentration on the Reaction Time (Seconds)
of Hydrochloric Acid and Sodium Thiosulfate Concentration Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average 1 4.52 4.25 5.02 4.61 0.25 56.90 59.34 60.22 58.82 0.1
28.25 25.90 23.22

Investigating The Concentration Of A Hydrochloric Acid A...
The objective of the lab was to prepare standardize solution (titrant: NaOH) of sodium hydroxide, and to determine the concentration of a hydrochloric
acid and KHP solution using acidвЂђbase titration. Standardization is the process of determining the exact concentration (molarity) of a solution. The
molarity (M) of a solution is used to represent the amount of moles of solute per liter of the solution. Titration is one type of procedure often used in
standardization process. A titration is a technique where a solution of known concentration is used to determine the concentration of an unknown
solution.
In a titration, an exact volume of one substance(NaOH) was reacted with a known amount of another substance (HCl). The point at which the reaction
was complete in a titration is referred to as the endpoint. We recognized a solution which reached the endpoint: when we saw a solution completely
turned into pink color. A chemical substance known as an indicator was used to indicate the endpoint. An indicator is a substance that undergoes a
distinct observable change (pink color) when conditions in its solution change. The indicator we used in this experiment was phenolphthalein because
Phenolphthalein is a weak acid. The weak acid is colourless and its ion is bright pink. And the solution turned pink when we added a basic solution
(NaOH) into the solution because adding hydroxide ions removes the hydrogen ions from the equilibrium which replace them turning the indicator

Concentration Of Acid-Base Titration
Acid–base titrations are a commonly used laboratory practice, used to determine the concentration of a particular acid or a particular base by
neutralizing them with a known concentration of another acid or base. Acid–base titrations are tracked and measured with the use of an indicator,
which causes a color change whenever the pH changes between specific values. An indicator is composed of an acid or base whose conjugate acid or
conjugate base has a color different from that of the original compound.1 The use of the indicator allows us to observe and note the neutralization of a
titration which occurs at the end point. Hydrochloric acid (strong acid) and sodium hydroxide (strong base), are the most commonly used acid and base
in experiments. A strong acid dissociates (or ionizes) completely in aqueous solution to form hydronium ions (H3O+), while a strong base dissociates
completely in aqueous solution to form hydroxide ions (OH–).1 In this experiment we used potassium hydrogen phthalate and sodium carbonate as
primary standards. These two are compounds used as primary standards, which are tools that aid in determining the exact concentration of acids and
bases due to their characteristics (See Discussion).
In this experiment, we standardized the strong base sodium hydroxide (NaOH) using potassium hydrogen phthalate (C8H5KO4) also known as "KHP",
as the primary standard and using phenolphthalein as the indicator. This titration follows the reaction scheme:

Investigating The Effect Of Acid Base Indicator On The...
Introduction In analytical chemistry, there are numerous methods that can be utilized in order to analyze different substances by determining the
composition or concentration of a said substance, which is the main goal (Analytical Chemistry, n.d.). One of those methods available, and used widely
in analytical chemistry, is spectroscopy. Spectroscopy utilizes the quantification of light; which is based upon intensity, amount absorbed, and amount
transmitted, in order to determine the concentration of a given substance (Vo, 2016). For the following lab, the main goal is to determine the pKa of an
acid–base indicator by means of spectroscopy. There are numerous types of spectrometers that can be utilized for the purpose of this lab; the one
utilized for this lab is the Spec20D. An acid–base indicator is a substance that is added to s solution and indicates pH change by means of changing
colors. For example, bromocresol green is an acid–base indicator, which is a monoprotic organic acid with a molecular weight of 698.02 g/mol. The
absorbance of the indicator solution will be tested over a range of wavelengths utilizing the protonated form to determine the wavelength of highest
absorbance; then the same tests will be conducted, but when the indicator is in the deprotonated form. Lastly, the tests will be conducted with both
species present, utilizing the wavelengths derived from the first two tests. The data will then be plotted and the pKa can then be derived. For the

Equivalent Conductance At Infinite Dilution Of Four...
Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the equivalent conductance at infinite dilution of four electrolytes NaCl, HCl, NaOAc, and
AcOH, as well as the dissociation constant of the weak electrolyte AcOH.
Methods A conductivity meter and a dip–type conductance cell were used to measure the conductance of a standard KCl solution and deionized water.
These measurements are used to determine the cell constant and conductance caused by impurity, respectively. Then four sets of solutions, three strong
electrolytes and one weak electrolyte, each with six different concentrations, are measured for their conductance. All measurements were performed at
25 В°C. Finally, the conductance of three strong electrolytes is used to calculate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the square root of concentration of HCl did not yield a relatively straight relationship, as shown by an R2 value of 0.00093. The cause of this
abnormality is unknown. However, since the equivalent conductance values are relatively large compared to those of other electrolyte, it is expected
for the variations to be more significant. If the y–axis is shown from 0 to 450 instead of 360 to 390, then the date points will seem to have a more linear
relationship because they are all very close with each other in terms of their О›

Investigating the effect of varying concentration on the...
Investigating the effect of varying concentration on the reaction between magnesium ribbon and hydrochloric acid
Aim
It is to tell how the reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid will be effected if we change the concentration of hydrochloric acid.
Introduction
In the experiment the magnesium reacts with the hydrochloric acid to create magnesium chloride and hydrogen. The balanced formula for this is:
Mg(s) + 2HCL(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen
Magnesium will react with hydrochloric acid, because it is higher in the reactivity series than hydrogen. The magnesium displaces the hydrogen in the
acid, so it forms magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas.
Magnesium strip ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is to compare with the other diagrams to see what the change is and if the reaction rate has decreased or increased.
The first one is to see what will happen if I change the temperature of the solution. As the temperature increases the speed and the power at which the
acid particles hit each other increases, making the number of successful collisions with the magnesium strip increase.
The second one is to show how increasing the mass of the magnesium strip can increase the rate of reaction slightly because of the increased surface
area but it is only slightly increased on the sides and so this is proportional to the rate of reaction of the original diagram. It is only slower than the
original reaction because there is more of it to react with and produces more of the products.
Figure 3 shows the concentration of the hydrochloric acid increased so there are more particles to have more successful collisions. This is a faster

reaction then the original reaction.
The final reaction has the same amount of particles of acid and the magnesium, but the magnesium has been cut to increase the surface area. This
makes the acid particles more likely to have more successful collisions each second than the original reaction.
There are also many factors that I could record like the weight of the solution and the time it took for the magnesium strip to dissolve, but
I am only recording the hydrogen produced. I chose

The Effect Of Acid Concentrations Increases Permeability...
Change in pH concentrations increases permeability of beetroot (вЂЋBeta vulgaris) cell membranes indicated through color intensity using the
spectrophotometer
Joshua Elekwa
Introduction to cell Biology, Fall 2014
Mount Royal University
ABSTRACT
The cell membrane (Plasma membrane) functions to provide cell support, cell stability and control entry and exit of materials from the cell. This study
was conducted to test the effects of environmental conditions such as the on beet root cell membrane (Beta vulgaris). Five trials using varied pH
concentrations were tested and absorbance rates were monitored. The experimental results showed that the protein function decreased sequentially
when the pH decreased. This allowed the betacyanin dye to leak out which created the color that was needed to determine the intensity and therefore
the effect of the circumstances. This supported the hypothesis that the more acidic or basic the environmental condition around the beet cell, the more
permeable the, membrane indicated by color intensity. Pigment leakage in the solution was analyzed by using a spectrophotometer.
INTRODUCTION
Plant cells have selectively permeable membrane that allows selective substances to penetrate into the cell. Cell membranes are consisting of lipid
layer that are made up of phospholipids. (Essays, UK.2013). These phospholipids are amphipathic in nature, which have phospholipids head and tail
respectively. Phospholipids heads are hydrophilic and tails

Acid Concentration
Does the amount of active ingredient in different types of tablets decrease or increase per milligram after its expiration date? Overtime, the
concentration of acid in a low dose aspirin tablet increases, as the concentration of acid in a high dose aspirin tablet decreases. However, due to
various experimental errors, the claim is not a strong and compelling one. What is assumed to have happened is that both low dose aspirin tablets and
high dose aspirin tablets increase in concentration of acid as the expiration is surpassed.
Four different tablets (two new and two expired): Bayer High Dose 325 mg (exp unknown), Bayer High Dose 325 mg (exp 8/18), Bayer Low Dose 81
mg Enteric (exp 4/11), and Bayer Low Dose 81 mg Enteric (exp 8/18) undergo the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Firstly, the Bayer High Dose 325 mg tablets used as an "old and expired tablet" is unidentified in expiration date, but the container seems to look very
old. This means that it is uncertain whether the tablets labeled as "old" are actually expired or not (Table 1, 2, and 3). Secondly, not all of the
powdered tablet is put into the beaker. Some remain on the papers while others fly out onto the table. Because not all contents are present during the
titration process, this could very well affect the calculations measuring the mass of acid per

The Storage Of Beverages At Different Temperatures Affect...
Storage of beverages
( Orange Juice and Coke )Stored at different temperatures affect their total acid concentration
Subject: Chemistry
Extended Experimental Investigation
Context: Acid in beverages
Student name: Tamana Hassanzada
Table of Contents
Hypothesis..........................................................................................................................................3
Aim......................................................................................................................................................3
Materials.............................................................................................................................................3
Procedure...............................................................................................................................................4
Results...............................................................................................................................................4
Discussion.........................................................................................................................................11
Conclusion........................................................................................................................................12
Hypothesis
According to the theory, it is hypothesized that the higher the concentration base was added, the quicker the PH would get up to PH 9. The hypothesis
is justified by chemical reaction occurring in beverages (coke and juice) at different temperatures which is 10В°C, 20В°C, 30В°C and 40В°C and how
it affect their total acid concentration,because of the Aldehydes and sugars may be oxidized to carboxylic acid.
Aim
The aim of this investigation is to measure the the storage of beverages at different temperatures (10 В°C, 20 В°C, 30В°C and 40 В°C) affect their
total acid concentration.
Materials
The following materials were used in the experiment:
8x 500mL beakers

8 x sheet beaker lids + 8 x rubber band
4 x 500 mL coke
4 x 500 mL juice
1 bottle of juice
1 bottle of

Acetic Acid Concentration Lab Report
In this experiment, the concentration of acetic acid in a sample of vinegar was calculated. The sample used for the experiment was sample 4, created
on 2/22/2017. The concentration was calculated by titrating the vinegar with NaOH. Unfortunately, NaOH does not form a pure solution so its
concentration also had to be calculated. This was done by using it to titrate a solution of KHP, which does form a pure solution. Once the
concentration of NaOH was known, it could be used to calculate the mols of acetic acid in a known volume of vinegar, giving us the concentration.
This will result in the calculated mass of acetic acid to be higher. This is because it appears that additional NaOH was required to titrate the solution,
and the mols ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was done by titrating the vinegar with a base that had a calculated concentration. The final average concentration after three trials was 0.5285% by
mass. All of the measurements used were taken to four significant figures. One potential source of error is the use of an indicator and titration. In order
to induce a change in the color of the solution, it must become slightly basic, this means that more NaOH was added than was actually required to
neutralize the acetic acid. This error would indicate that the concentration of acetic acid was slightly higher than it really is; unfortunately, it is
unavoidable with the current experiment setup. Another problem with the titration process is that the base can only be added in drops, limiting the
precision even more. Aside from these limitations it appears that the process yielded fairly accurate results, with only a 5.706% error when compared to
the industry

What Effect Will the Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid...
Introduction In this chemical reaction, the magnesium will dissolve in the hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas. This is because magnesium is
higher than hydrogen in the reactivity series. Therefore, when the two reactants are combined, a displacement reaction occus and the magnesium
displaces the hydrogen, forming magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas. Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) –> MgCl 2 (aq) + H 2 (g) Magnesium + Hydrochloric
acid –> Magnesium Chloride + Hydrogen Aim The aim of this investigation is to observe the effect that the concentration of hydrochloric acid
(independent variable) has on the rate of reaction (dependent variable) between the magnesium ribbon and the hydrochloric acid.... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
If there is more surface area exposed to the hydrochloric acid, the particles of acid will have a greater area of magnesium to react with and form
successful collisions, thus increasing the rate of reaction. – Volume of Hydrochloric Acid Used: An overall volume of 50ml of hydrochloric acid and
water should be used for every trial. If a lesser volume is used, this will decrease the rate of reaction as there will be less particles in the HCl to
collide with the Mg particles, which will lessen the chance for creating a successful collision, and thus lower the rate of the chemical reactions. –
Timing of the experiment: Bung with delivery tube should be placed on the conical flask as soon as possible after the magnesium ribbon is dropped.
This will ensure that as much of the hydrogen gas gets measured in the measuring cylinder above the trough, in order to obtain accurate measurements
when calculating the rate of reactions. Stopwatch will begin as soon as the magnesium is dropped into the hydrochloric acid, so that the timing of the
reaction is measured accurately. – Cleaning of the magnesium: The ribbon of magnesium will be cleaned with sandpaper to remove the coating on the
magnesium metal caused by reactions with atmospheric gases. This needs to be done so that the measuring cylinder measures the gas produced from
the reaction

Determining The Molar Concentration Of Acetic Acid
The purpose of the lab is to determine the molar concentration of acidic acid in vinegar by titrating it with a solution of NaOH. The sodium
hydroxide is a basic solution. When adding it to a acetic acid, a neutralization occurs. An indicator is added to the solution. The indicator is a dark
pink color. When the NaOH is added, it makes the solution more basic and causes the solution to turn light pink. The experiment is successfully
completed when the right amount of indicator is added, and It turns light pink and not dark pink. The moles of NaOH used to neutralize the acid will
equal number of the moles of acetic acid that's in the vinegar.
Introduction
Vinegar is a liquid containing 5% acetic acid, water and other traced chemicals. The acetic... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, wash the burette with soap using a burette brush. Rinses well with tap water and then several times with distilled water. Next, fill the burette
with the desired solution above the zero mark and then drain the solution out the tip so that the level of the solution is just below the zero mark.
Before beginning the titration record the initial reading on the burette. Put the tip of the burette into the titration flask, but do not let the tip touch the
side of the flask or the solution being titrated. The volume of the titrant used is the difference between the initial and the final readings. After the
burette is prepared, it is to be filled to 0.40M. Pipet exactly 10 ml of white distilled vinegar into a clean 125 ml flask using a volumetric pipet. Add 10
ml of distilled water and 2 or 3 drops of phenolphthalein solution to the vinegar. Let a volume of sodium hydroxide run into the flask equal to the
volume that you think is needed for the neutralization minus 1 o 2 ml. Swirl the flask to mix the solution and then rinse down the walls of the flask
with distilled water from a squirt bottle. Add the sodium hydroxide drop by drop until the end of the point is reached. The sodium hydroxide should be
added while maintaining a gentle swirling motion of the flask. The solution should be a very light shade of pink when the titration is finished. Record
the final burette reading. Repeat the titration three more

How Does The Concentration Of Acid Affect The Rate Of...
1.The results obtained clearly prove the hypothesis stated as the average rate of reaction of the chalk and acid increased as the temperature changed
from iced water, to room temperature, to boiling water. The average rate of reaction in seconds in room temperature water was 57.34, this decreased
to 68.93 seconds when the chalk was placed in iced water and then when placed in boiling water there was a dramatic increase in the rate of reaction to
23.77 seconds.
2.The results were the way they were because it is known that as the temperature increases, the particles inside gain energy from the heat causing them
to bounce/move around a lot faster. This faster movement of particles causes them to collide which then makes the reaction occur quicker.... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
If this experiment was to be completed again, there would be some changes and improvements I would make towards the experimental design that
would benefit the outcome of results. One of these would be to use different temperatures rather than purely just iced water, room temperature and
boiling water. This would potentially confirm the current results obtained even further and make it more accurate. One more change I would make
would be too just purely complete more than three tests for each, this would cause there to be a greater sample size to compare each temperature water
and confirm the current results, making it more accurate and giving a true average rate of

Shell Mass And Acid Concentration Lab
Shells Mass and Acid Concentrations Lab
This lab started out when our class was reading an article on ocean acidification. The article was explaining that ocean acidification has been
increasing. "Since the industrial revolution in the early 1800s, the ocean's pH has dropped to 8.1, the equivalent of a 30 percent increase in acidity." [1
hhmi] Our class began the lab to prove the increase in acidification in the ocean. Our guiding question is, what does different concentrations of acid do
to shells? The hypothesis for the experiment is, the different concentrations of acid will decrease the mass of the shells.
The experiment procedure is first, get your materials, shells, water, vinegar, measuring spoon, a cup, and a beaker. Next,

Spectrophotometric Determination of Ascorbic Acid...
Spectrophotometric determination of Ascorbic acid Concentration in an Unknown Solution
Introduction:
The naturally occurring organic compound with antioxidant properties is Ascorbic acid shortly referred as (AA). Normally the color of Ascorbic acid
is white, but in some cases of impure samples it appears yellow in color. Ascorbicacid is solid in state. In water it dissolves well to give mildly acidic
solutions. Ascorbic acid is one form ("vitamer") of vitamin C [1]. So, Ascorbic Acid (AA) in other terminology also called as Vitamin C. This
ascorbic acid majorly helps in the maintenance of DNA, Lipids, Proteins and others in their original active, normal form.
The name of the anion Fe(CN)64в€’ is mentioned as Ferrocyanide.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| | | | |
|0.00 |0.00 |2.00 |2.00 |0.00 |0.00 |0.000 |
|0.10 |0.00 |1.90 |2.00 |0.25 |0.00 |0.204 |
|0.20 |0.00 |1.80 |2.00 |0.50 |0.00 |0.473 |
|0.30 |0.00 |1.70 |2.00 |0.75 |0.00 |0.761 |
|0.40 |0.00 |1.60 |2.00 |1.00 |0.00 |1.038 |
|0.50 |0.00 |1.50 |2.00 |1.25 |0.00 |1.310 |
|0.60 |0.00 |1.40 |2.00 |1.50 |0.00 |1.544 |
|0.70 |0.00 |1.30 |2.00 |1.75 |0.00 |1.801 |
|0.80 |0.00 |1.20 |2.00 |2.00 |0.00 |2.024 |
|part 2 | | | | | | |
|0.00

An experiment to investigate the effect of changing the...
An experiment to investigate the effect of changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction with sodium thiosulpahte.
Aim
I am trying to find out how the concentration of hydrochloric acid affects the reaction time with sodium thiosulpahte.
If a clear solution of sodium thiosulphate is mixed with hydrochloric acid then a reaction will occur where a creamy–yellow precipitate of sulphur is
produced.
H20
Text Box: + Text Box: + Text Box: + Na2S203 2HCL
Text Box: + 2NaCl SO2 S
Reactants Products
The sulphur takes a while to form and starts to turn the water cloudy after a short time. You cannot tell when the reaction has stopped so a cross
drawn on a piece of paper in pencil can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They all increase the number of collisions.
Fair testing
* To make this a fair test I will only change onevariable.
* Each experiment will be done three times so an average can be found.

* The same equipment will be used in each experiment.
Method
В· Measure out 50ml of thiosulphate and add it to the conical flask.
В· Draw a cross on a piece of paper and place the conical flask on it.
В· Measure out 10ml of acid and add it to the conical flask and start timing.
В· Look into the top of the conical flask and when the cross can no longer be seen stop the stop watch.
В· Do the experiment again but measure out 8ml of hydrochloric acid. Then add 2ml of distilled water. The ratio for each experiment will therefore
be 10:0, 8:2, 6:4, 4:6 and of acid to water
Conclusion
I conclude that whilst carrying out this investigation I found out that the more acid was in the solution the cross on the paper disappeared quicker. This
shows that the more concentrated the acid is then the quicker the reaction time. My research about the collision theory was correct and the more
concentrated the solution is then the number of collisions will be increased. If the numbers of collisions are increased then the reaction time will also
be increased.
My prediction 'that the less concentrated the acid is then the longer it will take for the sodium thiosulphate to react with the acid' is correct because
experiment number 5

Ascorbic Acid Concentrations Were Determined By Iodometric...
Ascorbic acid concentrations were determined by iodometric titrations of mango juice after being exposed to increased heat for different durations of
time, 3 minutes and 5 minutes, to determine if the duration of heating of a juice sample increases the rate of decomposition of Ascorbic acid. Results
showed that ascorbic acid concentrations after being exposed to increased heat for 5 minutes were lowest. This demonstrates that an increased exposure
to heat increases the rate of ascorbic acid degradation.
Introduction:
Ascorbic acid, better known as Vitamin C, is a water–soluble vitamin that is important for the well being of humans and has the ability to inactivate
radical compounds (Righetto and Netto, 2006). Ascorbic acid is a cofactor that is present in many enzymatic reactions that occur during biological
processes such as digestion, absorption, anti–carcinogenicity, collagen formation, cataract prevention and detoxification (Vikram et al, 2004).
Processing of fruits, into fruit juice, often involves a form of heat treatment which reduces the nutritional (vitamin C) content of the product (Mercali
et al, 2012). Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to investigate how prolonged exposure to heat leads to an increased degradation of
ascorbic acid in mango juice. The juice was exposed to three treatments; 0, 3 and 5 minutes of being placed in a boiling water hot bath, and the
concentration of ascorbic acid was determined via titration with potassium iodate.

To investigate how does the concentration of Hydrochloric acid affect the rate of reaction?
Outline
I aim to discover how different concentrations of Hydrochloric acid influence the rates of reaction. In order to carry out this investigation I have
decided to use marble chips, which I will vary the sizes as powder, small chips and large chips. I will also be changing the concentration, the
different concentrations are as follows 0.2m, 0.5m, 1m, 1.5, 2m. I have chosen these concentrations as they have a good range, we have to take this
in to account, in view of the fact that if I was to use a concentration lower than 0.2m, the rate of reaction will be to slow or if I was to use over 2
molars, it is too dangerous to handle and violates ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have also found that the big marble chips take way too long to react with in both volumes of HCL. The marble chips which are in a powder form
react too quickly and there was some marble chips remaining within 2cm Ві of HCL. These results tell me that the right size to use for my main
experiment will be the small marble chips and I will need to use a higher volume of HCL.
Equipment
Conical FlaskBungWater (H20)
Measuring CylinderStop WatchHydrochloric Acid (HCL)
Safety GogglesWater BowlSmall Marble Chips (CaCo3)
Delivery TubeWeighing machine
This is a diagram to show equipment setup
Method
1.Bring out equipment (including all concentrations of HCL needed in experiment and small marble chips)
2.Then put water in to my water bowl
3.Next clean my conical flask and delivery tube
4.After that I will fill my measuring cylinder with water in my bowl of water, making sure there is no bubbles in the tube and then turn it upside down

(as shown in the last page)
5.Wear safety goggles and put chairs under desks
6.Weigh 1 gram of marble chips, using weighing machine
7.Measure and pour 30cmВі of HCL in to conical flask
8.Put delivery tube in to measuring cylinder and bung (as shown on the last page)
9.Make sure stock clock is ready
10.Someone has to hold the measuring cylinder upside down until the 20cmВі of gas

Titration Of A Concentration And The Acid Base Titration
Summary
The purpose of this experiment was to find the molarity of a concentration and the acid–base titration. In part A of this experiment, the molarity of an
assigned concentration which was 0.040, was found using formulas that represent molarity. Part B of this experiment, which was titration of an acid and
base, was found by a series of steps that involved dropping Sodium Hydroxide from a buret into vinegar, until the perfect shade of pale pink occurred.
With the Phenolphthalein, too much acid causes the base to turn a dark pink. The molarity was then found of the titration. So the end results will
determine M HCH3O2.
Introduction Asolution is a homogenous mixture of a solvent and one or more solutes. The substance that dissolves in the solute is the solvent, and
the solute is what gets dissolved. Solutions can vary in concentration in great ratio differences. It is very important to be able to correctly prepare
solutions. There is always a proper amount of solution to be made to have a desired amount of produced. So in the medical world, too much solute
will most likely have harmful effects like overdosing and too little could result in ineffective treatment. Also the money spent on solutions could also be
another reason for correct preparation of solutions, because the success of the drug has an effect on future sales and profit. Solutions that are dilute, are
weak, and solutions that are concentrated are strong. A precise means of describing concentration is 1.

The Enzymes And Its Effects On The Concentration Of...
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
ADA is a part of the purine salvage pathway which functions to rid the cells of deoxyadenosine. Adenosine deaminase is considered a critical enzyme
that consists of a 12 exon, 32 kb gene located on chromosome 20q13–q13.1, is a 42 kDa protein with 363 amino acid. Adenosine deaminase produces
the irreversible deamination of adenosine (Ado) and deoxyadenosine (dAdo). The enzyme Ado is further converted to inosine and and the enzyme
dAdo is converted to non–toxic molecule 2'–deoxyinosine. Most adenosine responsible for breaking down adenosine 5 '–triphosphate (ATP) and the
degradation of ribonucleic acid (RNA).The lack of the ADA enzyme leads to the pathway become inactive and the build up in the amount of adenosine
in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These individuals are referred to as having CID, or leaky SCID and may have less severe infections than those with SCID.1
DIAGNOSIS
Adenosine deaminase deficiency is usually diagnosed between six months of age and a year. Prenatal and newborn screenings can discover the ADA
deficiency.1 Usually newborns that have a family history of SCID are screened. However, as early identification of SCID can result in life–saving
interventions before infections occur, many states have added SCID to their newborn screening panel. A test for ADA deficiency usually
demonstrates the low number or absence of ADA activity in red blood cells. ADA deficiency is diagnosed when there is <1% of normal ADA
catalytic activity in lysates of washed red blood cells from heparin or EDTA anticoagulated blood, reduced S–adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase activity
and elevated urinary deoxyadenosine nucleotides in red blood cells and very low T, B and NK lymphocyte counts in peripheral

Determination Of Concentration Of Hydrochloric Acid And...
Determination of Concentration of Hydrochloric Acid and Phosphoric Acid in an Unknown HCl– H3PO4 Mixture through Use of Potentiometric
Titrations
Andrea Byassee
8000 Utopia Parkway
Department of Chemistry
St. John's University
Jamaica, NY 11439 andrea.byassee12@stjohns.edu Report Prepared for:
Quantitative Chemical Analysis
Professor Neil Jespersen
Due Date: October 16, 2014
Submitted Date: October 20, 2014
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if soft drinks manufactured by Coca–Cola use phosphoric acid in their product formula. An analysis of
their product concentrations of HCl and H3PO4 was performed using the potentiometric titration method, with a standardized 0.1002 M NaOH
solution. The molarities of HCl and H3PO4 were determined by plotting the titration data, the first derivative, and the second derivative of this
data. The results of our analysis of the three trials found the molarities of HCl to be 0.1232 M, 0.1232 M, and 0.1230 M, with a mean of 0.1231 M
and an average deviation of 0.8 parts per thousand. We are 95% confident that for this set of data, the true mean lies within the range of 0.1228 and
0.1234 M. The molarities of H3PO4 were found to be 0.1709 M, 0.1706 M, and 0.1702 M, with a mean of 0.1706 M and an average deviation of 1
part per thousand. We are 95% confident that for this set of data, the true mean lies within the range of 0.1698 and 0.1714 M. These values compare
well to literature values for the

Effect Of Concentration On The Determination Of...
2) Density = 0.94g/mL Volume = 10.0mL Mass = m
A 100% yield would not make sense because it would imply that we end up with all of the (В±)–О±–phenylethylamine in the end. However, this
racemic mixture contains two enantiomers of О±–phenylethylamine: the (+) enantiomer and the (–) enantiomer. Since we only extracted the (–) form
of the enantiomer, the percent yield should only represent about 50% of the overall racemic mixture. Therefore a value of 32.8% is very close to the
theoretical 50% yield that we were looking for.
3) Optical Purity = [О±] sample _ x 100 [О±] pure enantiomer
= –35.31п‚° x 100 –40.4п‚°
= 87.4%Therefore the optical purity is 87.4%. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It dissolves easily in high pH solutions due to the high concentration of free OH– ions in the solution. The high concentration of OH– comes from the
dissociation of the strong base NaOH. Tartaricacid contains H+ that can dissociate and react with the OH– ions to form water and thus create an
equilibrium reaction. This also allows the tartaric acid to dissolve to form tartrate. In low pH solutions, there would already be a lot of H+ ions in the
solution and so tartaric acid would not be able to dissociate and dissolve into the

Common Ion Effect In Equilibrium

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Jackie Hinton

More from Jackie Hinton (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Common Ion Effect In Equilibrium