Road accidents have increased and reached to an alarming point in past few years in most of the developing countries including India. The continued steep increase in the number of road accidents indicates that these losses are undoubtedly inhibiting the economic and social development of the countries and adding to the poverty and hardships of the poor. Thus, there is an urgent need to take preventive measures to reduce accidents and to develop road safety improvement program. This study proposes a basic frame work for formulation of road safety improvement program. The framework consist of four major stages i.e Stage I ranking of safety hazardous location, stage II evaluation of safety hazardous condition at different Section in road network, Stage III prioritization of remedial safety measures and Stage IV selection of safety measures (formulation of road safety improvement program) . This study also presents the basic concepts to develop a methodology for formulation of road safety improvement program. Thus, this study will be useful for researcher and policy makers to develop a methodology for formulation of road safety improvement program to select remedial safety measures to improve safety on hazardous location in the road network

1. 1885
Available online through - http://ijifr.com/searchjournal.aspx
www.ijifr.com
Published On: February 16, 2016
InternationalJournalofInformative&FuturisticResearch ISSN: 2347-1697
Volume 3 Issue 6 February 2016Reviewed Paper
Abstract
Road accidents have increased and reached to an alarming point in past
few years in most of the developing countries including India. The
continued steep increase in the number of road accidents indicates that
these losses are undoubtedly inhibiting the economic and social
development of the countries and adding to the poverty and hardships of
the poor. Thus, there is an urgent need to take preventive measures to
reduce accidents and to develop road safety improvement program. This
study proposes a basic frame work for formulation of road safety
improvement program. The framework consist of four major stages i.e
Stage I ranking of safety hazardous location, stage II evaluation of
safety hazardous condition at different Section in road network, Stage III
prioritization of remedial safety measures and Stage IV selection of
safety measures (formulation of road safety improvement program) .
This study also presents the basic concepts to develop a methodology for
formulation of road safety improvement program. Thus, this study will
be useful for researcher and policy makers to develop a methodology for
formulation of road safety improvement program to select remedial
safety measures to improve safety on hazardous location in the road
network.
A Basic Frame Work For Formulation Of
Road Safety Improvement Program
Paper ID IJIFR/ V3/ E6/ 011 Page No. 1885-1893 Subject Area Civil Engineering
Keywords Framework, Ranking, Prioritization, Selection
1st Rakesh Mehar
Ph.D. Scholar
Department of Civil Engineering
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal (M.P), India
2nd P.K Agarwal
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology,
Bhopal (M.P), India

2. 1886
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016
Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1885-1893
Rakesh Mehar, P.K Agarwal :: A Basic Frame Work For
Formulation Of Road Safety Improvement Program
1. INTRODUCTION
According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2014), road traffic injuries
are a leading cause of death, killing nearly1.3 million people annually. By 2030, this
figure is predicted to rise and become the fifth leading cause of death in the world. Road
accidents have increased and reached to an alarming point in past few years in
developing countries like India. Eighty-eight countries have reduced the number of
deaths on their roads – but the total number of road traffic deaths remains unacceptably
high at 1.24 million per year. However, less than 35% of low- and middle-income
countries have policies in place to protect these road users. Every year around 1.24
million people lost their life every year on the world’s roads, and another 20 to 50
million people injured as a result of road traffic crashes (WHO, 2014). The number of
road accidents, road accident fatalities and persons injured in road accidents in India
during 2002 and 2012 is shown in Table 1. (MORT&H, 2013).
Table 1: Number of Road Accidents and Number of Persons Killed: 2002-2012
Year Number of Accidents Number of Persons
Total Fatal Killed Injured
2002 4,07,497 73,650 84,674 408,711
2004 4,29,910 79,357 92,618 464,521
2006 4,60,920 93,917 105,749 496,481
2008 4,84,704 93,917 119,860 523,193
2010 4,99,628 1,19,558 134,513 527,512
2012 4,90,383 1,23,093 1,38,258 5,09,667
It is required to improve the road safety condition by reducing the number of accident on
hazardous locations. A road safety improvement program (RSIP) is identification of a
set of remedial safety measures, to be implemented on identifies sections in the road
network to reduce the injuries, fatalities, deaths and loss of public properties because of
road accidents on the basis resources available. It is required that various corporate
houses can collaborate this road safety improvement program under public private
partnership to improve road safety in India. The selection of safety remedial measures
should be made considering the effectiveness of each remedial measure considered in
reducing the rate for the similar type of accident being considered and safety hazardous
condition of that location in a road network (Mehar, 2013). Thus, there is an urgent need
to develop a methodology to formulate road safety improvement program. However,
literature does not suggest any comprehensive and simple methodology to select
remedial safety measures to improve hazardous condition of different section in the road
network. A critical review of the literature (Agarwal, 2015, Andrew, 2004, Meeghat,
2011 and Mohammed, 2012) indicated that most of the methodologies for improving
road safety require accident data.
The preparation of such comprehensive accident data is, however, expensive and time
consuming; specially, when the data is prepared for a road network. Hence, hardly any

3. 1887
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016
Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1885-1893
Rakesh Mehar, P.K Agarwal :: A Basic Frame Work For
Formulation Of Road Safety Improvement Program
meaning full analysis is done to find out the accident hazardous location, vulnerable
road users, road users involved in accidents, causes of accident etc. which are so
essential to select remedial measures to improve safety of road network. Thus, there is
an urgent need to develop a methodology to improve safety of road network. Further it is
required that such methodology can evaluate safety hazardous condition at different
section in road network in a simple manner and also able to rank these safety hazardous
locations considering the safety hazardousness at that location. It is also required that
the methodology should select the remedial safety measure on the basis of its
effectiveness in improving safety hazardous condition of the sections in the road
network.
Looking to the importance of the issue, Hon'ble Supreme Court of India
has constituted a Committee on Road Safety vide their Order dated 22-04-2014 in
W.P.No. 295 of 2012. The Committee has been interacting with different Ministries of
Government of India and State Governments. Four Working Groups were set up by the
Government of India to submit recommendations and suggestions on short term and
long term measures to curb road accidents in the country. These four Working Groups
were required to go into four ‘Es’ of road safety, namely, Engineering, Enforcement,
Education and Emergency Care. Hence the Engineering is first and most important
aspect of Road Safety. Thus, this study presents a basic framework for formulation of
Road Safety Improvement Program in India, particularly the Engineering aspect of Road
Safety. The study proposes a framework to rank safety hazardous locations, evaluation
of safety hazardous condition and frame work for prioritization of remedial safety
measures.
This paper consists of three sections. The first section presents the introduction of the
study and critical review of relevant literature and identifies the important deficiencies in
present state of the art for formulation of a framework for road safety improvement
program. Third second section presents the basic framework and sub stages of the
proposed framework for formulation of road safety improvement program in India. The
last section presents the important conclusions made from this study.
2. BASIC FRAMEWORK FOR FORMULATION OF ROAD SAFETY
IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
A basic framework for formulation of road safety improvement program is
developed and presented in Figure 1. Based on this framework, the major stages
identified are i.e. Stage I- Ranking of safety hazardous locations, Stage II- Evaluation of
Safety Hazardous Condition at different Section in road network, stage III prioritization
of remedial safety measures and stage IV formulation of road safety improvement
program.
Some basic concepts and details of various sub stages for each of the stages of basic
framework for formulation of road safety improvement program is presented in the
following sections:

4. 1888
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016
Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1885-1893
Rakesh Mehar, P.K Agarwal :: A Basic Frame Work For
Formulation Of Road Safety Improvement Program
Figure :. A Basic Framework for Formulation of Road Safety Improvement Program
2.1 Stage-I Ranking of Safety Hazardous Locations
The first stage in the frame work for development of road safety improvement
program is the ranking of safety hazardous location. .The main purpose of this stage is
to rank the safety hazardous location because it is generally not possible to implement
all remedial measures identified due to limited budget available for road safety
improvement. Hence, it is required to rank the hazardous locations so that depending on
the available budget, the hazardous locations can be treated. Further, it is proposed to
develop two methodology for ranking of safety hazardous location i.e. stage I(ARA)
when accident record is available (ARA) and stage II(ARN) when accident record is not
available. Details are as follows.

5. 1889
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016
Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1885-1893
Rakesh Mehar, P.K Agarwal :: A Basic Frame Work For
Formulation Of Road Safety Improvement Program
2.1.1 Stage I (ARA): Ranking of Safety Hazardous Locations (Accident record
available)
This stage presents the frame work of ranking of safety hazardous location when
accident record is available. Details of sub stages is presented in Figure.2
Figure 2: Details of Sub stages of stage I (ARA) (Ranking of Safety Hazardous Locations)
2.1.2 Stage I (ARN): Ranking of Safety Hazardous Locations (Accident record is
not available)
The stage I (ARN) present the sub stages frame work of ranking of safety
hazardous location if accident record is not available. The safety hazardous locations can
be a specific location or a spot (one or more distinctive, adverse geometric feature such
as horizontal or vertical curve, bridge, underpass, intersection) or a road section ( i.e. an
identified length of road possessing uniform geometric, traffic and culture, and
homogeneous as to cross section, surface type, access control, and urban rural
characteristics). Therefore, a comprehensive methodology is developed which can rank
various hazardous location considering safety hazardous conditions at that locations.
Details of sub stages is presents in Figure.3
Figure 3: Details Sub Stage of Stage I (ARN) ( Ranking of Safety Hazardous Locations)

6. 1890
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016
Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1885-1893
Rakesh Mehar, P.K Agarwal :: A Basic Frame Work For
Formulation Of Road Safety Improvement Program
2.2 Stage II: Evaluation of Safety Hazardous Condition at Different Section in
Road Network
The second stage of basic frame work for formulation of road safety improvement
program is evaluation of safety hazardous condition at different section in road network.
The purpose of, this stage is to identify the basic factors which affect the safety on road
network. Further, the methodology is developed to evaluate the safety hazardous
condition at different section in road network. Factors affecting safety like carriageway
surface, shoulder, side slope, obstacle, drainage road width, sight distance, median,
lighting, traffic sign , road marking and over speed, Further, various indices to evaluate
the condition of these factors at different section are also developed. The rationale
behind formulation of indices is that the distress condition of the safety hazardous factor
is divided by the total condition of that particular factor on the particular section. These
indices are developed in such a way that safety hazardous condition of different section
of the road network can be compare. Details of sub stages is presents in Figure.4
Figure 4: Details Sub Stage of Stage II (Evaluation of Safety Hazardous Condition)
2.3 Stage III: Prioritization of Remedial Safety Measures
After the evaluation of safety hazardous locations, the next stage for is the prioritization
of remedial safety measures to be implemented on the different safety hazardous
locations. The objective of this stage is to identify appropriate and effective remedial
measure to alleviate the identified safety deficiencies on identified safety hazardous
locations in the road network. Safety remedial measures should be prioritize
considering that how much it is more important to improve safety at different sections in
the road network. The Figure.5 presents the sub stages of prioritization of remedial
safety measure.

7. 1891
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016
Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1885-1893
Rakesh Mehar, P.K Agarwal :: A Basic Frame Work For
Formulation Of Road Safety Improvement Program
Figure 5. Details of the Sub Stage of Stage III (Prioritization of Remedial Safety Measures)
2.4 Stage IV Formulation of Road Safety Improvement Program
The last stage of the frame work for is the formulation of road safety improvement
program. The purpose of this stage is to evaluate the effectiveness of the selected the
remedial safety measure on the identified hazardous location on considering the
effectiveness of road safety improvement program and availability of resource. It is
required to develop performance measures to evaluate the effectiveness of road safety
improvement program. Performance measures should be able to identify the
effectiveness of utilizing resources. Performance measures must be sensitive enough to
asses change in safety performance after road safety improvement program
implemented. Agency should also capable of collecting or accessing timely and
accurate data relevant to the performance measures.Figure.6 presents the sub stages of
stage IV i.e. formulation of road safety improvement program.
Figure 6: Details of Sub Stages of Stage IV (Formulation of Road Safety Improvement Program)
The outcome of these stages presents the basic framework for formulation of Road
Safety Improvement Program. Analysis and result using the proposed framework is
presented elsewhere (Agarwal, 2015; Agarwal, 2015). Further, various corporate houses
can collaborate this road safety improvement program under public private partnership
to improve road safety in India. This framework will be useful for improving safety on
Indian roads.

8. 1892
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016
Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1885-1893
Rakesh Mehar, P.K Agarwal :: A Basic Frame Work For
Formulation Of Road Safety Improvement Program
4. CONCLUSIONS
Study presents basic frame work for formulation of a road safety improvement program
in India. The following conclusions may be drawn based on the present study:
 There is an urgent need to develop a methodology to formulate road safety
improvement program. Further it is required that such methodology can evaluate
safety hazardous condition at different section in road network in a simple
manner and also able to rank these safety hazardous locations considering the
safety hazardousness at that location. It is also required that the methodology
should select the remedial safety measure on the basis of its effectiveness in
improving safety hazardous condition of the sections in the road network.
However, literature does not suggest any comprehensive and simple
methodology to select remedial safety measures to improve hazardous condition
of different section in the road network
 This study proposes a basic frame work for formulation of Road Safety
Improvement program. The framework consist of four major stages i.e Stage I
ranking of safety hazardous location, stage II evaluation of safety hazardous
condition at different Section in road network, Stage III prioritization of remedial
safety measures, Stage-IV formulation of road safety improvement program .
This study also presents the details of sub stages of various stages identified and
some basic concepts so that road safety improvement program can be
formulated.
It is expected that this basic framework will be useful for the formulation of Road
Safety Improvement Program and thus pave the way for improving safety on Indian
roads.
5. REFERENCES
[1.] Andrew, P. & Kanodia, M. (2004). Effective and fair identification of hazardous
locations. 83rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, January 11-15,
Washington D.C
[2.] Agarwal P.K., Garg S. and Bhawsar U.(2013).A Rational Approach for development of
Maintenance Program for Improving Road Safety Conditions. International Journal of
Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008,
Volume 3.
[3.] Agarwal P.K., Mehar R., and Garg S ., “An Approach for ranking Accident Black Spots
in A Road Network”. International Journal of Frontier in Technology, ISSN No:2350-
0344,. Vol. 1,Issue no.2,January 2015.
[4.] Moonjely, T., and Padmakumar, R. Effect of road characteristics on road safety: study
in Trivandrum rural highways. International Conference on Transportation Planning &
Implementation Methodologies for Developing Countries. 2014, Mumbai (India).
[5.] Meeghat, H., Mahmood., M. & Sobhani A. (2011). Ranking of hazardous road locations
in two-lane two-way rural roads with no accident record. Australasian Transport
Research Forum, 28:30, Adelaide.

9. 1893
ISSN: 2347-1697
International Journal of Informative & Futuristic Research (IJIFR)
Volume - 3, Issue -6, February 2016
Continuous 30th Edition, Page No.:1885-1893
Rakesh Mehar, P.K Agarwal :: A Basic Frame Work For
Formulation Of Road Safety Improvement Program
[6.] Mehar, R., Agarwal,P.K, A systematic approach for formulation of a road safety
improvement program in india. Procedia Social and Behavioural Science, vol. 104,
2013, pp.1038-1047
[7.] Mohammed, T. O., & Thanaa, M. (2012).Traffic Accidents at Hazardous Locations of
Urban Roads Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 4. 436:447.
[8.] MORT&H. (2013). Road Accidents in India, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways,
Government of India, Available from,
http://morth.nic.in/writereaddata/mainlinkFile/File1058.pdf
[9.] Narasimha, V. L., Sundararajan, T., and Raja, M. Subjective rating technique-a tool for
prioritizing roads in a network for periodic maintenance, Highway Research Bulletin
(69), The Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi, 2003, pp. 1–14.
[10.] World Bank and the World Health Organization, (2014).World report on road traffic
injury prevention, www.who.int/gho/publications/world_health_statistics/2014/en.
[11.] Agarwal, P.K., Mehar, R., Ahirwar, K., 2015. “A Rational Methodology to Improve
Safety on Road Network in Developing Countries,” Accepted in 3rd Conference of the
Transportation Research Group of India (3rd CTRG) December,2015