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Inductive Study of ESWL Outcomes for Proximal and Distal Ureteric Stones
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1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2842 Inductive study of ESWL outcomes for proximal and distal ureteric stones Koroush Ebrahimnezhad Gorji1, Fatemeh Niksirat2, Gholamreza Ataei3 1PHD. medical physics department , Babol university of medical sciences, Babol, Iran 2MS. medical physics department , Babol university of medical sciences, Babol, Iran 3MS. paramedical school, , Babol university of medical sciences, Babol, Iran ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - The introduction of ESWL caused a revolutionin the treatment of ureteral calculi. In the present study we evaluated the success rates of ESWL in patient with proximal and distal ureteral calculi. BetweenOctober2015and December 2016, 275 patients were treated with in situ ESWL monotherapy in Khoramabad /IRAN. During the in situ ESWL to determine the place of the stone, only fluoroscopy wasused. Data from the 275 patients were prospectively collected for stone size, stone place, number of treatment sessions, and number of shock waves used. From among 275 cases reviewed, 62 % (173) were male and 32 %( 102) female. Stone-free rate was 85.26%, 87.20%and75.53%forproximal, middle and distal ureteric respectively. Stone-free rate achieved for stones smaller than 15mm was 90.41%. Overall success rate was 82.54% (227 of 275 patients) Key Words: ESWL, Renal stone, Stone-free rate 1. INTRODUCTION Urinary calculi cause miss function of kidney is a significant disease in developing countries (1, 2). The extracorporeal shock waves lithotripsy (ESWL) was presented in the early 1980s and made a revolution in the management of urolithiasis (3). Nowadays ESWL is one of the most common approaches for the treatment of urolithiasis and ureteric stones (2, 4). Its efficiency ranges from %68 to %84 when is used as a primary treatment option for upper tract stones. It has become the common treatment for simple renal and proximal ureteral calculi with a diameter less than 15mm (5). It is shown that fragmenting the ureteral stones needs higher energy and a greater number of shock waves than those of kidney stones (2). Stone decomposition and clearance of the fragments are really important in stone clearance after ESWL(6).Recommendationsofguidelines for the use of ESWL are results of stone size and type, pulse characteristics (such as frequency and gated or un-gated) and number and power of shock waves(7). According to Guidelines ofAmericanurological Association,average(SFR) s was 85% and 83% for distal and proximal ureteric stones, respectively(1). There are different attitudes among urologists to use of ESWL for the proximal andmiddleureter (2,8, 9). In present study we evaluated the success rates of ESWL in patient with kidney and ureteric calculi. 2. METHOD 275 patients were treated withinsituESWLmonotherapyin Khoramabad/IRAN Between October 2012 and December 2013. There were no patients with a single kidney and renal anomalous. None of the patients had stents or hypodermic nephrostomies insertedbeforethetherapy.All patients were treated with an electrohydraulic lithotripter (MPL 9000, Dornier GmbH, Germany) under sedoanalgesia on an outpatient basis. Only fluoroscopy was used during the in situ ESWL to determine the place of the stone. The patients were divided into three groups according to the place of the stone: proximal ureteric, main ureteric and distal ureteric; and every group categorized twosubgroupsaccordingtothe age and sex. Patients were appraised with a plain film of the renal, ureter and bladder, intravenous urography and ultrasonography urinalyiss, urine culture and ligation examines before the process. Data from the 275 patients were prospectively collected for stone size, stone place, number of treatment sessions, and number of shock waves used. Therapy was carried out by technician under supervision of a senior urologist who selected the energy and the number of shock waves for each patient. Successes was considered as complete clearance of stones as declared by KUB, ultrasonography and IVU done two weeks after the treatment to permit enough time for clearance. Results based on various places and size was compared in term of clearance rate, number of shock waves and treatment sessions. All statistical calculations were done using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) version 16 3. RESULT A total of 275 patients with urinary stones were treated. From among 275 cases reviewed, 173(62.9%) were male and 102(32.02%) female. The majority of the patients 165(60%), was made up of patients who were 40 years or less, and the other group, 110(40%), was made up of those who were 40 years and more. ThesuccessofESWLin patient was 98.78% and 58.18% for person who was less than 40 years and more than 40 years respectively. The number of patients whose stones werelocalizedintheproximal,middle and distal ureter was 95, 86 and 94, respectively. Stone-free rate was 85.26%, 87.20% and 75.53% for proximal, middle and distal ureteric stones, respectively. Stone-free rate
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2843 achieved for stones smaller than 15mm was 90.41%. However, 20.36% of patients with stone size >15mm were free of stones at three month follow-up. Stone-free rate achieved for stones larger than 15mm was 46.42%. The success of ESWL was 90.41% and 46.42% for the patient with stone size < 15 mm and >15mm respectively. Thereisa statistical relationshipbetweenlocationofthestone,ageand the success of ESWL (P value < 0.05). 219(79.63%) patients followed with residual stones 28 had stones 15mm or smaller. Mean number of ESWL sessions in the successfully treated group was 1.91(range 1 to 3). The mean number of shock waves per patient was 7.66(range 4 to 12). Mean energy setting was 51.6kV (range 30 to 71). Overall success rate was 82.54 %( 227 of 275 patients). Fig1: relation between success of ESWL and location of the stone 3. CONCLUSIONS Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, when carry out according totherecommendationsandguidelinesdeveloped over the two decades of its clinical use, is impressive and safe (3). In this study, all of patients were treatedwithinsitu lithotripter (MPL 9000, Dornier GmbH, Germany ) and we compare the results of the treatment for proximal and distal ureteral stones in adult patients. According to Turna et al. there are no certain prognostic factors to predict the exact result of in situ ESWL in specific patient. Although some studies mentioned that several factors affect the success rate of therapy such as lithotripter type, stone size and localization (2, 9, 10). In this study we found relationship between location of the stone, age and the success of ESWL which is in contrast with Tekin et al. study (11). Some studies reported no significant relationship between the stone size and stone clearance,especiallyforstonesize<2cm (12, 13) while the present study showed an adverse effectof a larger stone size on the treatment results as the same as Lingeman et al. study (14). Nowadays, use of ESWL is increased and it became obvious that ureteral stones show more resistance than the renal stones against shock waves (15). In this study the extent of the overall success of ESWL was 82.54%, while in the study by Mobini et al. the overall success for kidney stone was 80% [12]. A study by Okava showed the extent of the stone-free rate by the Sonolith- 3000 Machine to be 79.5%. Also a Sessions of ESWLresulted in an increased stone-free rate compared with a single- session therapy [10]. Johnson et al achieved 90% SFRs for <10mm ureteral stones and 50% SFRs for>10mm ureteral stones [5]. Their results were comparable with our findings: 90.41% and 46.42% SFRs for stones <15 mm and stones 15mm<, respectively. Study done in Spain showeda success of 87%, a Sonolith-3000 Machine was used in this study too. Finding of the present study showed a stone-free rate for middle ureteric stones of 86%, while other studies report stone-free rate for middle ureteric stones of 77.8% which are comparable, and according to other reports the treatment for middle ureteric stones is more difficult than for upper ureteric stones because of the prone position[13]. In the present study, the number of sessions did not have a significant effect on stone clearancewhereas;Brownleeet al. reported that multiplied this study of case. ESWL is a safe and effective method for the therapy of renal and ureteral stones(16). The findings show that there is statistically significant effect of stone size, location on the outcome of ESWL. Patients with residual stones can be treated successfully with ESWL after previous surgery. Therefore, we recommend that a larger study beconductedwitha focus on the effect of various factors influencing stone clearance after ESWL. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The author would like to thank all persons for their precious help during the investigation, especially all the staffofESWL units in Khorram abad, and to Mr. Almasian and Baharvand. REFERENCES 1. Turunc T, Gonen M, Kuzgunbay B, Bilgilisoy UT, Dirim A, Tekin MI, et al. The effects of hydronephrosis and stone burden on success rates of shockwave lithotripsy in pediatric population. Journal of Endourology. 2010;24(6):1037-41. 2. Turna B, Akbay K, Ekren F, Nazli O, Apaydin E, Semerci B, et al. Comparative study of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy outcomes for proximal and distal ureteric stones. International urology and nephrology. 2008;40(1):23-9. 3. Torricelli FCM, Danilovic A, Vicentini FC, Marchini GS, Srougi M, Mazzucchi E. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the treatment of renal and ureteral stones. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira. 2015;61:65-71. 4. Vogt B, Desfemmes FN, Desgrippes A, Ponsot Y. MiniJFil®: A New Safe and Effective Stentfor Well-Tolerated Repeated Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy or
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2844 Ureteroscopy for Medium-to-Large Kidney Stones? Nephrourol Mon. 2016;8(5):e40788. 5. Myers DA, Mobley TB, Jenkins JM, Grine WB, Jordan WR. Pediatric low energy lithotripsy with the Lithostar. The Journal of urology. 1995;153(2):453-7. 6. Sabnis RB, Naik K, Patel SH, Desai MR, Bapat SD. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for lower calyceal stones: can clearance be predicted? British Journal of Urology. 1997;80(6):853-7. 7. Yucel S, Akin Y, Danisman A, Guntekin E. Complications and Associated Factors of Pediatric Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy. The Journal of urology. 2012;187(5):1812-6. 8. Masarani M, Dinneen M. Ureteric colic: new trends in diagnosis and treatment. Postgraduate Medical Journal. 2007;83(981):469-72. 9. Habib EI, Morsi HA, ElSheemyMS,Aboulela W,Eissa MA. Effect of size and site on the outcome of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of proximal urinary stones in children. Journal of pediatric urology. 2013;9(3):323-7. 10. Conort P, Dore B, Saussine C. [Guidelines for the urological management of renal and ureteric stones in adults]. Progres en urologie : journal de l'Association francaise d'urologie et de la Societe francaise d'urologie. 2004;14(6):1095-102. 11. Tekin I, Tekgül S, Bakkaloǧlu M, Kendi S. Results of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in children, using the dornier MPL 9000 lithotriptor. Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 1998;33(8):1257-9. 12. Azab S, Osama A. Factors affecting lower calyceal stone clearance after Extracorporeal shock wavelithotripsy. African Journal of Urology. 2013;19(1):13-7. 13. Fong YK, Peh SOH, Ho SH, Ng FC, Quek PLC, Ng KK. Lower pole ratio: a new and accurate predictoroflowerpole stone clearance after shockwave lithotripsy? International journal of urology. 2004;11(9):700-3. 14. Lingeman JE, Siegel YI, Steele B, Nyhuis AW, Woods JR. Management of lower pole nephrolithiasis: a critical analysis. The Journal of urology. 1994;151(3):663-7. 15. Maggio MI, Nicely ER, Peppas DS, Gormley TS, Brown CE. An evaluation of 646 stone patientstreatedon the HM4 extracorporeal shock wave lithotriptor. The Journal of urology. 1992;148(3 Pt 2):1114-9. 16. soufi mh. success rate and complications of extracorporal shock wave lithotripsy and its related factors in tohid hospital of sanandaj during 1994-1999. 2001.
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