10120140507006

International Journal of Management (IJM), ISSN 0976 – 6502(Print), ISSN 0976 - 6510(Online),
Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72 © IAEME
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT (IJM)
ISSN 0976-6502 (Print)
ISSN 0976-6510 (Online)
Volume 5, Issue 7, July (2014), pp. 62-72
© IAEME: http://www.iaeme.com/IJM.asp
Journal Impact Factor (2014): 7.2230 (Calculated by GISI)
www.jifactor.com
62

IJM
© I A E M E
WORKING AND LIVING CONDITIONS OF LABOR IN JHUGGI JHOPADI
(SLUM)
B. Chandra Mohan Patnaik1, Ipseeta Satpathy2, Anirban Mandal3
1Associate Professor, Management, School of Management -KIIT University, Bhubaneswar,
Odisha, India
2Professor, Management, School of Management -KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
3Research Scholar, School of Management, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
ABSTRACT
In modern era there are so many problems as population, crime, child labour, alcoholism.
corruption and so on. But a Jhuggi Jhopadi is one of the top most problems of modern Odisha. We
can’t think of any city without Jhuggi Jhopadi. We can see two cultures in a city, as if they two sides
of the same coin, i.e existence of poverty amidst plenty. There are no basic facilities as drinking
water, toilet, roads, electricity, primary health center, school etc. The atmosphere of Jhuggi Jhopadi
is full of lingered dust and crowd. The researcher has selected three slums in the city for the study
and studied all kinds of problems of Jhuggi Jhopadi as family, relationship between husband-wife
and children’s socializations, culture, occupation, income and so on.
Keywords: Jhuggi Jhopadi, Poor, Perception Socio Economic Conditions.
OVERVIEW
It is unfortunate on the part of Independent India, that even after 66 years of independence
the fruits of development are miles away from the needy and poor people. India is a country of
villages and due to lack of employment opportunity the poor in rural area migrate to the urban areas.
In the present situation we find there has been a mass exodus of people from rural areas as a result
this has resulted in many antisocial activities in the city. But the very purpose for which they come
could not be fructified. Cities developed but on the other hand many problems created e.g
population, crime, delinquency, crowd, pollution, corruption, alcoholism, begging and slum is one of
them. Jhuggi Jhopadi areas are the result of such exodus penury. Jhuggi Jhopadi are very close to
each other. Jhuggi Jhopadi is far away from providing its inhabitants social, economical, educational
and health facilities. Many small huts are near to one another. The huts are clustered over a small

area, no proper ventilation, no electricity, no school, no primary health care. Parents’ children live in
one room and this leads to many anti social activities.
63
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

To study the socio-economical conditions of Jhuggi Jhopadi areas.
To search the causes of origin of Jhuggi Jhopadi.
To suggest remedy to solve and developed Jhuggi Jhopadi.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The study is limited to the Jali Sahi of Sikharchandi Basti, Salia Sahi and Station area of
Bhubaneswar , Odisha
The period of study is limited to 4 months. i.e June to September 2013
The sample size is limited to 113 families; this may not represent the general view.
RESEARCH UNIVERSE
In this study the areas of Jhuggi Jhopadi of Sikharchandi, Patia and air port area of the temple
city Bhubaneswar, Odisha has been taken into consideration. This city is well known for social,
cultural, political, economical and religious tradition. Bhubaneswar is famous for temples. It is also
called the temple city. It is an irony that in one side this city developed very rapidly not to leave
behind Jhuggi Jhopadi. By this study researchers tried to find how the people in the Jhuggi Jhopadi
are trying to maintain their, social and economical scenario. What are the overall problems?
METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
For collecting data simple questionnaire was formed and data was collected in a random
sampling method. Overall 217 families were approached for the collection of data, however only 113
families responded. The data collection represents the opinion of both male and female members.
Out of 113 responses 67 were female respondents and rest were male respondents. Simple
percentage method is used considering the objective of the study. The data analysis is on the basis of
general data and specific data collected relating to problems in Jhuggi Jhopadi.
ANALYSIS OF DATA
General Data related Jhuggi Jhopadi in the research area
Table 1: Types of family
Family Frequency Percentage
Joint family 63 55.75
Nuclear family 41 36.78
Single 9 7.47
Total 113 100
Source: Compiled from primary source
Interpretation: From the Table-1, it shows that 55.75% are belongs to the group of joint family,
36.78% are in the group of nuclear family and rests are in the category of single. This shows that the
majority are in the group of joint family.

64

Table-2: Migrated from and settled in Jhuggi Jhopadi
Migrated Frequency Percentage
From villages nearby 58 51.33
From other districts 32 28.32
From other states 19 16.81
From other countries 4 3.54
Total 113 100
Interpretation: Responding to this 51.33% migrated from nearby villages, 28.32% are from other
districts category, 16.81% are from other state category and rest 3.54% are from other countries.
These from other country residents are from Bangladeshi and Nepalese.
Table-3: Number of dependents
Dependents Frequency Percentage
Between 1-5 19 16.81
Between 6-8 78 69.02
More than 8 16 14.17
Total 113 100
Interpretation: In Table-3, it shows that 69.02% are in the category of 6-8 dependents, followed by
16.81% respondents are in the group of 1-5 dependents and remaining are in the group of more than
8 dependents.
Table-4: Number of Children
Children Frequency Percentage
Between 0-3 23 20.35
Between 4-5 72 63.72
More than 5 18 15.93
Total 113 100
Interpretation: In Table-4, it shows that 63.72% of respondents are having 4-5 children, followed
by 20.35% respondents having 0-3 children and 15.93% are having more than 5 children.
Table-5: Education Status
Education Frequency Percentage
Illiterate 72 63.72
Primary 11 9.73
Middle 13 11.50
College 17 15.05
Total 113 100
Interpretation: In Table-5, this shows that 63.72% are in illiterate category, 9.73% are in primary
education category, 11.50% are in the category of middle education and surprisingly 15.05% studied
in college.

65

Table-6: Religions
Religion Frequency Percentage
Hindu 59 52.21
Muslim 14 12.39
Punjabi 17 15.04
Christian 8 7.07
Others 15 12.29
Total 113 100
Interpretation: In Table-6, it shows that 52.21% are belongs to the Hindu religion, 12.39% are
belongs to Muslim religion, 15.04% are in the group of Punjabi religion, 7.07% are belongs to the
Christian religion and rest are from others.
Table-7: Occupational Status
Occupation Frequency Percentage
Auto puller 23 20.35
Daily wage 53 46.90
Self occupational 22 19.46
Service 13 11.50
Others (maid servant) 2 1.79
Total 113 100
Interpretation: In Table-7, it shows that 20.35% of family are earning their bread and butter through
auto rickshaw, 46.90% of the family occupation are daily wage group, 19.46% are in the group of
self occupational,, 11.50% are in the group of service holder and other group contributes 1.79%.
Table-8: Income per month
Income Frequency Percentage
Upto Rs3,000 21 18.58
Between 3001-5000 44 38.94
Between 5001-7000 36 38.86
7000 onwards 12 10.62
Total 113 100
Interpretation: In Table-8, 18.58% of the family are earning upto Rs.3000 category, 38.94% are in
the category of Rs.3001-5000, 38.86% are in the income group of Rs.5001-7000 and remaining are
in the group of more than Rs.7000.

Specific data related to Jhuggi Jhopadi in the research area
66

Table-9: Problem of schooling to children
Schooling Frequency Percentage
Severe problem 73 64.60
Moderate problem 13 11.50
Minor problem 16 14.16
Neutral 11 9.73
Total 113 100
Interpretation: In Table-9, 64.60 of respondents believe that there is severe problem for schooling
the children. 11.50% are in the opinion group of moderate problem, 14.16% are in the category of
minor problem and rest is in the group of neutral.
Table-10: Problems of Electricity
Electricity Frequency Percentage
Neutral 7 6.20
Total 113 100
Interpretation: In Table-10, 72.57 feel that severe electricity problem, 11.50% are in the opinion
that moderate electricity problem, 9.73 are in the opinion group of minor electricity problem and
6.20 are in the neutral category.
Table-11: Problem of water
Water Frequency Percentage
Neutral 10 8.85
Total 113 100
Interpretation- In Table-11, it shows that 76.11% are in the opinion group of severe problem,
9.73% are in the category of moderate problem, 5.31% are in the group of minor problem and 8.85%
are in the neutral group for the water problem.
Table-12: Problem of drainage
Drainage Frequency Percentage
Neutral 14 12.39
Total 113 100

Interpretation: Responding to this question, 71.68% are believing that severe problem, 10.62% are
in the category of moderate problem, 5.31% are in the category of minor problem and 12.39% are in
the category of neutral stand towards the drainage problem.
67

Table-13: Problem of harassment by police and other government officials
Harassment Frequency Percentage
Neutral 4 3.54
Total 113 100
Interpretation: Joining to this question, 61.06% of respondents are in the opinion that there is a
severe problem, 19.47% opinion are in the category of moderate problem, 15.93% opinion are in the
group of minor problem and remaining are in the group of neutral for the problem of harassment and
other government officials.
Table-14: Problem of transportation and communication
Transport and communication Frequency Percentage
Neutral 8 7.08
Total 113 100
Interpretation: Responding to this question 65.49 are in the group of severe problem, 16.81% are in
the group of moderate problem, 10.62 are in the minor problem category and 7.08% are in the group
of neutral towards the problem of transportation and communication.
Table-15: Problem of health care services
Health care Frequency Percentage
Severe problem 87 77
Neutral 6 5.31
Total 113 100
Interpretation: Answering to this question 77% respondents are in the group of severe problem,
9.73% are in the group of moderate problem, 7.96% are in the group of minor problem and 5.31%
are in the group of neutral towards the problems related to health care services.

68

Table-16: Problem of rivalry among different groups
Rivalry Frequency Percentage
Neutral 13 11.51
Total 113 100
Interpretation: Responding to this question, 52.21% of respondents are in the severe problem
category, 21.24% are in the moderate problem category, 15.04% are in minor problem category,
11.51% are in neutral category toward problem of rivalry.
Table-18: Problem of atrocities against women
Atrocities Frequency Percentage
Neutral 7 6.2
Total 113 100
Interpretation: Joining to this question, 69.91% of the respondents are in the severe problem group,
11.50% are in the moderate problem category, 12.39% are in the minor problem group and
remaining are in the neutral zone toward problem of atrocities against women.
Table-18: Problem related to sanitation issues
Sanitation issues Frequency Percentage
Neutral 8 7.09
Total 113 100
Interpretation: Joining to this question, 82.30% of the participants opined that there is a severe
problem, 4.42% are in the group of moderate problem, 6.19% are in the minor problem, and rest are
in the neutral zone towards the problem related to sanitation issues.
Table-19: Problem related to Alcoholism
Alcoholism Frequency Percentage
Neutral 14 12.40
Total 113 100

Interpretation: Answering to this question, 68.14% are in the severe problem category, 11.50% are
in the moderate problem category, 7.96% are in the minor problem group and 12.40% are in the
neutral zone towards problems related to alcoholism.
69

Table-20: Problem related to child labour
Child labour Frequency Percentage
Neutral 3 2.67
Total 113 100
Interpretation: Responding to this question, 74.33% respondents strongly believes that severe
problem, 9.73% are in the moderate problem group, 13.27% are in the minor problem category and
rest are in the neutral zone towards problem related to child labour.
Table-21: Problem related to child marriage
Child marriage Frequency Percentage
Neutral 11 9.74
Total 113 100
Interpretation: Answering to this question 60.18% of the respondents stated the severe problem in
the areas, 16.81% of the respondents believes moderate problem, 13.27% believes minor problem
and rest were neutral.
FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Majority residents of Jhuggi Jhopadi are of joint family and of nuclear family.
Most of the people migrated from nearby villages for the search of job and to earn bread and
butter.
Majority of households in Jhuggi Jhopadi are dependents ranging from 6-8 members.
Majority of respondents having children ranging from 4-5 members.
Most of the residents are Hindus.
Majority of the respondents are daily wagers
Only 10.62% of the residents have monthly income more than Rs7,000.
There is a severe problem for sending children to schools.
There is severe electricity problem in the area.
There is severe water problem in the area.

70

There is severe drainage problem in the area.
There is severe problem of harassment by police and government officials.
There is severe problem of transportation and communication.
There is severe problem of rivalry among different groups residing in Jhuggi Jhopadi.
There is severe problem of atrocities against women.
There is severe problem of sanitation in the area.
There is severe problem of alcoholism in the area.
There is severe problem of child labour in the area. The children are compelled to work as
labourers because of poor financial conditions of the parents.
Child marriage especially girls are the major problem in the Jhuggi Jhopadi areas.
SUGGESTIONS
Employment opportunity should be created in rural and semi-urban areas by creating
industries and developing the infrastructure. This will help to reduce the migration problem to
urban areas.
Awareness drive for population control should be created more seriously. People in the
Jhuggi Jhopodi area should be explained the various problems involved for having more
children.
Primary and secondary schools should be opened in the Jhuggi Jhopodi area. Government
should come forward for opening these schools. Also the schools should also be opened by
the various organizations as a part of CSR activities.
Electricity should be provided in the areas.
Water problem should be sorted out.
Drainage problem should be sorted out in the areas.
Harassment by the police and government officials should be stopped.
Transport and communication problems should be sorted out in the areas.
People should be counseled for sorting out rivalry and infightings among the groups.
Atrocities against women should be stopped.
Sanitation problem should be sorted out in the areas. Otherwise this will lead to spreading of
severe diseases in the areas.
Awareness should be created for stopping from drinking alcohol in the areas.
Parents should be counseled for stopping child labour in the areas.
Child marriage should be stopped by creating awareness in the areas.
Slums should be adopted by the various organizations as a part of CSR activities.

71
CONCLUDING OBSERVATION

Even after 66 years of Independence we are not able to fulfill the basic needs of the poor
people. The chasm between of rich and poor widened over the years. The rich people become rich
and poor people remain poor over the generations. During election these Jhuggi Jhopadi residents are
being used as vote bank. During the election period political parties promise lot of things for the
development of Jhuggi Jhopadi area; however after the election these people are always ignored.
This is the practice of almost all political parties. Nobody bothers about these people. Most of the
times the political parties play blame game instead of taking accountability for the issues in these
areas. People migrate from villages and semi-urban areas in search of bread and butter and these
poor people do not have enough purchasing power to live a comfortable life or life of dignity in the
cities. This leads to creation of Jhoggi and Jhopodi. These people spend their life in dreaming only.
Nobody wants to stay in the Jhuggi and Jhopodi, however they are forced to stay in these Jhuggi
Jhoopodis. They try to solve their problems at their end. However the need of the hour is to extend
our hand towards them, so that these under privileged section of the society can lead their life
dignified manner. At this juncture what is important is that people those who live in jhopodis are
unskilled. We have a large population but as India lives in villages, majority of our population are
unskilled Need of the hour is to provide them with skills. This can be done by making them literate.
We should not forget that these people are a part of our civilized society. Whether we like or not we
cannot separate them from us and they also contribute to the society in some way or other. They are
not untouchables, but are unfortunate people and are our own people. They are waiting for their
legitimate rights from the so called free India. Let us all take a pledge to extend our help to these
people by not giving them money but by empowering them through education.
REFERENCES
[1] Desai A.R Pillai S.D (1970)- Slums and Urbanization (ed), Bombay Popular Prakashan, pp-7.
[2] Sandhu R.S(1989)- The City and its Slums: A Sociological study, Guru Nanak Dev University
Press, Amritsar, pp-4-5.
[3] Sudha K (1989)- Slum and Housing problems, Print well publications , Jaipur, pp-2.
[4] Hunter David R (1970): The Slum Challenge and Response, The Free Press on Glencoe London,
pp-6.
[5] Raut U Kishore (2011)- Problem of Slums in Nagpur City, Research Journal of Arts,
Management and Social Sciences.. Vol-IV, pp-186-192.
[6] “India’s Urban Poverty Agenda: Understanding the Poor in Cities Formulating Appropriate
Anti – Poverty Actions” A Discussion Paper for South Asia Urban City Management Course,
Goa, India, January 9 – 21, 2000.
[7] Malik S. (2002) – Some Socio Economic determinants working environmental conditions of
child labours in a slum area of Kolkata, Indian Journal of Community Medicine, Vol. 27, No. 4,
pp – 161 – 166.
[8] Hazra Anupam (2012) – Rural India Still Floating Towards Cities, Kurukshatra, Journal on Rural
Development, Vol. 60, No. 4, pp – 3 – 5.
[9] Marx Benjamin etal (2013) – The Economics of Slums in the Developing World, Journal of
Economic Perspectives, Vol. 27, No. 4, pp – 187 – 210.
[10] Global Experiences on Expanding Services to the Urban Poor, Water sanitation Program,
Accompanying Volume, March, 2009.
[11] Dr. B. Chandra Mohan Patnaik, Dr. Ipseeta Satpathy and Anirban Mandal, “The Internal
Dynamics of Migration”, International Journal of Marketing Human Resource Management
(IJMHRM), Volume 5, Issue 1, 2014, pp. 22 - 32, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6421, ISSN Online:
0976- 643X.

72
AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY

B. Chandra Mohan Patnaik is working as an Associate Professor in School of
Management, KIIT University, India. He has six years of corporate and 15 years
of academic experience. To his credit he has published more than 80 research
papers in various reputed international and national journals and presented more
than ten research papers in various international and national conferences. At
present, he is guiding five research scholars and two scholars have already been
awarded PhD degree from the KIIT University. He has been awarded Best
Faculty Award three times once by GIMT, New Delhi (2000–2001) and twice in
Wilsonia Group (2003–2004 and 2005–2006). He is also a member of Advisory Board in Research
Journal of Arts, Management Social Sciences, Editor-in-Chief in South Asian Journal of
Marketing Management Research (SAJMMR) and a member of editorial review board in
International Journal of Commerce Accounting Research, IJMRA and KSOM Journal of
Management.
Ipseeta Satpathy is working as a Professor in OB area in School of Management,
KIIT University, India. She has authored three books such as Empowering Award
Staff by Revamping Training System in Banks, published by Lap Lambert,
Germany, Environment Management and Business Communication Personality
Development published by Excel books, New Delhi. She has also published more
than 75 research papers in various referred national and international journals and
conference proceedings. She is a Visiting Professor to Lynchburg College,
Virginia, USA. She has conducted a number of management development programmes, and is
guiding several research scholars for the PhD degree. Three of her scholars have been awarded PhD
degree by KIIT University.
Anirban Mandal working as an Assistant Professor in Brainware School of
Management, having 4 years of corporate experience in banking sector and 6 years
of teaching experience in various academic institutions like ICFAI, Manipal, IIBS
etc. He is presently doing his Ph.D under Prof. B. C. M Patnaik of School of
Management, KIIT University in the area of Rural Urban Migration. He has
published 3 articles in different research journals and also presented papers in
various national international conferences.

10120140507006

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