This document describes the design and simulation of a multiband Chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with a dumbbell structure. The antenna is designed on an FR4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The first iteration of the Chaucer fractal patch resonates at 2.4 GHz. Subsequent iterations and the addition of a dumbbell structure results in multiband behavior with resonances between 5-7 GHz. Simulation results show the antenna achieves fair return loss, gain, bandwidth and directivity at resonant frequencies.

1. http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/index.asp 45 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering & Technology
(IJECET)
Volume 7, Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2016, pp. 45-54, Article ID: IJECET_07_01_005
Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/issues.asp?JType=IJECET&VType=7&IType=1
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ISSN Print: 0976-6464 and ISSN Online: 0976-6472
© IAEME Publication
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF
MULTIBAND CHAUCER FRACTAL PATCH
ANTENNA LOADED WITH DUMBBELL
Hina Yadav
Department of Electronics Science, South Campus,
University of Delhi, India
Jugul Kishore
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
I.T.S Engineering College, Greater Noida, India
R. K. Yadav
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering,
JRE School of Engineering Greater Noida, India
ABSTRACT
This paper presents design and simulation of multiband Chaucer fractal
patch antenna loaded with dumbbell shaped structure simulated and
fabricated on FR4 material having relative permittivity 4.4 and thickness 1.6
mm. The operating frequency is in the ISM band. The antenna resonates at 2.4
GHz. Here we will find various performance characteristics like return loss,
impedance, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at resonant frequencies. The
antenna structures will be studied using Ansoft High Frequency Structure
Simulation (HFSS) based on Method of Moments (MoM). The results obtained
indicate that there is a fair value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and
directivity at all resonant frequencies.
Key words: Chaucer, Dumbbell, fractal, Multiband
Cite this Article: Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav. Design and
Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with
Dumbbell. International Journal of Electronics and Communication
Engineering & Technology, 7(1), 2016, pp. 45-54.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/issues.asp?JType=IJECET&VType=7&IType=1
1. INTRODUCTION
Compact sizes, low profile, conformal and multiband are the highly desirable
attributes of a Microstrip patch antenna [1].Moreover, a number of approaches for

2. Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/index.asp 46 editor@iaeme.com
designing multi-band (primarily, dual-hand) antennas have been summarized in [2].
The term fractal, which means broken or irregular fragments, was originally coined by
Mandelbrot [3] to describe a family of complex shapes that possess an inherent self-
similarity or self-affinity in their geometrical structure. Fractals have been
successfully used to model such complex natural objects as galaxies, cloud
boundaries, mountain ranges, coastlines, snowflakes, trees, leaves, and much more.
Mandelbrot and others have found wide variety of applications for fractals in many
branches of science and engineering. One such area is a fractal electrodynamics [4-
10], in which fractal geometry is combined with electromagnetic theory for
investigating a new class of radiation, propagation, and scattering problems. One of
the most promising areas of fractal-electrodynamics research is in its application to
antenna theory and design.
Traditional antenna design techniques were based on Euclidean geometry. And in
recent years the design of antenna based on the concept of fractal geometry is referred
to as fractal antenna engineering research. There are mainly two areas of research in
fractal antenna engineering. These include: 1) the study of fractal-shaped antenna
elements, and 2) the use of fractals in the design of antenna arrays. However, in the
present work a multiband antenna has been designed using the geometry of 1st
iteration of the Chaucer fractal patch. The method that proposed in the research for
simulation is based on finite element method. Finite element method (FEM) is quite
popular. It is important to select an EM simulation programmed that will provide an
optimal balance between a minimal simulation run time and maximized correlation
between the simulation result and experimental data. HFSS provides E- and H- field,
currents, S parameters, characteristic port impedance, propagation constants and near
and far radiated field’s results
2. ANTENNA DESIGN AND SIMULATION RESULTS
A square patch of dimensions 28mm x 28mm has been scaled down using a scaling
factor of 1/3 to obtain a Chaucer shaped patch antenna which has been taken as 1st
iteration or the base geometry of the Chaucer fractal patch antenna. Each side of the
patch is about 9.33 mm. And the antenna has been designed on a FR-4 substrate with
relative permittivity (ԑr) 4.4 and substrate thickness of 1.6 mm using the procedure
given in Microstrip and printed antenna handbook by Randy Bancroft [20]. The 1st
iteration of this Chaucer fractal patch is shown in the Fig 1 and the return loss of the
same have been shown in the Fig 2 at the resonant frequency. The radiation pattern of
the 1st
iteration of the Chaucer fractal patch has been shown in the Fig 3.
Figure 1 Base geometry or 1st
iteration of chaucer fractal patch

3. Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/index.asp 47 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 2 Return loss of 1st
iteration of chaucer fractal patch
Figure 3 Radiation pattern of 1st
iteration of chaucer fractal patch
Figure 4 Magnitude plot of 1st
iteration of chaucer fractal patch
Figure 5 VSWR plot of 1st
iteration of chaucer fractal patch
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
1 2 3 4 5
S11(dB)
Freq(GHz)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 2 4 6
Z11(Ω)
Freq(GHz)
0
2
4
6
8
10
1 3 5
VSWR
Freq(GHz)

4. Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav
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Table 1 Parameters of 1st
iteration
From this radiation pattern we can find the maximum achieved gain. The various
antenna parameters of 1st
iteration are listed in the table 1. To obtain satisfactory value
of return loss and bandwidth in the multi band behavior, the 2nd
iteration of this fractal
patch has been designed using the scaling factor of 1/3 without changing the original
structure of the patch and is as shown in the Fig 6. Each side of the patch of 2nd
iteration is about 3.24 mm. The geometry is simulated using the simulator and the
return loss characteristics obtained has been shown in the Fig 7.
(a) (b)
Figure 6 (a) simulated second iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna (b)fabricated second
iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna
From the return loss characteristics one may find the presence of multiple bands
which satisfy our requirement of multi banding behavior of antenna. The radiation
pattern of 2nd
iteration of Chaucer fractal patch antenna at resonant frequency has
been shown in the Fig 8. From the radiation pattern we can find the maximum
achieved gain.
Resonant frequency (GHz) 2.80
3.55
Peak Gain (dB) 0.81
Peak Directivity 1.39
Radiated Power (mW) 0.10
Radiation Efficiency 0.58
Return loss -11.40
-10.06
Bandwidth (MHz) 70
20
VSWR 1.72
1.89

5. Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell
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Figure 7 Return loss of 2nd
iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna
Figure 8 Radiation pattern of 2nd
iteration of chaucer fractal patch
Figure 9 Magnitude plot of 2nd
iteration of chaucer fractal patch
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
3 6 9 12
S11(dB)
Freq(GHz)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
3 6 9 12
Z11
Freq(GHz)

6. Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/index.asp 50 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 10 VSWR plot of 2nd
iteration of chaucer fractal patch
The various antenna parameters of 2nd
iteration are listed in the table 2:
Table 2 Parameters of 2nd
iteration
Resonant frequency (GHz) 5.43
Peak Gain (dB) 0.36
Peak Directivity 0.72
Radiated Power (mW) 0.0010
Radiation Efficiency 0.506
Return loss -16.46
Bandwidth (MHz) 100
VSWR 1.40
The complete geometry of 3rd
iteration of Chaucer fractal patch is loaded with
dumbbell shaped structure as shown in the fig 11 has been designed using
optimization engine HFSS and various results and parameters are shown in the table 3
and table 4.
(a) (b)
Figure 11. (a) Simulated design for 3rd
iterated fractal antenna (b) Prototype of 3rd
iterated
fractal antenna
0
2
4
6
8
10
3 6 9 12
VSWR
Freq(GHz)

7. Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/index.asp 51 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 12 Return loss of the 3rd
iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded dumbbell
structure
Figure 13 Radiation pattern of the 3rd
iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with
Dumbbell structure
Figure 14 Magnitude plot of 3rd
iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with
dumbbell structure
Figure 15 VSWR plot of 3rd
iteration of chaucer fractal patch antenna loaded with dumbbell
structure
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
3 6 9 12
S11
Freq(GHz)
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
0.0 10000000000.0
dB
Freq(GHz)
Measured S11
0
100
200
300
400
500
3 6 9 12
Z11
Freq(GHz)
0
2
4
6
8
10
3 8
VSWR
Freq(GHz)

8. Hina Yadav, Jugul Kishore and R. K. Yadav
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/index.asp 52 editor@iaeme.com
Table 3: Parameters of 3rd
iteration
Table 4 Parameters of Various Proposed Fractal Antennas
Types Resonant
frequency
(GHz)
Peak
Gain
(dB)
Return
loss
Band
width
(MHz)
VSWR
Simple square
antenna
2.22 0.94 -37.25 80 1.44
1st
Iterated fractal
antenna
2.80 0.81 -11.40 70 1.72
3.55 -10.06 20 1.89
2nd
Iterated fractal
antenna
5.43 0.36 -16.46 100 1.40
3rd
Iterated
fractal antenna
5.34 0.11 -12.56 10 1.64
7.15 -21.71 200 1.18
3. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
From the above study, it is concluded that a multiband patch antenna using 1st
iteration of Chaucer fractal patch is designed. The antenna resonates at 2.4GHz. There
is an increase in the bandwidth and resonant frequency bands of 2nd
iteration of
Chaucer fractal patch after loading dumbbell structure. Simulation results indicate that
there is a fair value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at both resonant
frequencies. This project designs a multiband patch antenna using 1st
iteration of
Chaucer fractal patch loaded with dumbbell structures in the center of the patch. The
antenna resonates at two different frequencies of 5.34 GHz and 7.15 GHz. There is an
increase in the bandwidth and resonant frequency bands of 1st
iteration of Chaucer
fractal patch after loading dumbbell structure. Measured result of our practical design
shows that our antenna resonates at 2.76 GHz and 7.38 GHZ with a return loss of -
6.3031 dB and -18.861 dB respectively. Simulation results indicate that there is a fair
value of return loss, gain, and bandwidth and directivity at both resonant frequencies.
For future work mathematical analysis of this geometry may be done which will
Resonant frequency
(GHz)
5.34
7.15
Peak Gain (dB) 0.1012
Peak Directivity 0.32
Radiated Power (mW) 0.019
Radiation Efficiency 0.31
Return loss -12.56
-21.71
Bandwidth (MHz) 10
200
VSWR 1.64
1.18

9. Design and Simulation of Multiband Chaucer Fractal Patch Antenna Loaded with Dumbbell
http://www.iaeme.com/IJECET/index.asp 53 editor@iaeme.com
further increase the practical utilization of combined concept of multiband fractal
antennas loaded with structures.
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