2. International Journal of Computer Informatics & Technological Engineering
Volume 1(5), August 2014
Author’s Research Area: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Page No: 86-88
87
Reena Gangwar : PROTOTYPE DESIGN FOR WILDLIFE MONITORING OF TIGERS USING MANET
requirements for habitat monitoring in general. It proposes architecture for monitoring seabird nesting environment and behavior. The currently deployed network consists of 32 nodes on a small island off the coast of Maine streaming useful live data onto the web. The Princeton’s ZebraNet Project [5] is an inter disciplinary effort with thrusts in both Biology and Computer Systems to track zebra behavior at Mpala Research Centre, Kenya. The goals are to develop, evaluate, implement, and test systems that integrate computing, wireless communication, and non‐volatile storage along with global positioning systems (GPS) and other sensors so that the systems can be used to perform novel studies of animal migrations and inter species interactions
IV. DESIGN GOALS & CHALLENGES
Wildlife movement and monitoring application need a good discussion with technical experts and wildlife officials , we collected some facts to design a region specific model of this proposed application with a good discussion . Following are the observation and end results :
a. To track the positional data of Tigers , we should keep the positional values on base station , the intermediate MANET nodes (Tigers , other wild animals ) will transfer that data to base station .
b. Tigers are difficult to trace and tranquilize, thus the human intervention should be minimum after the Mcollar( a Mobile collar in neck of animal) is fixed on them. This leads to a design goal that nodes remain powered for at least one year, and some alternate power source like solar powered cells may help in that situation .
c. Tigers generally tend to fight for their food , thus the physical design of the Mcollar should be strong enough .
d. The frequency of data collection from different mobile nodes and sensors should be configurable on runtime at base station and independent of other Mcollar ,so that the user of the system can check the frequency at which data is recorded from the Mcollar .
e. In future an image sensor can be fixed on the Mcollar , it is not included in this paper .
f. To efficiently utilize energy, it is desirable that the components of Mcollar which are not being used at a particular instance should be kept in power save or sleep mode.
g. The payload of data packet to be transmitted should be variable in size and data collected from the different sensors of Mcollar should recorded on a flash memory device .
A. Energy Constraints
As it has been observed and discussed that the nodes (Mcollar) should remain powered for at least one year, thus it is very important that energy should be spent in a very economical way. Some good methods of power savings on both software and hardware should applied . For that we suggested the operating voltage of the node at 3.0 -3.5 V, since this would lead to less power consumption for the same current flowing in the components. All the components are chosen such that they work on 3.0 -3.5 V range and easily recharged by solar panels .
B. Physical Design Constraints
The proposed Mcollar requires the GPS antenna and RF antenna to be at the top of the belt. It is also required that the belt should fit comfortably in the neck of the animal. The belt and the components of the node must be protected from physical damage by climatic conditions or fights or attacks. The node needs to be protected from dust, rain and heat . The solar film and light sensor need to be protected by a transparent covering. As a prototype the weight of the Mcollar to be less than 750 g in case of Tigers .
V. PROTOTYPE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN
a. In our prototype design each Mcollar shall fitted with a sensor node which has a microcontroller, GPS antenna , RFID antenna , flash memory device , sensors and a solar panel film for charging the batteries.
b. The Mcollar is fitted with some Tigers to carry the sensor node.
c. The nodes mostly keep in sleep mode for energy saving . They are synchronized with global time scale by GPS, thus they all wake up simultaneously and then the MANET discovery protocol will start . After the nodes are able to discover each other, data exchange will start .
d. The Mcollar thus exchange each other’s data and keep on exchanging the data until they come in the range of a base station. The data of all the nodes is transferred to the base station. Base station instructs the node to initiate the deletion of that particular data after it has reached the base station.
e. The nodes go back to sleep mode and wake up again at a scheduled time and then node discovery protocol start again .
f. The Mcollar sensor nodes will use thin-film energy storage cells coupled with solar and thermal energy harvesting devices to provide truly perpetual power. Intelligent mesh networking management techniques lower power consumption by minimizing wireless communications and distributing data processing. SPAN uses dynamic reconfiguration of wireless communication pathways to reduce data re- transmission rates and save power. Real-time power monitoring and adaptive duty cycling enable optimal energy budgeting. These advances in energy management will enable troops to infiltrate areas with a covert, low-maintenance sensor net, capable of persistent surveillance and alert reporting.
3. International Journal of Computer Informatics & Technological Engineering
Volume 1(5), August 2014
Author’s Research Area: Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Page No: 86-88
88
Reena Gangwar : PROTOTYPE DESIGN FOR WILDLIFE MONITORING OF TIGERS USING MANET
Figure 1 : Prototype design for M-collar
VI. CONCLUSION
This paper is part of research carried by the researcher and only a theoretical proposal with a functional prototype of Mcollar that work as a node and transfer that information to a mobile base station discussed here . The use of recommended prototype would make a proper functional system to overcome the problems of proper monitoring of Tigers and other wild life animals in Jim Corbett National park .Another significant approach proposed in this papers to make the system self powered in terms of energy requirements using solar panel and films . Mounting the node on a Mcollar and its actual testing of the system with the help of Jim Corbett National park and Uttarakhand Forest Department in real environment is our future goal to save the Tigers .
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I would like to thank my committed PhD supervisor Dr. M .K. Sharma for their continuous support and guidance throughout this work.
REFERENCES
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