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‫شرح‬
‫وافي‬
‫المتن‬ ‫االتصاالت‬ ‫الجيال‬
‫ق‬
‫لة‬
‫األربعة‬
‫مقار‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫و‬
‫نة‬
‫شاملة‬
‫بينها‬ ‫فيما‬
‫ل‬ ‫حصريا‬
‫قناة‬
‫دليل‬
‫طلبة‬
‫الدراسات‬
‫العليا‬
‫قسم‬
‫الهندسة‬
‫الكهربائية‬
/
‫العراق‬
‫ع‬
‫التليغرام‬
https://t.me/electricalengineeringmsci
ndex
‫م‬
/
‫العزاوي‬ ‫احمد‬
3122
3123
III
‫ال‬
‫محتويات‬
‫المحتويات‬
III
‫األشكال‬ ‫فهرس‬
X
‫الجداول‬ ‫فهرس‬
XIII
‫مصطلحات‬
XIV
‫الباب‬
‫األول‬
:
‫أساسية‬ ‫مفاهيم‬
1
-
1
‫المتنقمة‬ ‫االتصاالت‬ ‫في‬ ‫مقدمة‬
1
1
-
2
‫المتنقمة‬ ‫لالتصاالت‬ ‫العامة‬ ‫المعمارية‬
2
1
-
2
-
1
‫المتنقلة‬ ‫المحطة‬
(
MS
)
2
1
-
2
-
2
‫القاعدٌة‬ ‫المحطة‬
(
BSS
2
1
-
2
-
3
‫للمتنقالت‬ ‫التبدٌل‬ ‫مركز‬
(
MSC
3
1
-
2
-
4
ً‫الحال‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫سجل‬
HLR)
)
3
1
-
2
-
5
‫الزائر‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫سجل‬
(VLR)
3
1
-
2
-
6
‫للجوال‬ ‫التبدٌل‬ ‫بوابة‬ ‫مركز‬
(
(GMSC
3
1
-
2
-
7
‫التوثٌق‬ ‫مركز‬
(AUC)
3
1
-
2
-
8
‫التجهٌزات‬ ‫تطابق‬ ‫سجل‬
(EIR)
3
1
-
3
‫الخاليا‬ ‫أنظمة‬ ‫في‬ ‫أساسية‬ ‫مفاهيم‬
4
1
-
3
-
1
‫الخلٌة‬
(
Cell
)
4
1
-
3
-
1
-
1
‫للخلٌة‬ ً‫الهندس‬ ‫الشكل‬
4
1
-
3
-
1
-
2
‫العنقود‬
(
Cluster
)
5
1
-
3
-
1
-
3
‫الخالٌا‬ ‫أنواع‬
6
1
-
3
-
2
‫التسلٌم‬ ‫عملٌة‬
(Handoff )
7
1
-
3
-
3
‫التجوال‬ ‫خاصٌة‬
(
(Roaming
8
1
-
3
-
4
‫التردد‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫إعادة‬
(
Frequency reuse
)
9
1
-
3
-
5
‫ا‬
‫لتغطٌة‬
11
1
-
4
‫المتعدد‬ ‫الوصول‬ ‫تقنيات‬
(
Multiple Access techniques
)
11
1
-
4
-
1
‫تقنٌة‬
(
FDMA
)
11
1
-
4
-
2
‫تقنٌة‬
(
TDMA
)
11
1
-
4
-
3
‫تقنٌة‬
(
CDMA
)
11
1
-
4
-
4
‫تقنٌة‬
(
OFDMA
)
12
1
-
5
‫التعديل‬ ‫طرق‬
(
Modulation
)
12
IV
1
-
5
-
1
ً‫االتساع‬ ‫اإلزاحة‬ ‫تعدٌل‬
(
ASK
)
13
1
-
5
-
2
‫الترددي‬ ‫اإلزاحة‬ ‫تعدٌل‬
(
FSK
)
13
1
-
5
-
3
‫الزاوي‬ ‫اإلزاحة‬ ‫تعدٌل‬
(
PSK
)
14
1
-
5
-
4
‫الدنٌا‬ ‫اإلزاحة‬ ‫تعدٌل‬
(
MSK
)
14
‫الثاني‬ ‫الباب‬
:
‫األول‬ ‫الجيل‬
2
-
1
‫مقدمة‬
16
2
-
2
‫التماثمية‬ ‫المتنقمة‬ ‫االتصاالت‬
17
2
-
2
-
1
‫المتحدة‬ ‫الوالٌات‬
17
2
-
2
-
2
‫أوروبا‬
18
2
-
2
-
3
‫الٌابان‬
18
2
-
3
Advanced Mobile Phone System
(
AMPS
)
19
2
-
3
-
1
‫نظام‬ ‫تردد‬ ‫تخصٌص‬
(
AMPS
)
19
2
-
3
-
2
‫قنوات‬
(
(AMPS
19
2
-
3
-
2
-
1
(SAT)
21
2
-
3
-
2
-
2
(ST)
21
2
-
3
-
3
‫الشبكة‬ ‫مهام‬
21
2
-
3
-
3
-
1
‫النقال‬ ‫الهاتف‬ ‫تشغٌل‬ ‫بدء‬
22
2
-
3
-
3
-
2
‫النقال‬ ‫الهاتف‬ ‫من‬ ‫االتصال‬ ‫إجراء‬ ‫إعدادات‬
22
2
-
3
-
3
-
3
‫الجهاز‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫االتصال‬ ‫إعدادات‬
23
2
-
3
-
3
-
4
‫الخالٌا‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫التسلٌم‬
23
2
-
4
(NMT) Nordic Mobile Telephony
24
2
-
4
-
1
‫نظام‬ ‫معمارٌة‬
(
NMT
)
25
2
-
4
-
2
‫النقال‬ ‫بالهاتف‬ ‫االتصال‬ ‫إعدادات‬
25
2
-
4
-
3
‫لنظام‬ ‫الترددات‬ ‫تخصٌص‬
(
NMT
)
25
2
-
4
-
4
‫قنوات‬
(
NMT
)
26
2
-
4
-
4
-
1
‫االتصال‬ ‫قناة‬
26
2
-
4
-
4
-
2
‫العبور‬ ‫قناة‬
26
2
-
4
-
4
-
3
‫المشترك‬ ‫واالتصال‬ ‫المرور‬ ‫قنوات‬
27
2
-
4
-
4
-
4
‫البٌانات‬ ‫قناة‬
27
2
-
4
-
5
‫الشبكة‬ ‫مهام‬
27
2
-
4
-
5
-
1
‫التصفح‬
27
V
2
-
4
-
5
-
2
‫التسلٌم‬
27
2
-
4
-
6
‫الخالٌا‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫التسلٌم‬
28
2
-
4
-
7
‫التسلٌم‬ ‫طابور‬
28
2
-
4
-
8
‫الموقع‬ ‫بٌانات‬ ‫تحدٌث‬
29
2
-
4
-
9
‫التجوال‬ ‫عملٌة‬ ‫تحدٌث‬
29
2
-
4
-
11
‫الخدمة‬ ‫منطقة‬
29
2
-
4
-
11
‫الشبكة‬ ‫عملٌات‬
29
2
-
4
-
12
‫االتصال‬ ‫قناة‬ ‫عن‬ ‫البحث‬
29
2
-
4
-
13
‫اإلرسال‬ ‫جودة‬
31
2
-
4
-
14
‫بالضوضاء‬ ‫المتأثرة‬ ‫القنوات‬ ‫إغالق‬
31
2
-
4
-
15
‫المتقطع‬ ‫االستقبال‬
31
2
-
4
-
16
‫أمنٌة‬
(
NMT
)
31
2
-
4
-
17
‫النقال‬ ‫الهاتف‬ ‫هوٌة‬ ‫مراقبة‬
31
2
-
4
-
18
‫المشتركٌن‬ ‫هوٌة‬ ‫أمنٌة‬
(
SIS
)
31
2
-
4
-
19
‫آخر‬ ‫لموقع‬ ‫تابع‬ ‫نداء‬ ‫منع‬
32
2
-
4
-
21
‫رمز‬
(
PIN
)
32
‫الثالث‬ ‫الباب‬
:
‫الثاني‬ ‫الجيل‬
3
-
1
‫مقدمة‬
33
3
–
2
‫الثاني‬ ‫الجيل‬ ‫شبكات‬ ‫أشهر‬
33
3
–
3
‫الثاني‬ ‫الجيل‬ ‫لتحقيقها‬ ‫يسعى‬ ‫أهداف‬
34
3
–
4
‫المتنقمة‬ ‫لالتصاالت‬ ‫الشامل‬ ‫النظام‬
(
GSM
)
34
3
-
4
-
1
‫نظام‬ ‫مواصفات‬
(
GSM
)
35
3
-
4
-
2
‫نظام‬ ‫مكونات‬
(
GSM
)
35
3
-
4
-
2
-
1
‫النقال‬ ‫الهاتف‬
(
MS
)
35
3
-
4
-
2
-
2
‫القاعدٌة‬ ‫المحطة‬
(
BS
)
36
3
-
4
-
2
-
3
‫للمتنقالت‬ ‫التبدٌل‬ ‫مركز‬
(
MSC
)
37
3
-
4
-
2
-
4
ً‫المحل‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫مسجل‬
(
HLR
)
37
3
-
4
-
2
-
5
‫الزائر‬ ‫الموقع‬ ‫مسجل‬
(
VLR
)
38
3
-
4
-
2
-
6
‫المعدات‬ ‫هوٌة‬ ‫مسجل‬
(
EIR
)
39
3
-
4
-
2
-
7
‫التوثٌق‬ ‫مركز‬
(
AUC
)
39
3
-
4
-
2
-
8
‫الصٌانة‬ ‫و‬ ‫التشغٌل‬ ‫مركز‬
(
OMC
)
39
VI
3
-
4
-
2
-
9
‫المنطقٌة‬ ‫القنوات‬
(Logical Channel)
41
3
-
4
-
2
-
9
-
1
‫التحكم‬ ‫قنوات‬
(Control Channels)
41
3
-
4
-
2
-
9
-
2
‫المرور‬ ‫أو‬ ‫النقل‬ ‫قنوات‬
(
(TCH
43
3
-
4
-
3
‫نظام‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫اإلرسال‬ ‫خطوات‬
(
GSM
)
45
3
-
4
-
4
‫نظام‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫اإلرسال‬ ‫لمشاكل‬ ‫حلول‬
(
GSM
)
46
3
-
3
-
4
-
1
‫القناة‬ ‫تشفٌر‬
46
3
-
3
-
4
-
2
‫الهوائٌات‬ ‫مباعدة‬
47
3
-
3
-
4
-
3
‫الترددي‬ ‫القفز‬
48
3
-
4
-
5
‫نظام‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫رقمٌة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫التماثلٌة‬ ‫اإلشارة‬ ‫تحوٌل‬
(
GSM
)
49
3
-
4
-
6
‫منفصلة‬ ‫مقاطع‬ ‫إرسال‬
49
3
-
4
-
7
‫نظام‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫اإلطار‬ ‫شكل‬
(
GSM
)
51
3
-
4
-
8
‫اإلرسال‬ ‫و‬ ‫التعدٌل‬
51
3
-
4
-
9
‫الخفوت‬
(
Fading
)
51
3
-
4
-
11
‫نظام‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫األمنٌة‬
(
GSM
)
52
3
-
5
‫نظام‬
(
CDMA One
-
"
IS-95
)"
53
3
-
5
-
1
‫النظام‬ ‫تطور‬ ‫مراحل‬
54
3
-
5
-
2
‫البٌانات‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫ومعدل‬ ‫التضمٌن‬
55
3
-
5
-
3
‫النظام‬ ‫سعة‬
55
3
-
5
-
4
‫الوضوح‬
56
3
-
5
-
5
‫الكلفة‬
56
3
-
5
-
6
‫نظام‬ ‫مكونات‬
(
CDMA One
)
56
3
-
5
-
7
‫نظام‬ ‫قنوات‬
(
CDMA
)
57
3
-
5
-
7
-
1
ً‫األمام‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫قنوات‬
(
Forward Link
)
57
3
-
5
-
7
-
2
ً‫العكس‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫قنوات‬
(
The Reverse Link Channel
)
59
3
-
6
‫المتنقمة‬ ‫االتصاالت‬ ‫من‬ ‫النصف‬ ‫و‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫الجيل‬ ‫مقدمة‬
(
2.5G
)
61
3
-
6
-
1
‫شبكة‬ ‫تعمل‬ ‫كٌف‬
GPRS)
)
61
3
-
6
-
2
‫مفهوم‬
Packet Switching)
)
61
3
-
6
-
3
‫نظام‬ ‫مٌزات‬
(
GPRS
)
62
3
-
6
-
4
‫شبكة‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫المطلوبة‬ ‫الجدٌدة‬ ‫األجهزة‬
(
GPRS
)
62
3
-
6
-
4
-
1
‫المستخدم‬ ‫أجهزة‬
(
Subscriber Terminal
)
63
3
-
6
-
4
-
2
‫القاعدٌة‬ ‫المحطة‬ ‫أجهزة‬
(
GPRS Base Station Subsystem
)
63
3
-
6
-
4
-
3
‫الداعمة‬ ‫النقاط‬
(GPRS Support Nodes)
64
VII
‫الرابع‬ ‫الباب‬
:
‫الثالث‬ ‫الجيل‬
4
-
1
‫مقدمة‬
66
4
-
2
‫الثالث‬ ‫الجيل‬ ‫شبكات‬ ‫أشهر‬
66
4
-
3
‫الجيل‬ ‫لتحقيقها‬ ‫يسعى‬ ‫أهداف‬
‫الثالث‬
67
4
-
4
‫نظام‬
(
UMTS
)
‫المتنقمة‬ ‫الهاتفية‬ ‫لالتصاالت‬ ‫العالمي‬ ‫النظام‬
68
4
-
4
-
1
‫نظام‬ ‫مواصفات‬
(
UMTS
)
68
4
-
4
-
2
‫معمارٌة‬
‫النظام‬
(System Architecture)
69
4
-
4
-
2
-
1
‫المستخدم‬ ‫تجهٌزات‬
(UE)
71
4
-
4
-
2
-
2
‫شبكة‬ ‫معمارٌة‬
‫الرادٌوي‬ ‫الولوج‬
71
4
-
4
-
3
‫نظام‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫الخفوت‬
(
UMTS
)
72
4
-
4
-
4
‫نظام‬ ً‫ف‬ ‫والسرٌة‬ ‫األمن‬
(
UMTS
)
73
4
-
4
-
4
-
1
‫تمتلكها‬ ً‫الت‬ ‫المواصفات‬ ‫مجموعة‬
(
UMTS
)
‫لألمن‬
74
4
-
4
-
4
-
2
‫نظام‬ ‫مواصفات‬
(
UMTS
)
‫مزاٌا‬ ‫المستخدم‬ ‫هوٌة‬ ‫تمتلك‬ ً‫لك‬
‫األمنٌة‬ ‫الثقة‬
75
4
-
5
‫نظام‬
CDMA2000
75
4
-
5
-
1
ً‫ف‬ ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫التقنٌات‬
(
CDMA2000
)
75
4
-
5
-
1
-
1
(
CDMA2000 1XRTT
)
76
4
-
5
-
1
-
2
(
CDMA2000 1XEV-DO
)
76
4
-
5
-
1
-
3
(
CDMA2000 1XEV-DV
)
76
4
-
5
-
1
-
4
(
CDMA 2000 3X RTT
)
76
4
-
5
-
2
‫النظام‬ ‫ممٌزات‬
77
4
-
5
-
3
‫النظام‬ ‫معمارٌة‬
78
4
-
5
-
4
‫نظام‬ ‫قنوات‬
2111
CDMA
78
4
-
5
-
4
-
1
ً‫األمام‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫قنوات‬
(
Forward Link
)
78
4
-
5
-
4
-
1
-
1
‫الدلٌل‬ ‫قناة‬
(
Pilot Channel
)
79
4
-
5
-
4
-
1
-
2
‫التزامن‬ ‫قناة‬
(
Channel
Sync
)
79
4
-
5
-
4
-
1
-
3
‫الخادم‬ ‫قناة‬
(
Channel
Paging
)
81
4
-
5
-
4
-
1
-
4
‫النقل‬ ‫قناة‬
(
Traffic Channel
)
81
4
-
5
-
4
-
2
ً‫العكس‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫قنوات‬
(
The Reverse Link Channel
)
82
4
-
5
-
5
‫السعة‬ ‫تحسٌن‬ ‫طرق‬
83
4
-
5
-
5
-
1
‫القطاعات‬ ‫عدد‬ ‫زٌادة‬
(
Sectorization
)
83
VIII
4
-
5
-
5
-
2
‫النشط‬ ‫الصوت‬ ‫اكتشاف‬
(
VAD
)
83
4
-
5
-
5
-
3
‫تقنٌة‬ ‫استخدام‬
(
TDM
)
‫األمامٌة‬ ‫القنوات‬ ‫لفصل‬
83
4
-
5
-
5
-
4
ً‫الذك‬ ً‫الهوائ‬
(
Smart Antenna
)
84
4
-
6
‫بين‬ ‫مقارنة‬
CDMA2000
&
UMTS
:
85
‫الخامس‬ ‫الباب‬
:
‫الجيل‬
‫الرابع‬
5
-
1
‫مقدمة‬
86
5
-
2
‫ابع‬
‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫الجيل‬ ‫شبكات‬ ‫أشهر‬
86
5
-
3
‫ابع‬
‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫الجيل‬ ‫تحقيقها‬ ‫الى‬ ‫يسعى‬ ‫أهداف‬
87
5
-
4
‫البعيد‬ ‫المدى‬ ‫تطور‬ ‫نظام‬
(
LTE
)
87
5
-
4
-
1
‫اصفات‬‫و‬‫م‬
LTE
89
5
-
4
-
2
‫النظام‬ ‫ية‬‫ر‬‫معما‬
91
5
-
4
-
2
-
1
‫ية‬‫ز‬‫المرك‬ ‫الشبكة‬
91
5
-
4
-
3
‫نظام‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫قن‬
(
LTE
)
91
5
-
4
-
3
-
1
‫يائية‬‫ز‬‫الفي‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫القن‬
92
5
-
4
-
3
-
2
‫النقل‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫قن‬
94
5
-
4
-
3
-
3
‫المنطقية‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫القن‬
96
5
–
4
-
4
‫عمل‬ ‫مبدأ‬
LTE
‫عميها‬ ‫يعتمد‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الرقمية‬ ‫التقنيات‬‫و‬
97
5
-
4
-
5
‫في‬ ‫المستخدمة‬ ‫التقنيات‬
LTE
98
5
-
4
-
5
-
1
OFDM
98
5
-
4
-
5
-
1
-
1
‫تقنية‬ ‫ات‬
‫ز‬‫ممي‬
OFDM
111
5
-
4
-
5
-
1
-
2
‫مشاكل‬
OFDM
112
5
-
4
-
5
-
2
SC-FDMA
113
5
-
6
‫ماكس‬ ‫اي‬‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫تقنية‬
WIMAX
114
5
-
6
-
1
‫اصفات‬‫و‬‫م‬
WIMAX
115
5
-
6
-
2
‫في‬ ‫البيانات‬ ‫نقل‬ ‫يقة‬‫ر‬‫ط‬
WIMAX
117
5
-
6
-
3
‫تطبيقات‬
WIMAX
118
5
-
6
-
4
‫ات‬
‫ز‬‫ممي‬
WIMAX
118
5
-
6
-
4
-
1
‫في‬ ‫األمان‬
WIMAX
118
5
-
6
-
4
-
2
‫الترخيص‬ ‫وسهولة‬ ‫التكمفة‬ ‫قمة‬
118
5
-
6
-
4
-
3
‫السمكيا‬ ‫ي‬
‫التمفاز‬ ‫البث‬ ‫نقل‬
119
5
-
6
-
5
‫الترددي‬ ‫الطيف‬
119
IX
5
-
6
-
6
‫بالعالمية‬ ‫تتسم‬ ‫اتها‬
‫ر‬‫ادا‬ ‫أنشطة‬
111
5
-
7
‫ماكس‬ ‫اي‬‫و‬‫ال‬ ‫تقنية‬ ‫بين‬ ‫الفروق‬ ‫أهم‬
WiMAX
‫و‬
‫فاي‬ ‫اي‬‫و‬‫ال‬
WiFi
111
5
-
8
‫بين‬ ‫نة‬‫ر‬‫مقا‬
LTE , WiMAX
112
5
-
9
‫المتقدم‬ ‫البعيد‬ ‫المدى‬ ‫تطور‬ ‫نظام‬
(
LTE-Advanced
)
112
5
-
9
-
1
‫بين‬ ‫نة‬‫ر‬‫مقا‬
LTE
‫و‬
LTE- Advanced
113
5
-
11
‫نظام‬
(
WiMAX-2
)
114
‫السادس‬ ‫الباب‬
:
‫األربعة‬ ‫األجيال‬ ‫بين‬ ‫مقارنة‬
6
-
1
‫مقدمة‬
117
6
-
2
‫األول‬ ‫الجيل‬
117
6
-
3
‫الثاني‬ ‫الجيل‬
121
6
-
4
‫الثالث‬ ‫الجيل‬
128
6
-
5
‫ابع‬
‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫الجيل‬
133
6
-
6
‫جدول‬ ‫في‬ ‫المقارنة‬ ‫خالصة‬
138
X
‫األ‬ ‫فهرس‬
‫كشال‬
‫األو‬ ‫البلب‬
:
‫أسلسية‬ ‫مفلهيم‬
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
1
)
‫الكشريحة‬
2
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
2
)
‫الخلوي‬ ‫النظلم‬
4
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
3
)
‫ي‬
‫دائر‬ ‫كشا‬ ‫ذات‬ ‫خاليل‬
5
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
4
)
‫للخاليل‬ ‫متعددة‬ ‫أكشال‬
5
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
5
)
‫الخلية‬ ‫قطر‬ ‫ونصف‬ ‫التردد‬ ‫إعلدة‬ ‫مسلفة‬ ‫بين‬ ‫العالقة‬
9
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
6
)
‫ة‬
‫متجلور‬ ‫غير‬ ‫خاليل‬ ‫في‬ ‫التردد‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫إعلدة‬ ‫مفهوم‬
9
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
7
)
‫االتصلالت‬ ‫أنظمة‬ ‫في‬ ‫التغطية‬
11
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
8
)
‫التردد‬ ‫بتقسيم‬ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫الوصو‬
11
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
9
)
‫الزمن‬ ‫بتقسيم‬ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫الوصو‬
11
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
11
)
‫ة‬
‫الكشفر‬ ‫بتقسيم‬ ‫المتعدد‬ ‫الوصو‬
11
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
11
)
‫تقنية‬
OFDM
12
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
12
)
‫لطريقة‬ ‫مثل‬
ASK
13
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
13
)
‫لطريقة‬ ‫مثل‬
FSK
13
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
14
)
‫لطريقة‬ ‫مثل‬
PSK
14
‫كشا‬
(
1
-
15
)
‫لطريقة‬ ‫مثل‬
MSK
15
‫الثلني‬ ‫البلب‬
:
‫األو‬ ‫الجي‬
‫كشا‬
(
2
-
1
)
‫ترايبة‬
(
ESN
)
21
‫الثللث‬ ‫البلب‬
:
‫الثلني‬ ‫الجي‬
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
1
)
‫النظلمين‬ ‫ترددات‬
GSM
‫و‬
DCS
35
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
2
)
‫اديوية‬
‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫الخاليل‬ ‫كشا‬
36
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
3
)
‫وظلئف‬
MSC
37
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
4
)
‫محتويلت‬
HLR
38
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
5
)
‫إلى‬ ‫البيلنلت‬ ‫نق‬ ‫طريقة‬
VLR
38
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
6
)
‫محتويلت‬
EIR
39
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
7
)
‫نظلم‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫قن‬
GSM
44
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
8
)
‫نظلم‬ ‫في‬ ‫االستقبل‬‫و‬ ‫اإلرسل‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫خط‬
GSM
45
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
9
)
‫نظلم‬ ‫في‬ ‫المتبعة‬ ‫القنلة‬ ‫تكشفير‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫خط‬
GSM
47
XI
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
11
)
‫ائيلت‬‫و‬‫لله‬ ‫المالني‬ ‫التبلعد‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫على‬ ‫مثل‬
48
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
11
)
‫الترددية‬ ‫القفز‬ ‫نوعية‬ ‫على‬ ‫مثل‬
49
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
12
)
‫نظلم‬ ‫في‬ ‫التداخلي‬ ‫التحزيم‬
GSM
51
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
13
)
‫نظلم‬ ‫في‬ ‫اإلطلر‬
GSM
51
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
14
)
Rice Fading
51
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
15
)
Raleigh Fading
52
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
16
)
‫تقنية‬
CDMA
53
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
17
)
‫تقنية‬
FHSS
54
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
18
)
‫تقنية‬
DSSS
54
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
19
)
‫نظلم‬
QPSK
55
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
21
)
‫كشباة‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫قن‬
CDMA One
57
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
21
)
‫األملمي‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫ات‬‫و‬‫قن‬
57
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
22
)
‫لنظلم‬ ‫مبسطة‬ ‫كشباة‬
GPRS
‫كشباة‬ ‫على‬ ‫قلئمة‬
GSM
61
‫كشا‬
(
3
-
23
)
‫موقع‬
PCU
‫داخ‬
BSS
64
‫ابع‬
‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫البلب‬
:
‫الثللث‬ ‫الجي‬
‫كشا‬
(
4
-
1
)
‫لنظلم‬ ‫العلمة‬ ‫المعملرية‬
UMTS
71
‫كشا‬
(
4
-
2
)
‫اديوية‬
‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫الكشباة‬ ‫متحام‬
RNC
71
‫كشا‬
(
4
-
3
)
‫معملرية‬
UTRAN
72
‫كشا‬
(
4
-
4
)
‫نظلم‬ ‫تطوير‬ ‫اح‬
‫ر‬‫م‬
CDMA
77
‫كشا‬
(
4
-
5
)
‫ات‬‫و‬‫قن‬
‫األملمي‬ ‫الخط‬
79
‫كشا‬
(
4
-
6
)
‫العاسي‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫قنلتي‬
82
‫الخلمس‬ ‫البلب‬
:
‫ابع‬
‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫الجي‬
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
1
)
‫معملرية‬
LTE
91
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
2
)
‫ات‬‫و‬‫قن‬
‫نظلم‬
LTE
97
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
3
)
‫تقنية‬
OFDM
99
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
4
)
‫التضمين‬
‫في‬
OFDM
111
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
5
)
‫ة‬
‫اكشلر‬
‫مكشوكشة‬
111
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
6
)
‫ة‬
‫ظلهر‬
ISI
112
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
7
)
‫المخطط‬
‫الصندوقي‬
‫لـ‬
SC-FDMA
114
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
8
)
‫طريقة‬
‫عم‬
‫اي‬‫و‬‫ال‬
‫ملاس‬
116
XII
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
9
)
‫تغطية‬
‫اي‬‫و‬‫ال‬
‫ملاس‬
116
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
11
)
‫اقبة‬
‫ر‬‫الم‬
‫عن‬
‫طريق‬
‫ات‬
‫ر‬‫المي‬
‫اقبة‬
‫ر‬‫الم‬
118
‫كشا‬
(
5
-
11
)
‫ات‬
‫ز‬‫ممي‬
‫اي‬‫و‬‫ال‬
‫ملاس‬
111
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
12
)
‫الفرق‬
‫بين‬
WiMAX
،
WiFi
111
‫كشا‬
(
5
–
13
)
‫الخط‬
‫الزمني‬
‫للـ‬
WiMAX
‫و‬
LTE
116
‫السلدس‬ ‫البلب‬
:
‫المقلرنة‬‫و‬ ‫الخالصة‬
‫كشا‬
(
6
-
1
)
‫تقنية‬
FDMA
118
‫كشا‬
(
6
-
2
)
‫تقنية‬
TDMA
122
‫كشا‬
(
6
-
3
)
‫معملرية‬
‫نظلم‬
GSM
124
‫كشا‬
(
6
-
4
)
‫تقنية‬
CDMA
128
‫كشا‬
(
6
-
5
)
‫خدملت‬
UMTS
133
‫كشا‬
(
6
–
6
)
‫تقنية‬
OFDM
133
‫كشا‬
(
6
–
7
)
‫معملرية‬
LTE
137
XIII
‫الجداول‬ ‫فهرس‬
‫ابع‬
‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫الباب‬
:
‫الثالث‬ ‫الجيل‬
‫جدول‬
(
4
-
1
)
‫بين‬ ‫مقارنة‬
UMTS & CDMA2000
55
‫الخامس‬ ‫الباب‬
:
‫ابع‬
‫ر‬‫ال‬ ‫الجيل‬
‫جدول‬
(
5
–
1
)
‫الترددية‬ ‫الحزم‬
FDD-LTE
‫الدول‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫في‬
55
‫جدول‬
(
5
–
2
)
‫الحزم‬
‫الترددية‬
TDD-LTE
‫في‬
‫بعض‬
‫الدول‬
58
‫جدول‬
(
5
–
3
)
‫مقارنة‬
‫بين‬
LTE , WIMAX
112
‫جدول‬
(
5
–
4
)
‫مقارنة‬
‫بين‬
LTE
‫و‬
LTE- Advanced
113
‫جدول‬
(
5
–
5
)
‫مقارنة‬
‫بين‬
WiMAX , WiMAX-2
115
XIV
Evolution - Data Only
1XEV-DO
Evolution ( Data – Voice )
1XEV-DV
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
AAA
Access Grant Channel
AGCH
Advanced Mobile Phone System
AMPS
Authentication Register
AR
Amplitude shift keying
ASK
Authentication Center
AUC
Broadcast Control Channel
BCCH
Broadcast Channels
BCH
Binary Frequency Shift Keying
BFSK
Base Station Controller
BSC
BS Identity Code
BSIC
Base Station System
BSS
Base Transceiver Station
BTS
Calling Channel
CC
Common Control Channels
CCCH
Control Channel
CCH
Code Division Multiple Access
CDMA
Circuit Switched
CS
Digital AMPS
DAMPS
Data Channel
DC
Dedicated Control Channels
DCCH
Digital Cellarer System
DCS
Discrete Fourier Transform
DFT
Digital Subscriber Line
DSL
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
DSSS
Dedicated Traffic Channel
DTCH
Equipment Identity Register
EIR
XV
Enhance Data Rates For Global Evolution
EDGE
European Telecommunications Standard Institute
ETSI
Fast Associated Control Channel
FACCH
Frequency Correction Channel
FCCH
Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDM
Frequency Division Multiple Access
FDMA
Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum
FHSS
Frequency Modulation
FM
Frequency shift keying
FSK
Gateway GPRS Support Node
GGSN
Gateway Mobil Switching Center
GMSC
Minimum Shift Keying Gaussian
GMSK
General Packet Radio Service
GPRS
Global System for Mobile Communications
GSM
Home Agent
HA
Home Location Register
HLR
High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSDPA
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
HSUPA
Home Subscriber Server
HSS
Internet Protocol
IP
Inter-system Interference
ISI
Integrated Services Digital Network
ISDN
Line of sight
LOS
Long Term Evolution
LTE
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service
MBMS
Multicast Channel
MCH
Mobility Management Entity
MME
Manufacturers code
MFR
The Mobile Identification Number
MIN
Multicast Traffic Channel
MTCH
Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output
MIMO
XVI
Mobile Station
MS
Mobile Switching Center
MSC
Minimum shift keying
MSK
Mobile Telephone System
MTS
Nordic Mobile Telephone
NMT
Non Line of sight
NLOS
Nippon Telephone and Telegraph
NTT
Operation and Maintenance Center
OMC
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
OFDM
Physical Broadcast Channel
PBCH
Paging Channel
PCH
Paging Control Channel
PCCH
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
PCFICH
Packet control unit
PCU
Policy Control and charging Rules Function
PCRF
PDN Gate Way
P-GW
Personal Digital Assistant
PDA
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
PDSCH
Protocol Data Unit
PDU
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel
PHICH
Physical Multicast Channel
PMCH
Personal Identification Number
PIN
Physical Random Access Channel
PRACH
Packet Switched
PS
Phase shift keying
PSK
Public Telephone Switched Network
PSTN
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
PUSCH
Physical Uplink Control Channel
PUCCH
Quarter Phase shift keying
QPSK
quadrature amplitude modulation
QAM
XVII
Random Access Channel
RACH
Radio Network Control
RNC
Radio Network Sub-system
RNS
Radio Telephone Mobile System
RTMS
Physical Random Access Channel
PRACH
A Secret Authentication Key
SAK
Slow Associated Control Channel
SACCH
The Supervisory Audio Tone
SAT
Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel
SDCCH
Serving GPRS Support Node
SGSN
Synchronization Channel
SCH
Single Carrier frequency Domain Multiple Access
SC-FDMA
The System Identification Numbers
SID
Subscriber Identity Module
SIM
Subscriber Identity Security
SIS
Signal Noise Ratio
SNR
The Signaling Tone
ST
Serving Gate Way
S-GW
Total Access Communications System
TACS
Traffic Channel
TCH
Half Rate TCH
TCH / H
Half Rate Speech Channel
TCH / HS
Full Rate TCH
TCH / F
Full Rate Speech Channel
TCH / FS
Time Division Multiple Access
TDMA
User Equipment
UE
Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UMTS
UMTS Subscriber Identity Module Card
USIM Card
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
UTRAN
Voice Active Detection
VAD
XVIII
Visitor Location Register
VLR
Wideband - Code Division Multiple Access
WCDMA
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks
WMAN
Access Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
WIMAX
Wireless Fidelity
Wi-Fi
MS

SIM
Microprocessor
BSS
Cells

MSC
HLR
VLR
GMSC
MSC
AUC
MSC
EIR
Cell



Cluster
, 7 , 12 , 21
4
4
Macro cells
Km
35
3
Micro cells
Km
1
0.1
Pico cells
m
100
0.1 Km
0.01
Selective cells
360
BTS
Umbrella Cells
Handoff
(Handoff )
MSC
MS
BS
MSC
MS
BS
MSC
MSC
BS
Handoff

Soft Handoffs
Drop
Hard Handoffs
Drop
Roaming
Roaming
Frequency reuse
Multiple Access techniques
FDMA
BAND
TDMA
Time-Slot
BAND
CDMA
OFDMA
sub-carriers
OFDM
Modulation
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
ASK
0
1
a
Interference
Noise
ASK
FSK
0
1
FSK
PSK
180
0
1
PSK
MSK
FSK
f1
f2
f2= 2 f1

f2
180

f1
180

f1

1
f2
MSK
MSK
GMSK
GSM
AMPS
NTT
1964
MTS
MTS
1982
AMPS
30 kHz
FDMA
FM
BFSK
10 kbps
12
cluster
omni directional antenna
824 – 849 MHz
869 – 894 MHz
50 MHz
AMPS
TACS
NMT
C-450
Radiocom2000
RTMS
TACS & NMT
50%
1995
AMPS
FM
FSK
25 kHz
TACS
NMT
RTMS
10 kHz
C-450
12.5 kHz
NMT -900 & Radiocom2000
NTT
1979
600
kHz
25
bps
300
1988
kbps
2.4
2400
AMPS
Advanced Mobile Phone System
kHz
30
BS
MS
AMPS
:
MHz
800
FM
MHz 800
AMPS
AMPS
MHz
50
824–849 MHz) and (869–894 MHz
25 MHz
MHz
45
667
333
1
666
334
}
333
313
354
334
{
312
21
16
AMPS
(SAT)
250 ms
5.97 kHz , 6 kHz and 6.03 kHz.
(ST)
AMPS
ESN
32
32-bit
ROM
ESN
Serial no.
24
31
Unused
18
23
MFR
0
17
SID
15
15-bit
AMPS
MIN
34
34-bit
21
MIN - ESN – SIDS
MIN - ESN
SAT
SAT
SAT
AMPS
MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
SAT
SAT
MSC
(NMT)
450 MHz
NMT-450
900MHz
NMT-900
NMT
NMT
MTX
HLR
BS
MS
MTX
HLR
PSTN
MTX
MTX
256
NMT
Full duplex
NMT 450
180
25 kHz
20
359
399
NMT
NMT
CC
TC
CC / TC
DC

NMT



Free Marking
Busy
Idle
CC
MTX
MTX
MTX
20
30
MTX
0
10
MTX
HLR
MTX
MTX
HLR
NMT
MTX
BSs
SNR
Block
NMT
NMT
HLR
3
SIS

3
Challenge - Response
MTX
MSs
MTX
PIN
NMT
PIN
PIN
GSM
GSM
1991
MHz
900
TDMA
IS-54
1991
DAMPS
Digital AMPS
TDMA
FDMA
IS-95
CDMA
GSM

1991
GSM
Group Special Mobile
1992
Global System for Mobile Communications


(ETSI)

1996
DCS
1800 MHz
GSM
900 MHz
1800 MHz
160 Kbps
8
1800 MHz
30
900
MHz
890 MHz
915 MHz
Uplink
935 MHz
960 MHz
Downlink
GSM
DCS
GSM
MS
GSM
BS
BTS
64
BSC
20
30
BTS
A-bit
BSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
HLR
HLR
VLR
HLR
MSC




VLR
EIR
EIR
EIR
AUC
HLR
OMC
OMC
OMC-S
OMC-R
GSM
(Traffic Channel)
TCH
(Control Channel)
CCH
GSM
GSM
(BCH
BCH

(FCCH
sin wave

(SCH)
GSM
SCH
(BSIC)
GSM

(BCCH
(CCCH
CCCH

(PCH)
PCH
IMSI
RACH

RACH
PCH
PCH
RACH
SDCCH
AGCH

(AGCH
AGCH
CCCH
(DCCH)

SDCCH
TCH

(SACCH
TCH
SDCCH

FACCH
SDCCH
FACCH
SDCCH
(TCH
TCH / F

TCH / FS
13 kbps
GSM
22.8 kbps

9600 bps
(TCH / F9.6)
9600 kbps
GSM
22.8 kbps

4800 bps
(TCH / F4.8)
4800 kbps
GSM
22.8 kbps

2400 bps
(TCH / F2.4)
2400 kbps
GSM
22.8 kbps
TCH / H
TCH / HS
TCH / F
7 kbps
GSM
11.4 kbps

4800 bps
(TCH / H4.8)
4800 kbps
GSM
11.4 kbps

2400 bps
(TCH / H2.4)
2400 kbps
GSM
11.4 kbps
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
GSM
20ms
260 bit
182 bit
78 bit
4 bit
3 bit
189 bit
1/2
387 bit
78 bit
456 bit
20 ms
GSM
10cm
GSM
FDMA
TDMA
8
577 s
124
uplink
downlink
45 MHz
GSM
20ms
260bit
13kb/s
456 bit
20ms
GSM
114 bit
8
912 bit
40ms
20ms
40ms
912 bit
114
8 bits
GSM
GSM
GSM
148 bit
545.5 micro sec
GSM
GSM
GMSK
270.8 kbps
200 kHz
1.35 bit/sec/Hz
Fading
GSM
Rice Fading
Raleigh Fading
Rice Fading
Raleigh Fading
GSM
GSM

(IMSI)
SIM

(MCC)
3
PSTN

(MNC)

(MSIN)
10
: (TMSI)
MS
IMSI


SIM

CDMA One
IS-95
1980
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
CDMA

FHSS
FHSS

DSSS
DSSS

QPSK
QPSK

IS-95
9.6 kbps
14.4 kbps
1995
1998
IS-95B
114kbps
CDMA One
22
66
1.25MHz
FDMA
6
GSM
18
CDMA
(VAD)
55
3
CDMA




CDMA One
GSM
CDMA
CDMA One
Forward Link
BTS
MS
Walsh
code

Pilot Channel
Handoff

Sync Channel

Paging Channel

Traffic Channel
CDMA2000
CDMA One

Primary Traffic

Secondary Traffic

Signaling
Walsh Code
The Reverse Link Channel

Access Channel

Traffic Channel
2.5G
GSM
9.6 kbps
171 kbps
call
Circuit
Switching)
Packet Switching)
GPRS
GSM
2.5G
100
(GPRS)
(GSM)
GPRS)
GPRS
GPRS
SGSN
HLR)
Packet Switching)
(packets
route
header information
(packet switching)
(circuit switching)
GSM)
(circuit
switching)
(header)
circuit)
switching)
,
(Packet Switching
GPRS)
GPRS
Always - on
GPRS
GPRS
GSM
GSM
GPRS
GPRS
Subscriber Terminal
GPRS
GSM
Packets
GPRS
Class A , Class B , Class C

:Class A terminals
GSM & GPRS
simultaneously

Class B terminals
GSM & GPRS

Class C terminals
GPRS Base Station Subsystem
BSS
(PCU
BSS
BTS
PCU
BSS
(GPRS Support Nodes)
GSM
MSC
circuit-switched central office
MSC
data traffic
SGSN
MS
SGSN
HLR
MS
MS
SGSN
mobility management
hand off
GGSN
interface
MSs
intranet
Protocol Data Unit(PDU)
SGSN
packet switching
circuit switching
UMTS
WCDMA
CDMA 2000
1995
1999
CDMA
(CDMA2000 1XRTT
100
CDMA 2000
CDMA 2000
1XEV-DO
2Mbps
700Kbps
DSL
EV-DO1
Instant connection
EDGE
GSM
EDGE
384 Kbps
GSM
TMDA
200KHz


GPRS



UMTS
UMTS
3G
2 Mbps
384 Kbps
GSM
UMTS
UMTS

1885 MHz-----2025 MHz
uplink

2110 MHz------2200 MHz
downlink
(5MHz)
QPSK
Soft handoff
10 ms
:(System Architecture)
(UMTS)

(UE)

(UTRAN)
(Node B)
(GSM)
(RNC)
(GSM)
(Core Network)

(Core Network)
(PTSN)
(UMTS)
(CS)
(PS)
(UE)
(PDA)
Uu
(WCDMA)

(Mobile Equipment)

(USIM Card)
(UMTS)
(SIM)
(GSM)
1MB
(GSM)
(8KB)
)
(32KB
(UTRAN)
UMTS
(UTRAN)

B
(Node B)
(BTS)
(GSM)
(Node B)

(RNC)
Node B
(UTRAN)
(CN)
(BSC)
(GSM)
( ‫شكل‬
4
-
2
‫الراديوي‬ ‫الشبكة‬ ‫متحكم‬ )
‫ة‬
(
RNC
)

(Cu)
(USIM)
(ME)

(Uu)
(WCDMA)
(UMTS)

(Iu)
(UTRAN)
(CN)

(Iur)
Soft Handover
RNC

(Iub)
(Node B)
(RNC)
(UTRAN)
(RNS)
(RNS)
(RNC)
(Node B)
(UTRAN)
UMTS
1μs
2μs
20μs
(WCDMA)
(WCDMA)
5 MHz
(WCDMA)
1
-
2
-
UMTS
UMTS
GSM
Node B
RNC
GSM



SIM

UMTS


Node B
RNC


Upgrading
UMTS
3G
Node B
UMTS



CDMA2000
CDMA
GSM)
CDMA)
(GSM
3G
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1XRTT

(307Kbps)
1x
(1.25MHZ)

IS-95A & IS-95B


CDMA ONE


50%
CDMA2000 1XEV-DO

)
(2.4 Mbps
(1.25 MHZ)



CDMA2000 1XEV-DV

)
(3.09 Mbps

CDMA 2000 3X RTT

3

1 Mbps
CDMA
CDMA

Voice Quality
CDMA

Battery Life
CDMA

No Cross-Talk
CDMA

Privacy
CDMA
IS95A
9.6kbp
s
IS95B
115.2kb
ps
CDMA20
00 3X
CDMA200
0 1X EV
1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
1995 1998
2000
2002
CDMA 1X
307.2kbps
MS
BS
HLR
VLR
AAA
HA)
(1XRTT)
CDMA
Forward Link
PILOT Channel
SYNC Channel
PAGING Channel
TRAFFIC Channel
-
Pilot Channel


Modulation



Amplitude
Handoff
Channel
Sync



1200bps
Pilot
Paging
Channel
Paging
CDMA
Overhead


CDMA
Traffic Channel
Categories Of Traffic
Primary Traffic
Secondary Traffic
Signaling

Forward Traffic
Walsh Code

Fundamental Channel

The Supplement Code Channel
Walsh Code
IS – 95A
The Reverse Link Channel
CDMA

Access Channel

Traffic Channel
Sectorization
3
Omni – Direction Antenna
VAD
35 %
VAD
55%
CDMA
VAD
3
1
2
8
TDM
CDMA2000
TDM
CDMA One
Smart Antenna


Quality

60 %
dropped
Capacity Gain

50 %
3

90 %
6
UMTS & CDMA2000
UMTS
CDMA2000
BW
5 MHz
1.25 MHz (1x)
3.75 MHz (3x)
Spreading
3.84 Mcps
1.2288 Mcps
Channelization codes
4-256 bits
4-128 bits (1x)
4-256 bits (3x)
Modulation
QPSK
QPSK
BPSK
Frame size
10 ms – PL
10,20,40 and 80ms - TL
20,40 and 80ms - PL
mode
FDD & TDD
FDD
Peak Data Rate
2 Mbps
614 kbps
.
LTE
LTE
( Long Term Evolution)
4G
3G
.
2
.
( ‫نظام‬
(WiFi)
(WiFi)
(WiMAX)
latency
(173mbps)
(326mbps)
(1 Gbps)
LTE
3.9
UMTS
LTE
UMTS
LTE - Advanced
(1 Gbps)
LTE
LTE
305
2016
Maravedis
86
FDD-LTE
14
TDD-LTE
FDD-LTE
TDD-LTE
LTE
100Mbps DL – 50 Mbps UL
1.4,3,5,10,15,20MHZ
5ms
:
Downlink: OFMA
Uplink: SC-OFDMA
QPSK,16QAM,64QAM
soft handoff
10msec
(S-GW)
IP
UE
eNodeBs
.
UE
“EPS Connection Management - IDLE” [ECM-
IDLE])
MME
UE
S-GW

PCRF
PCEF
P-GW
PCRF
QoS
PCEF
(P-GW)
PDN
IP
QoS
PCRF
IP
(
TFTs )
P-GW
QoS
GBR
3GPP
CDMA2000
WiMAX
Mobility Management Entity (MME)
MME
CN
UE
CN
NAS
( ‫الرئيسي‬ ‫المشترك‬ ‫الخادم‬
HSS
)
SAE
EPS-subscribed QoS
PDNs
APN
DNS
IP
PDN
PDN
HSS
MME
HSS
AUC
LTE
(LTE)

Physical channels
.

(Transport channels)
(MAC)
.

Logical channels
(MAC)
LTE
LTE
Uplink
Downlink
Downlink
(PBCH)

BCH
40ms
40ms
40ms

BCH

QPSK
(PCFICH)

(PDCCH)

UE
PCH
DL-SCH
ARQ
DL-SCH

Uplink

QPSK
ARQ
(PHICH)

ARQ ACK/NAKs
Uplink

QPSK
(PDSCH)

DL-SCH
PCH

QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM
(PMCH)

MCH

QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM

Uplink
(PUCCH)

ARQ ACK/NAKs
Downlink


CQI

BPSK and QPSK
(PUSCH)

UL-SCH

QPSK, 16-QAM, and 64-QAM
(PRACH)


Zadoff-Chu
Zadoff-Chu
LTE
Uplink
Downlink
MAC

Downlink
(BCH)


(DL-SCH)

ARQ





UE
DRX
UE

MBMS
(PCH)

UE
DRX
UE


(MCH)


MBSFN
MBMS


Uplink
(UL-SCH)



ARQ

(RACH)



(BCCH)

downlink
(PCCH)

downlink

UE
(CCCH)

UE

UEs
RRC
(MCCH)

downlink
MBMS
UE
MTCHs

UEs
MBMS
(DCCH)

UE

UE
RRC

(DTCH)

UE

DTCH
uplink
downlink
(MTCH)

Downlink
UE

UEs
MBMS
LTE
LTE
:
LTE
100km
BS ,
OFDM
LTE
GSM
UMTS
.
LTE
OFDM
( Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing )
1970
bandwidth
Channels
GSM
sub-carriers
OFDM
OFDM
FM
AB
DVB-T
ADSL
LTE+
WiMAX+
phase-shift
keying BPSK
quadrature phase-shift keying QPSK
quadrature
amplitude modulation
QAM
Subcarriers
Inverse
Fast Fourier Transform ( IFFT
DFT
OFDM
OFDMA
Up-Link
LTE
LTE+
SC-FDMA
OFDM
band
5.2 GHz
Mbps
54
fading
channel coding)
( equalization )
ISI
interfering
( sample time
time
single carrier
(dispersion
symbol
( noise )
delay
NLOS
OFDM
OFDM
offset frequency
carrier frequency offset
noise
amplifier
(Power)
Attenuation
ISI
symbol
band
dispersion
orthogonal
OFDM
ISI
frame
frame
frame
0.5
guide time
time band
(band)
SC-FDMA
Single Carrier frequency Domain Multiple Access

SC-FDMA
Up-Link
OFDMA
PAPR

multipath mitigation
OFDMA
PAPR

( cyclic prefix )
OFDMA
carrier based equalization

DFT
transmitter
transmission
transmit spectrum
( bandwidth )

LTE
( localized mapped subcarriers )
frequency selective gain
SC-FDMA
WIMAX
Maravedis
(WiMAX)
(LTE)
2011
(WiMAX)
17.25
(LTE)
320
(WiMAX)
5
WIMAX
WIMAX


WIMAX
WIMAX
WIMAX
WiMAX
X.509
56BIT-DES
WiMAX
VOIP
TVOIP
9 km
3000 GHz
WiMAX
WiFi
8000 km
54 Mbs
70 Mbs
60 m
100 km
2-11GHz
10-66 GHz
2.4-5 GHz
‫بين‬ ‫الفرق‬
WiMAX
،
WiFi
LTE , WiMAX
LTE , WIMAX
LTE-Advanced
downlink : 1 Gbps
uplink : 500 Mbps
LTE
downlink : 30 bps/Hz
uplink : 15 bps/Hz
BW
LTE
WiMAX
Downlink
OFDMA
Uplink
SC-FDMA
OFDMA
Architecture
All – IP
Spectrum
FDD and TDD
FDD (802.16m)
TDD
Spectrum
flexibility
Flexible bandwidth
Fixed bandwidth
Services/Apps
IMS
Standards
3GPP
IETF
5 ms
LTE
LTE
LTE-Advanced
LTE
LTE-Advanced
LTE
3GPP
LTE
LTE- Advanced
LTE- Advanced
LTE
downlink
1G
100M
uplink
500 M
50 M
less than 5 ms
~10 ms
3GPP releases)
Rel 10
Rel 8
DL
OFDMA
OFDMA
UL
SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA
LTE
LTE- Advanced
WiMAX-2
IEEE 802.16m
.1 G
10 ms
.
OFDMA
WiMax
3800 MHz
5, 7, 8.75, 10, 20, and 40 MHz
500 km/hr
Up to 500 km/hr
Up to 350 km/hr
bps/Hz
DL
30
15
UL
15
3.75
WiMAX , WiMAX-2
WIMAX- 2
WIMAX
1G
70 M
10 ms UL or DL
25 ms
IETF releases)
IEEE 802.16m
IEEE 802.16e
UL or DL
OFDMA
OFDMA
bps/Hz
DL
15
8
UL
6.75
2.8
Frequency Bands
3800 MHz
2500 MHz
Spectrum
TDD, FDD, and H-FDD
TDD, FDD
BW
5, 7, 8.75, 10, 20, and 40
MHz
Up to 20 MHz
DL: 2x2, 2x4, 4x2, 4x4,
8x8
UL: 1x2, 1x4, 2x4, 4x4
DL:2x2,2x4, 4x2, 4x4
UL:1x2, 1x4,2x2, 2x4
Up to 500 km/hr
Up to 120 km/hr
WiMAX
LTE
1G
2G
3G
4G

Analog Signal
Digital Signal

FDMA
FDMA

FM
BFSK

(
Hard Handoffs
)
dropped

AMPS
1982

(TACS)
1985

NMT
1981
1985

C-450
1985

:(Radiocom2000
1985

( RTMS
1985
AMPS
MHz
800
800MHz
50 MHz
824–849 MHz) and (869–894 MHz
MHz
45
667
312
21
(NMT)
(NMT)
MHz
450
MHz
900
359
25 kHz
399
MTX
HLR
BS
MS
CC
TC
CC / TC
DC

10kbps

50%

PIN


FDMA
TDMA
(Time-Slot)
TDMA

(GMSK)
GSM
CDMA One
QPSK

‫للرل‬ ‫بالتسليم‬
Soft Handoffs
(
Hard Handoffs
)
Drop
GSM
1991
IS-54
DAMPS
1991
IS-95
CDMA One
1980
GSM
900 MHz
1800 MHz
890MHz
915MHz
Uplink
935MHz
960MHz
Downlink
CDMA One
800MHz
1.2288 MHz
Uplink 835MHz825 MHz
Downlink 880 MHz 870MHz
GSM
MS
BS
MSC
HLR
VLR
EIR
AUC
OMC
GSM



(BCH
(FCCH
(SCH)
(BCCH
(CCCH
(PCH)
RACH
(AGCH
(DCCH)
SDCCH
(SACCH
FACCH
TCH / F
TCH / H
CDMA one
GSM

Pilot Channel
Sync Channel
Paging Channel
Traffic Channel

Access Channel
Traffic Channel

GSM
10 kbps
CDMA One
kbps

GPRS
GSM
30kbps
40kbps
1XRTT
CDMA one
50kbps
75kbps



(IMSI)
(MNC)
(MSIN)

(TMSI)
SIM



CDMA
CDMA

UMTS
QPSK
Forward
Reverse
CDMA2000
QPSK
Forward
BPSK
Reverse

Soft Handoff
UMTS
WCDMA
CDMA
1995
1999
CDMA
EDGE
GSM
GSM
TMDA
CDMA2000
1900 MHz
(uplink) 1850 - 1910 MHz
(downlink) 1930 - 1990 MHz
UMTS
1900MHz
FDD
(uplink) 1920 - 1980 MHz
(downlink) 2110 - 2170 MHz
TDD
(uplink) 1900 - 1920 MHz
(downlink) 2010 - 2025 MHz
UMTS

UE
(Mobile Equipment)
(USIM Card)

(UTRAN)
B
(Node B)
(RNC)
CDMA2000
MS
BS
HLR
VLR
AAA
HA

CDMA2000
2048kbps
,
348kbps
144 kbps,

UMTS
FDD
348kbps
(TDD
2 kbps



Node B
RNC


Upgrading


GPRS
300kbps

1XEV-DO
CDMA 2000
700 kbps
1XEV-DV

UMTS


.

OFDM
OFDM

LTE
WiMAX
QPSK , 16-QAM and 64-QAM
LTE
LTE
Long Term Evolution
4G
3G
WIMAX
(WiFi
(WiFi)
2.4GHz
WIMAX
(LTE)
2000 MHz
WIMAX
‫دد‬ ‫للت‬ ‫للنظام‬ ‫لهذل‬ ‫خصص‬
2500 MHz
.

(LTE)

(S-GW)

(P-GW)

Mobility Management Entity (MME)
( ‫ئمسي‬ ‫لل‬ ‫ك‬ ‫للرشت‬ ‫للخادم‬
HSS
)

E-UTRAN
B
(e-Node B)
UE
(Mobile Equipment)
(USIM Card)

‫التحكم‬ ‫قنوات‬
1
.
‫اإلرسال‬ ‫تحكم‬ ‫قناة‬
(BCCH)
2
.
‫التصفح‬ ‫تحكم‬ ‫قناة‬
(PCCH)
3
.
‫عام‬ ‫تحكم‬ ‫قناة‬
(CCCH)
4
.
‫متعددة‬ ‫تحكم‬ ‫قناة‬
(MCCH)
5
.
‫المصمم‬ ‫تحكم‬ ‫قناة‬
(DCCH)
‫المرور‬ ‫قنوات‬
1
.
‫المصمم‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫قناة‬
(DTCH)
2
.
‫متعددة‬ ‫مرور‬ ‫قناة‬
(MTCH)

Downlink:
1
.
‫ا‬ ‫قناة‬
‫الرسال‬
(BCH)
2
.
‫مشاركة‬ ‫قناة‬
(DL-SCH)
3
.
‫التصفح‬ ‫قناة‬
(PCH)
4
.
‫متعددة‬ ‫قناة‬
(MCH)
Uplink:
1
.
‫مشاركة‬ ‫قناة‬
(UL-SCH)
2
.
‫عشوائي‬ ‫وصول‬ ‫قناة‬
(RACH)

Downlink:
1
.
‫الفيزيائية‬ ‫االرسال‬ ‫قناة‬
(PBCH)
2
.
‫الفيزيائية‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫مؤشر‬ ‫قناة‬
(PCFICH)
3
.
‫الفيزيائية‬ ‫التحكم‬ ‫قناة‬
(PDCCH)
4
.
‫مؤشر‬ ‫قناة‬
ARQ
‫المهجنة‬ ‫الفيزيائية‬
(PHICH)
5
.
‫فيزيائية‬ ‫مشاركة‬ ‫قناة‬
(PDSCH)
6
.
‫فيزيائية‬ ‫متعددة‬ ‫قناة‬
(PMCH)
Uplink:

‫فيزيائية‬ ‫تحكم‬ ‫قناة‬
(PUCCH)

‫فيزيائية‬ ‫مشاركة‬ ‫قناة‬
(PUSCH)

‫فيزيائية‬ ‫عشوائي‬ ‫وصول‬ ‫قناة‬
(PRACH)
LTE
FDMA
TDMA
CDMA
DL: OFDMA
UL: SC-FDMA
MHz
800
900 MHz
1800 MHz
1900 MHz
WiMAX: 2500
MHz
LTE: 2000 MHZ
PIN
FM
BFSK
(GMSK)
GSM
QPSK
CDMA One
(QPSK)
UMTS
CDMA 2000
QPSK
BPSK
LTE
WiMAX
QPSK , 16-QAM
and 64-QAM
10Kbps
GSM
10 kbps
CDMA One
9.6kbps
CDMA2000
348kbps
UMTS
384kbps
FDD
2kbps
(TDD
LTE)
100 MHz
WiMAX
70
MHz
, WiMAX2
LTE+
1GHz
Hard Handoff
Soft Handoff
Hard
Handoff
Soft Handoff
Soft Handoff
 الأجيال المختلفه في شبكات المحمول باللغه العربيه للدكتور عبد الكريم حسين الموجاني

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