Carbon Dioxide Emissions In Australia And Climate Change

Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Australia and Climate Change
"Market–based policies are a proven way to limit carbon pollution and channel capital and innovation into clean energy, helping to avert the catastrophic
consequences of climate change"
– EDF vice president for international climate, Nathaniel Keohan
Introduction
In a contemporary political setting, it is now broadly recognized that over the 20th century, the atmospheric concentrations of key greenhouse gases,
particularly Carbon Dioxide have been amplified by human activity. Australia can be held accountable for around 1.5% of globalgreenhouse gas
emissions. However, Australia is one of the largest carbon polluters per capita, sitting around 24.4 tonnes per person.
Much policy discussion about climate change suggests that surplus carbon emissions are the result of failure of the market. Since the ongoing costs of
environmental degradation and climate change are not internalized in pricing fossil fuel; a commonsense (and widely flavored by policy makers in the
international community) economic solution is to internalize the cost of carbon emissions. Cap and trade emissions trading schemes have proven
largely popular in the global policy–making community, as they enable market flexibility and allow for international targets to be met.
The problem with incentive–based economic mechanisms is that it is optional by nature. Relevant parties 'opt in' to the free market mechanism, rather
than being required to participate in a policy based mechanism. The latter however,
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Climate Change Has Become A Significant Policy Issue...
Climate change has become a significant policy issue debated by the entire global community. Through out earth's existence, climate change has been a
part of the evolutionary process. Earth's climate goes through a sequence of glacier and inter–glacier periods. These are periods where the earth heats
up and global warming takes over the land. Then, there will be a period of an ice age, where snow and ice encompass most of the land. Recent studies
provide evidence to this theory and additionally show that the world is in a current warming period. Dealing with a warming period, a school of
thought argues that humans are the primary factor of the rising sea levels. An opposing argument tries to prove that the current situation of sea level
changes is as the result of a natural cycle of warming and cooling. Regardless of the perspective on this issue, all parties have a common
understanding that the ocean level is in fact rising. Around the world, evidence supports the fact that the world is going through a warming period.
From the melting glaciers to the lack of snowfall, the warming period is upon us and the largest effect is the coastal lines around the world. As far
back as records hold, the ocean level has been on a slow but steady ride. But towards recent history, for either side of the climate argument, the steady
increase has grown rapidly even shockingly. It has already impacted major cities around the world. Scientist at National Geographic have found some

The Implications For Policy Development And Climate Change
High income, well educated and environmental aware individuals also tend to have high transport CO2 emission lifestyles. Critically discuss, including
the implications for policy development and climate change itself.
Introduction
"An enthusiastic green is likely to be well educated, with high levels of household income... They are likely to take more flights [and] have a... car
with a... larger engine. They... recycle more... use energy–saving light bulbs – but... have a relatively high carbon footprint", director of marketing at
CACI, a company that carries out surveys on income and environmental attitudes, (Jowit 2008).
Whilst agreeing with the hypothesis, the essay will also argue it is an over–simplification and that other socio ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
For hypothesis
Studies by both Brand and Preston (2009) and Aamaas et al (2013) found high earners to produce the most CO2 from their travel, with the latter
concluding "high income people travel... more and have a... higher climate impact than low income people". More specifically this study shows the
highest earners to have an impact on climate 250% greater than that of the lowest. The reason being individuals with large disposable incomes are
more able to afford flights, drive more and generally travel further.
With specific reference to flying and driving, both studies also found high earners to be the largest emitters of CO2. Brand and Preston (2009)
highlight data from the CAA (2005) that shows average household incomes of people using Stanstead airport to be much higher than the national
average. Further analysis might show this is exacerbated by the types of vehicle wealthier individuals might drive. For example cars in tax band M
(UK's highest emitting / 250g per km +) are almost all luxury vehicles, with prices ranging from >32K + (Lane, 2014), well beyond the reach of lower
income earners.
With regards to education Lynn and Longhi (2011) found people with "...degree–level qualifications are more likely... to... buy recycled... products,
[and] not purchase... over–packaged items... However, they are less likely to... switch off lights... [and] use public transport rather than travel by car."
This study also finds highly educated

Climate Change Is A Multi Dimensional Phenomena Essay
In the current globalized world, where new technologies are being invented every day to make people's lives easier, there's one thing that people
tend to forget about: climate change. While many people perceive climate change as simply a "global" issue, a lot of countries ignore their
responsibilities to tackle this fatal crisis. There are quite a number of factors working directly and indirectly behind the ways various countries have
different policies in facing this issue, as climate change is a multi–dimensional phenomena. This paper will briefly analyze the political economic
reasons of why different nations adopt different policies regarding this matter.
Introduction
What is climate change? The term climate refers to the average weather pattern of a planet or region over time (Downie, Brash and Vaughan 2009, pp
1). Climate change refers to any significant change in the measures of climate lasting for an extended period of time. A lot of factors are concerned in
this process, including changes in temperature, wind patterns andrainfall, especially the increase in the temperature of the earth 's atmosphere that is
caused by the increase of particular gases, especially carbon dioxide.Although there is much dissent about the causes of climate change, most people
agree that humans are the main reason of this global trouble. Resolving this problem is not an easy task, and is almost impossible to do so without
integrated global cooperation. Yet governments around the world

Strategic Plan For New And Renewable Energy
Current Prime Minister Modi has called for the development of renewable and nuclear energy along with gas and coal. He believes that increased
use of renewable energy will help the environment while also providing electricity to rural areas. Future policies show that India's primary focus is
the economy. India is open to setting a peak emission year in the future but refuses to do so until its emissions match China's emissions. This is
projected to be sometime between 2030 and 2050. India has several other policies that are currently being discussed. The Super–Efficient Equipment
Program encourages the production of equipment that is 30–50% more efficient than current energy efficient products. The Strategic Plan for the New
and Renewable... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mitigation policies are generally funded by general government revenues, but this alone will not be enough. It is expected that public and private
funds will be necessary to obtaining enough money to pursue the NAPCC. One possible way to raise the money is to increase the tax currently
placed on coal. Increasing this tax from its current rate of 50 rupees per ton, 0.01 US dollar, would be extremely valuable to securing the proper
financing. To increase private funding of climate change mitigation regulatory reforms that reduce risk of investment and provide long–term certainty
must be developed. An increase in the current coal tax and better security for private investors will help India to allocate enough money to accomplish
their goals.
A solution to India's issues with federal structure is to ensure that states place a high priority on climate change policy. Requiring states to draft their
own state action plan allows each state to focus on climate change as it affects them. For example, states with cities located on the coast may wish to
implement policies that target improved infrastructure that protects against future flooding caused by global warming. Other states that receive a great
deal of sunlight like Karnataka may choose to focus on solar power. In addition to making climate change a priority at the state level, the states must not
rely on central funds. States must take

Climate Change and Public Policy Essay examples
It is becoming increasingly certain that climate change will have severe adverse effects on the environment in years to come. Addressing this issue
poses a serious challenge for policy makers. How we choose to respond to the threat of global warming is not simply a political issue. It is also an
economic issue and an ethical one. Responsible, effective climate change policy requires consideration of a number of complex factors, including
weighing the costs of implementing climate change policies against the benefits of more environmentally sustainable practices. Furthermore, this
analysis must take place amidst serious gaps in the existing research and technology concerning the developing climatic condition. For these reasons,
global ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, even for those who are less motivated by such moralistic calls to action, the fact remains that conservation is as much an economic issue as
an ethical one. While economic considerations are a problematic feature of climate change policy, under the proper analysis, they also serve as an
important motivator. Economic analysis that weighs all costs and benefits of a particular model must include environmental considerations. That is to
say, the potential for short–term economic losses caused by conservation in the present, should be measured against the dividends that conservation will
pay in the future (Nordhaus, 2007). If the earth is truly our most valuable commodity, then analysis under these conditions should recognize that if a
"dollar value" were placed on environmental sustainability, more often than not it would outweigh any initial monetary loss resultant of the
implementation of more sustainable practices. Indeed, if we accept the danger of global warming to be a real and present one, then the question of how
to address it must be given serious consideration. Research conducted from as early as the 1950s through the present has afforded us a solid
understanding of its causes. In the most basic sense, the problem lies in the burning of carbon–based fossil fuels such as carbon and oil which leads to
the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). Gases such as CO2 are referred to as greenhouse gases (GHGs) which accumulate in the atmosphere. GHGs can

Climate Change Policy In Canada Essay
Climate policy in Canada is primarily implemented through information, persuasion and voluntary action programs. Canadian policymakers have
generally been reluctant to use instruments that put an explicit price on emissions (i.e. tax). This type of attitude towards climate policy stems from
the fear of having a negative impact on their overall economic performance and competitiveness of the Canadian industry (Bohringer and Rutherford,
2010). However simply using soft measures such as voluntary programs does not prevent increases of GHG emissions. All in all, the Harper
government had been very clear that it had no intention of imposing the types of policies required by the Kyoto Protocol, which officially lead to
Canada withdrawing from the agreement.
Climate Change Policies under Harper Government This section will examine the Harper government's approach to climate change, and later contrast it
to the current Trudeau government's approach. Despite the fact that the current Trudeau government has only been in power for a short amount of
time, we can still identify various differences in their approach to tackling the climate change issue. This comparison will essentially demonstrate the
fact that a political change in government can sometimes result in a policy issue to be placed on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been clear to many that Prime Minister Stephen Harper possessed a hostile perspective towards climate change issues, in contrast to previous
Conservative Prime Ministers (i.e. Brian Mulroney). Mulroney made the environment a high priority within his cabinet and on the policy agenda
(Healy, 2008). His government developed a first ever Green Plan, and Canada was the first industrialized country to ratify the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), under which the Kyoto Protocol was developed (Healy,

Review Of Ethiopia 's Climate Resilience Green Economic...
Review of Ethiopia's Climate Resilience Green Economic Policy
The FDRE government intended to build a middle–income economy by 2025. The government believed that accomplishing such goal without taking
global warming and climate change in to consideration would result in a radical increase in greenhouse gas production. (...........). In order to overcome
the problem of greenhouse gas emission, unsustainable use of natural resource and at the same time to adopt and increase Ethiopia resilience to the
effect of climate change, the FDRE government drafted Climate Resilience Green Economic Policy, which was integrated into the country's five year
Growth and Transformation Plan, in 2012.
The policy identified these four major areas of intervention as a corner stone of green economic development:
1.Improving food security by investing in crop and livestock production.
2.Using forest as a carbon stock /diversification of the economic and ecosystem use of the forest
3.An increase in the production of renewable–energy for domestic and international market and making Ethiopia a hub of renewable energy production
in Eastern Africa
4.Advance to energy–efficient technologies in industrial, transport and construction sector.
The policy has three different but interconnected objectives. The first objective of the policy is fostering economy growth or to keep the momentum of
the economic growth that the country has achieved in the last 10 years by improving the livelihood of Ethiopians.

Climate Change Argument Analysis
The argument about man's role in climate change and the role of government, the role of industry and the role of citizens is a significant challenge
that crosses all levels of government, crosses all geopolitical boundaries and crosses all sectors of business. National governments across the globe are
dealing with the issue in different ways, but one overarching aspect of control and mitigation can be seen in the oversight and regulation of the electric
energy industry. One significant challenge facing each nation is the cost to lower carbon emissions and the question of who will pay the additional cost
for compliance. Though the cost issue is significant, a much more difficult question is whether any decision on lowering emissions can make... Show
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The difference dwells in the space that any single leader has a limited sphere of influence and a global issue such as climate change leaves leaders able
to control only limited aspects of the issue. Great leaders will work across boundaries (Caruso, Rogers & Bazerman) to alleviate problems. However,
this is not always successful due to various aspects, but in the case of Climate Change, it is simple to point towards inadequate negotiations and global
plans. As pointed out in the article it is hard to overcome "poor strategies used by members of different organization(s) when they negotiate with one
another." When this happens, a leader must regroup and focus on those things that they can control. This is where climate change is really making a
difference. Each different loci of control can decide to deal with changing climate or attempt to influence climate change. With various different options
available and various leaders making changes in the best interest of their constituency the problem – though still large – becomes manageable by
leaders at all levels of government and

How Public Health-Related Policies Are Affected By Climate...
In these three articles, it is said that the "The introduction of public health–related policies may be a few years off, as most efforts are currently focused
on research, planning, and communication between federal and state agencies" (The Baffling Nexus of Climate Change and Health). This shows that
we need to take into account that things are changing and we may not have any control over but we need to look out for the well–being of people in
today's society. For example, infectious diseases, waterborne and foodborne pathogens are all public health concerns and can be affected by climate
change. We can do anything about climate change it's essentially out of our hands and nevertheless, it is something that we need to focus on because
it is causing detrimental results to all of us globally. The West Nile virus is a good example because it refers to a particular region in Uganda and is now
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It makes it difficult to attain plans of action because for the most part we essentially don't know what the results are since every disease is different we
just need to be more aware of the world around us. Climate change is expected to increase nonetheless public health officials are integrating information
about climate change into disaster relief and response tactics. Another challenge is linking the connection of weather patterns to health effects. For
example, Hurricane Sandy had more than sixty billion dollars in damages in New York and New Jersey alone and this number doesn't include health
care costs which were another fourteen billion dollars. All in all, health and climate change are needed to be more closely linked together and are in a
shift towards that direction. This is because public health officials are taking climate change into consideration when response

Population Dynamics and Its Effects on Climate Change Policy
Population dynamics and its effects of climate change policy Population growth and its effects on climate change have been hotly debated in recent
years by scientists and politicians alike. The Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC has sparked great interest and concern over climate change and
how it affects countries differently. The concept of environmental justice has focused onclimate change's unbalanced effects on developing countries,
whose populations are more vulnerable to climate change. With rapidly growing populations and inadequate resources and technologies, developing
countries have struggled to develop their economy sustainability. The relationship betweenpopulation and climate change is grossly oversimplified by
the idea that as population increase so does its effect on climate change. Realistically, population and climate change affect each other through economic
trends, development patterns, society, institutions and the government. Population dynamics is not simply the number of people in a given space.
Rather, it is the distribution and continuously changing demographics that make population dynamics a complex but important factor in climate
change policy. In recent climate change and environmental protection discussions, developed countries have strongly suggested or even imposed
environmental policies upon developing countries. This has caused tension and misunderstandings on both sides as developing countries strive for the
economic success of their

Impact Of Climate Change Policy On Employment Essay
Impacts of climate change policy on employment
Temperatures are reaching a new high, snow and rainfall patterns are shifting, and more extreme climate events, such as drought, flooding, are taking
place. It is not a forecast anymore; greenhouse gases are intensifying the global warming. In 2013, 81.2% of the energy consumption in the world are
produced by fossil fuel (International Energy Agency). Could you imagine how much greenhouse gases are produced? Ever since 1980s, scientist has
found that the emission of the greenhouse gases is the major factor contributes to the global warming, which intensify the climate change that the
human civilization may collapse one day. In the book This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. the Climate, the author Naomi Klein describes that we
are headed toward a catastrophic levels of warming. She suggests that the solution to climate change, in short, is to fight for a change in the economic
model of capitalism and move towards a low–carbon economy. Making this adjustments will affect every aspects of our life––from how the energy
generate, what we consume, and the technologies we use. "Change of this magnitude creates risks but also opportunities. There will be both winners
and losers as the world moves towards a low–carbon economy (**)." One of the important aspects which many people care about is the impact of
climate change policy on employment. Does the movement improve the employment? Klein suggests that climate change policy has a huge

Climate Change: Foriegn Policy
Climate Change
Climate change is one of the most concerning issue in the history foriegn policy. It encompuses not only the United states but the entire world. Which
is why it is hard to create procedures and establish alliances concerning global climate change because greenhouse admission are not created by the
actions of one nation. Addressing climate change is going to be a massive task. Every nations who emitts green house gasses must become part of
some sort of a global agreement. This agreement will require new thinking when it comes to foriegn policy. The United States has recently created a
Task force to deal with climate change. The task force recomends creating a treaty between the world's biggest emitters including China ... Show more
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The Envorimental protection agency was created in 1970 and since then has been doing it's best to protect the Enviroment. The Envorimental
Protection Agency collects emissions data to find opportunities to reduce emissions. (EPA 2016). Obama also implimented a clean power plan that
would reduce carbon emission by 30% .(enviormental America 2012). However, Even with these new programs it's still will not be enough. The
United States will also have to become comfortable with the fact that the entire nation will need to make the switch to solar and wind energy, as well
as create some sort of treaty with other countries that may encompus the entire world to reduce carbon emissions. If the United States does not act
quickly or refuses to act then the entire earth will suffer and society as we know it will change forever. In less than a hundred years we may lose all of
our coral reefs and the oceans will become acidic "If climate change continues unabated, nearly all coral reef habitats could be devastated. Under our
best–case scenario, half of all tropical coral reefs are still threatened" (Kieffer 2012) . For the sake of the future generations we must change now.
It's like there is a meteor that's going to hit the earth in 50 years and no one wants to talk about the meteor even though there are viable ways to stop
it. We can not wait any longer. If we don't do something then the entire world will suffer. It is time to take action. No more arguing about climate
change being a myth. It is a scientific fact that humans are causing the rise in tempature. The world is literally ending and we're the only ones who can
stop

Gallop Argument Analysis
Temperatures are rising year after year, ice glaciers are melting causing sea levels to rise, and air pollution causing health problems for some of us,
for the next years to come. This seems like the end of the world. Planet Earth is in great danger. Our only biggest concern is global warming and
climate change. We need to act now, sinceEarth is the only planet that is home to us. The future of planet Earth depends on us, right now. If we act
now, we will have a future for all of us. Future means acting now, so we have a future. We need to be well educated on the topic ofglobal warming and
climate change. Since, there are many misconceptions of global warming and climate change. Also, policies on climate change and global warming can
impact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They deny any type of perdition of climate change. People do not want any news related about why they need to change their habits. Gallop (2012)
found that people felt anger toward changing their personal habits. The reason being that earth created for the human people. They felt betrayed by the
Earth that they have to change their habits.
In Gallop (2012) argument is well supported the premises supported the conclusion. As mentioned Halpern (2014) is an argument it stronger. This
argument has the basic anatomy of an argument. The basic antonym of an argument has premises that support the conclusion, assumptions, qualifier,
and counterarguments.
Campbell & Kay (2014) found that people deny climate change and global warming, because of fear. They deny global warming and climate change,
because they do not want to deal with the solving the problem. Despite what scientist mention about global warming and climate change their views
of denial do not change. People fear the solution to the problem. For example, Campbell & Kay (2014) mention how Republican always doubts the
truth about global warming and climate change. The reason being is that they views on global warming and climate change is a threat to the economy.
They would rather deny it all, instead of solving the problem of global warming and climate

U.s. Policies Towards Climate Change
U.S. policies towards climate change has continued to develop throughout the administrations of Ronald Reagan, George H.W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and
currently Barack Obama. In this paper I will focus specifically on Clinton. One of the Clinton administration's main goals was to make the United
States the global leader in protecting the environment. Throughout Clinton's administration from 1993 to 2001, the ambitious goals of environmental
protection had many highs and lows. The United States had to make decisions about how it would go about tackling climate change and what roles of
other countries would play. There was opposition in congress about how the U.S. economy would fare with many of the ideas the Clinton
administration was coming ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As, arguably, the only global power at the time, the United States spearheaded the dialogue on climate change. At some points the United States has
trouble convincing other nations to come on board. This can be seen in documents three and four, where Japan is having some trepidations over
industrialized nations involvement in climate change versus developing nations. It can especially be seen in document three where they clearly have
different perspectives on where they see climate change in the long term. Japan is also skeptical of many of the emission trading 's the United States
takes part in because they are not quite sure how it would work and what position they would play. The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs was
particularly worried about China 's role in this agreement also, they did not want to carry out strict reductions while China continued to pollute the air
around them. In comparison, document nine also centers around the United States as it tries to get the most out of the present climate change
agreement, by working with Ambassador Raul A Estrada–Oyuela. Documents three and four are more focused on the beginning of various climate
change treaties the United States was trying to conceive. While document 4 focuses on a climate agreement after Kyoto that would be in the United
States ' best interest.
Furthermore, Document one discusses the United States ' goals in reducing greenhouse emissions. It lays out how to achieve success in

International Policies And Laws For The Effective Working
Every government has its own saying on how its economy needs to be run. Thus these political powers cannot be forced to take measures in favor of
climate change so there is a need to make national and international policies and laws for the effective working on targets irrespective of will, to bring
about emergency measures. Goal 13 ensures proper disbursement of resources through proper funding from various sources not only channeling the
funds in the right path but also spreading the word to other countries about the need to take part in this sincere effort through awareness by education.
This investment is measurable by the fact that funds collected from various sources can be calculated and tallied. Transparency into implementation
will be particularly important since different countries have different production patterns and consumptions (data taken from surveys) thus strategies
obtained from promotion of climate change planning will ensure proper disposal of funds and thus progress of targets can be monitored keeping in view
the rapid urbanization and providing policy recommendations on the investment. Teaching young children about the growing need for the adaptive
measures will surely bring future leaders who would give significance to such environmental issues.
ARE THE TARGETS CURRENTLY MEASURED?
Previously, efforts have been made into taking measures into preventing climate degradation caused by deforestation. REDD was suggested as climate
change mitigation

Current Policies in Global Climate Change
A current ongoing debate is whether the topic of how some areas are hotter than they used to be and some colder than they use to be should be
referred to as "global warming" or "global climate change". I agree with the term "global climate change" since it seems that the earth is not only
getting warmer, but also colder in some places (Schimel, David Steven et al). Global climate change is threatening life on earth, and needs to be
stopped in its tracks before it escalates. CO2 emissions are the main greenhouse gases that are of concern (Singh). Since there are many greenhouse
gases, this is the most abundant in the atmosphere after water vapor, and is the main focus of all global climate change debates since it is the gas that...
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No doubt there is overwhelming evidence that global climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions exists. (Source: Tapio Schneider, Skeptic
Magazine: The Reading Room, How We KnowGlobal Warming is Real, Mar. 2008, Web, Table 1.) Table one above shows the current carbon
dioxide level at 370 parts per million, which is higher than it has ever been in the past 400,000 years. Carbon dioxide levels are measured by the
carbon levels that are frozen in ice in Antarctica. Layer by layer, the ice cap formed, and while it formed, it trapped carbon dioxide, which is what
scientists measured for Table 1. Therefore, the further down the scientists dig, the earlier in the earth's carbon dioxide history they go (Schneider).
Many who claim global climate change is a hoax use the argument that it is the earths way of regulating carbon dioxide, and it is not caused by
humans (Schneider). Looking at Table 1, one can see that, indeed, the earth's carbon dioxide does drop low and rise every 100,000 years. Yet, as the
Industrial Revolution which started in 1850, carbon levels have skyrocketed, as shown above. In 1850, if the Industrial Revolution had not taken
place, the carbon levels should have decreased since they reached a high point. Instead, the graph shoots straight up, showing that the earth is no
longer in its normal carbon cycle. Since 1850, the carbon levels have increased and they show no sign of stopping. What

Climate Change Is Real And Denial Is No More A Policy !
Climate change is real and denial is no more a policy!
Abstract: For last 37 years as a world we have spent lot of time in studying climate change and fixing a blame. First World Climate Conference was held
on 12–23 February 1979 in Geneva. (wikipedia) It was one of the first major international meetings on climate change. We are studying climate change,
it's impact, causes and how to fix mess created by us. But now it 's high time for us to move forward and act on controlling Human contribution to
Greenhouse Gases(GHG) which is major contributing factor to climate change.This way we are giving back to society and future generations.
News: (See reference page for the link). Most of Greenland ice melted to bedrock in recent geologic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So we need to look for Electrical Vehicle (EV) andrenewable energy.
With current level of awareness for climate change people are changing their attitude toward mother earth and nature. They are increasingly looking
toward less polluting vehicles and renewable energy (like solar / wind energy) for their day to day energy needs. Also different government across
worlds are promoting development and use of EV automobiles and renewable energy. Government are giving incentives like congestion pricing,
highway tolls, carpooling lanes, tax rebates on green vehicle (environmentally preferable vehicles).
This change is society is forcing different organisation to develop green technology. Better Place and few other companies like Tesla, Renault
–Nissan,
Indian REVA, Fortwo is working toward this goal of new world where we human will be using green technology and not harming climate. This is
change is leading toward all major automobiles working on electrical or alternative fuel cars like Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCV).
Recommendation:
Along with current incentives government should promote infrastructure development for mass rapid transportation system. This will reduce per
capita energy use.
Different organisation is coming with their own innovation and lot of those innovation is happening in developed countries. These countries should
promote transfer of technology to developing countries. This way majority of world population

Uncertainties in Energy Policies Essay
Energy policy and plans are laid out with two kinds of objectives viz. Means objectives and Final objectives. The final objectives are ultimate goals of
reducing the negative impacts of climate change and creating a sustainable human environment that is progressive. The means objectives are
intermediate steps laid out to achieve the final objective. There are three means objectives laid out by MacKay that are commonly accepted viz.
Environment/Safety (human dimension), Energy security and Economic development. The Environment/Safety involves factors such as Green House
Gases (GHG's), NOx, SOx, ash, Hg, volatile organic compounds (VOC's), Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), Thermal shock, radioactive waste, land
use, etc. Energy security... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Any such modeling in whole or part requires caution and humility, and the results are specific to the model and its assumptions. They should not be
endowed with a precision and certainty that is simply impossible to achieve. The chief uncertainties with the impacts of climate change are ignorance of
time factor, technological advances, economics, policy, planning and society. These include the difficulties of estimating the costs of technologies
several decades into the future, as well as the way in which fossil–fuel prices evolve in the future. It is also hard to know how people will respond to
price changes.
Majority of current data uses time factors of different definitions that make such data hard to relate from a reference line. For example is it possible to
define the pre industrial era levels for health and longevity of human life compared to current with respect to air pollution levels. Most data uses
probabilistic models to speculate for the variation in time. However, such models involve many assumptions that inherently have uncertainties.
Technological advancements are hard to predict. The potential for, and costs of, technologies and measures to cut emissions across different sectors is
studied to weigh the impacts. Consider the case nuclear fusion which is being researched extensively since past 30 years or so but is still elusive at

The Abbott Government
Australia's government is a federal system that contains different 'levels' consisted of Federal, State and Local government that work together to govern
the nation (Andrewrobb, 2015). The system is very difficult to understand, thus gathering low attention by the public. For those who are observes how
the government works can attain a sense of understanding how the system affects the lives of many people in the nation. Throughout the Abbott
government period, it had proposed several plans that would not only provide benefits to the people of Australia, but also the nation itself. Although, the
Abbott government came to an abrupt end after a near two–year term, it has achieved several achievements throughout its duration. However, the
criticisms ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The purpose for the implementation of the carbon was to make polluters of carbon to pay accordingly to the amount of carbon they release in the
atmosphere (Pazzano, 2012). However, it has affected families and unemployed people around Australia, as costs in household such as electricity and
gas increased due to the policy (Robson, 2014). It was until July 2014, when Tony Abbott abolished the policy after several failed attempts, fulfilling its
promise and becoming one of the best achievements the government has made. According to Griffiths (2014), the removal of the carbon tax will
benefit the majority of households in Australia, saving hundreds of dollars in electricity and gas costs. However, Abbott's promise has been condemned
as only having a minor effect on household emission costs. This is evident in Thals' (2015) article that Tony Abbott's guarantee on lower household
costs after the carbon tax repeal was an ambitious promise, as expectation the government had set out were not reached. But, Thals clarified that the
Abbott government still fulfilled its promise, lessening the cost on household emissions (Thals, 2015). After the carbon tax repeal, Tony Abbott had
announced a new climate change policy to replaced the carbon tax policy (Chang, 2014). The Direct Action policy by Tony Abbott is a carbon reduction

Climate Justice Research Paper
Justice on global climate change is nearly impossible. The most impoverished states, contributing relatively little to the problem of climate change, are
facing the most dire consequences of environmental change. Historically, developed countries have contributed 60–80% towards global temperature
increases, ocean warming, and sea–ice melting. This trend continues to hold today as the United States, Europe, and China make up for nearly 60% of
the worlds fossil fuel emissions. Future issues due to climate change will be felt by all but will inflict the most damage on poverty–stricken regions of
Sub–Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Latin America. Between these regions, there will be approximately 143 million internalclimate migrants because
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An issue in achieving equity in reducing emissions is the objections of developed countries to this idea. Industrialized countries have dismissed the idea
of having long–term goals of countries be attempting to emit at an equal per capita standard. This would be a climate justice solution to the problem of
countries polluting at very disproportionate levels, but leaders of developed countries believe this will place an unfair burden on their economies.
Wealthier countries will push the cost of adjustment onto other countries, as done historically, and will urge these other countries to lower emissions.
This lowering the chance of wealthier states investing heavily in green energy for poorer countries, which have already been

Australian Regional Planning Issues And Policies
Australian Regional Planning Issues and Policies Guanyu Chen
Introduction
I would like to give a brief idea on the issues regarding to regional planning in Australia, including the physically define regions the topographic/terrain
features–river valley, coastline, mountain range, wetlands, river estuary; the differences in climates: the dry versus humid, high temperature versus low
temperature; and the dominant plants and the relevant agricultural activities.
Great Barrier Reef, Queensland Source: A. Allan, 2003
Willunga Basin, South Australia Source: A. Alan, 2003
Regions are defined in functional terms by the types of activities or functions found in the area (Codrington, 2005), such as political boundaries, Ethnic
and cultural boundaries, administrative areas for the delivery of services, areas defined for planning purposes, economic linkages, telecommunication
linkages, transport linkages, urban settlement pattern.
Australian State Boundaries Source: Australian Government, Department of the Environment, 2010
Telecommunication linkage Source: KDDI Group, 2015
Department Of Infrastructure and Transport Source: Department Of Infrastructure and Transport, 2015
Issues that are facing and have faced regional Australia since 1945
After Second World War, Australia launched a massive immigration program (Isaacs, 2007), believing that Australia must boost the

Climate Change Policy Memo
Discussion Section: 9 TA: Jose Emilio Lopez Word Count: 800 Addressed to the honorable Senators John McCain and Joseph Lieberman. Objective To
ensure the passage of the Climate Stewardship Act, S. 139, in the US Senate before the November 2004 presidential election. Strategy The recent
passage of the energy bill has opened an opportunity for the passage of the Climate Change Stewardship Act. Furthermore, the results of the voting of
the amendment presented by Senator Lieberman in October, 2003, show that there is already considerable support. We need to keep building
momentum around this issue, and propose some of the following actions. Knowing which states have voted against the Act, it will be important to map
out the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Traditionally poor and marginal states, will face the harshest conditions as their economic activities depend largely on the yield of crops. Hurricanes
and changes in the rain patterns can have severe impact in the already vulnerable economies of these states. When looking at the map of states that
voted against this we should devide them into those which are vulnerable to climate effects and voted against to convince them on increasing
economic pressures derived from inaction in their own states and neighboring states (peer pressure). Then, with those that depend primarily in fossil
fuel exploitation (coal mines, oil fields) we should work on the benefits of increase research and development of low carbon technologies within the
fossil fuel industry, investment in research and development of cleaner fuels and more efficient processes can be accompanied by technology transfer
tax breaks. Emphasis should be made on the fact that this newer industry will create an increasing amount of green jobs the young population could
benefit from. It means shifting maintenance investment in the oil and gas industry to the development of a whole new industry that will yield high
paying specialized jobs. The research and development community is a key ally in trying to convince state governments in secure resources funds for
R&D of low carbon technologies. Try to capture talent within states. A new green economy brings opportunity for all and a great chance for stagnating
and

Impact Of Public Policy On Global Energy And Climate Change
Aidan Johnson
BBE2201
25 April 2016
The Impact of Public Policy on Global Energy And Climate Change As a political science major with a focus on international politics, energy and the
environment are not just a means to an end but instead they are the focus of the work itself. Rather than studying business and needing energy to run
things effectively, the study of international relationships is in the business of dealing with these large topics in energy reduction especially as they
relate to reducing carbon emissions. The deeper one dives into the real core of worldwide energy production the more complicated and hopelessly
confusing it may seem. With thousands of government policies dictating energy production, and hundreds of governments acting around the world to
come to agreements concerning emission and environmental protection, the concern of global climate change as a result of carbon emissions has been
seen by many as beyond hope. However, despite overwhelming odds, in December 2015 a landmark agreement was reached by 195 countries to
decrease global fossil fuel emissions and attempt to mitigate the effects of global warming. Just a few months later in April of 2016 it was signed into
effect by all of them, and while it still needs to be ratified in many countries this is a historic step towards protecting the environment from the
harmful effects of global warming. Ahead a brief outline of our domestic energy policy will be examined, followed by an overview of

A Brief Note On The United States And Agriculture
Security The essential element needed for crops is water; used in agricultural development to flood the land and prep the soil. Water usage is an
ongoing process for the United States Department of Agriculture Services and the future adaptation in climate change. As it is integrated with security
by keeping America 's farmers and ranchers in business, as they face the uncertainties of weather and markets. This equilibrium of safety and risk must
be maintained, in order to provide stability and strength for the agricultural economy. 12 Unstable populations can often fall prey to food shortages and
water scarcity. These events then become a primary concern for the U.S. on mitigating against possible outbreaks of water and turmoil.
Droughts, being one of many weather problems, are a frequent killer to unstable economies. UN officials rely on the scientific evidence to shed light
on the potential conflicts that breed in areas of drought, floods, desertification, and other climate activity. Climate impacts migration, economic
suppression, and a governments' ability to govern as well as the accessibility to land rights and freedom. 13 This is an important topic for the United
Nations when considering climate change and what to do about water scarcity; as the mediators to the global unrest the UN is responsible for
peacekeeping and providing humanitarian aid. While climate change is a focal point on how conflict can easily be a factor in global events. The security
policy

The Problem Of Climate Policy Essay
Dana:Everything is off the record, but if we ever wanted to quote you for any reason, you would receive an email with a request and the actual quote
in it. So, it is off the record, even though we are recording.
Alex:Okay, that works.
Joe:So the recorder is now on. Just by way of introduction, can you guys give us a little about your background with Nevada Climate and Energy
Policy?
Alex:Before we jump in, can you give us a little bit more context of what the end goal of the project is and what the big pitcher here is?
Dana:Sure, I can do that. Basically the idea is that we publish a number of people looking at climate policy in the United States, particularly mapping
out planet ploy network. One of the papers was published in Nature Climate Change on what we call echo chambers and American Climate Policies that
Joe worked with me on. What we are planning on doing is updating that work, but also looking at network at the State level around energy politics.
Particularly looking at clean energy networks there. The end goals will hopefully be some papers that we submit for peer review, where all the
information provided is off the record. If we wanted to quote you, we would ask you for your permission, but then we are also going to be writing
out some white papers that will summarize the finding that will be made publicly available to people. A general overview of what we are finding
with regards to these networks. We would be happy to share and we will post it on

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals At A Un Summit
The United Nations General Assembly has officially adopted the Sustainable Development Goals at a UN summit in New York City as of September
27, 2015 that are to be globally implemented by 2030. This essay will discuss goal 13 "take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts",
along with its five targets.
Are the Targets Truly Measurable?
The most concretely measureable target under SDG 13 is 13.a. A deadline for this target is clearly stated along with the funds and specific parties
needed to create a global impact. One will be able to identify progress, or lack of, by 2020. Target 13.b is unspecified and extremely vague, not
indicating effective strategies for its measurability. LDC's often contribute least to climate change yet are expected to suffer the greatest, there is no
specific source in this target to aid these countries in raising their planning capacities. Target 13.1 is vague making it difficult to assess if a country
perhaps has not achieved this target, it only focuses on extreme events when developing resilience and adaptive capacity to gradual shifts in climate
change is crucial (ICSU, 2015). The target would need further specification and a timeframe. Target 13.2 can be measured as one can identify if and
when climate change protocols are implemented into a nations policies and whether or not they are put into effect, however focus on only the national
level is too narrow as mitigation policies can be used on different scales such as

The Impact Of Climate Change On Human Lives
As the impact of the climate change on human lives has become more and more significant, the climate change issue has been included in the SDGs
as Goal 13. Measuring the targets in SDGs' each goal is important to guarantee its effectiveness. The target 13.1 can be measured by comparing the
data of the increasing rate of resilience and adaptive capacity to climate–related hazards and natural disasters between applicable countries. However,
an agreement in the global scale system is required to get the right data set. The target 13.2, which deals with nations' policies, strategies and planning,
emphasizes each nation's approaches to solve the climate change issues through its policies. It can be measured by calculating the number of relevant
policies and looking into regression analysis models which would identify how these policies actually contributed to solving those problems. 13.3
focuses on early education and climate change empowerment in order to minimize the impact of the climate change. This target is measurable by
examining each country's education programs and people's general awareness in global climate change issues. The target 13.a, which deals with the
actions of the developed countries, can be measured by looking into the amount of money that will have been collected by 2020 and whether the fund
has been implemented properly and transparently. The target 13.b which focuses on the least developed countries or small developing states can be
measured by

Environmental Issues Of Climate Change
Climate change refers to any changes in climatic conditions, for example, temperature, precipitation and wind patterns, which last for at least great
amount decades. Before the Industrial Revolution, which took a place in the mid–18th century, climate change was mostly because of natural reasons
such as changes in the sun's activity and volcanic eruption. nevertheless, recent climate change is extensively attributed to human activities, since the
mid–20th century to change climate change worse. All of these are putting the lives facing the threaten and need to be dealt with as soon as possible.
Any delay in dealing with today's environmental topics will make the problems even more difficult take action,That is why environmental protection
organization is utmost to concern the problem. In light of the serious problems, world leader was working closely and more environmentally–friendly
future, by encouraging conservation, developing sources of renewable energy, formulating environmental policies, looking into the possibility new
source energy to replace nuclear power to solve climate change. Therefore, i disagree with it is too late to alleviate climate change problem.
The problem of climate change can be alleviated by three different levels, namely the individual level and the social level. Many people put forward
the idea that individuals can do little to tackle the problem of climate change and consider that the planet is beyond repair. For a matter of fact academics

The Causes Of Climate Change
Over the years, it has been evident through the reported news that the weather in many parts of the world is unpredictable. Climate change is a
large–scale, long–term shift in the planet's weather patterns or average temperatures (Met Office, 2015). Climate Change has not always been political
until it has gained the attention of many politicians across the world to advocate a change in countering climate change during the late 1970s. There are
issues such as climate migration and strain relationships between countries have resulted from global warming. Since then, politicians, scientists, and
world leaders have come together to find feasible solutions to try mending the damages done. This essay will look at how improving relations between
countries, implementation of improved policies and educating societies may be feasible solutions to face climate change.
Firstly, climate migration may affect the world's political geography and thus, the involvement of nations is needed. According to Leighton and Byrne
(2017), climate immigration happens when there is a large–scale displacement of people due to environmental factors. An illustration of it will be the
re–occurring storms, floods, and droughts happening in Bangladesh, about 12.17 million Bangladeshis moved to India for financial stability and
security. Another example is the devastating drought during 2006 to 2001 in Syria which have resulted in an over–flowing number of refugees into
neighbouring countries. In a way, it

The Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change Advice For...
The Intergovernmental panel on Climate Change advice for policy makers is a book with various statistics and facts about what the scientific
community has been noticing about the changing environment. The hope for the panel when making this booklet is that they could help guide policy
makers towards making more informed decisions about their policies and the effect it is having on the environment. While some of the evidence is
almost indisputable many politicians still argue their validity due to personal beliefs or because they receive campaign donations from companies who
do not want to see environmental policies change. The booklet is split up into three different parts, observations of the changes in the environment
around us, future risks these changes can have, and how to manage these risks and build a sustainable planet for everybody. The booklet describes
many various pieces of evidence from what they have seen around the world and have even rated their certainty on their hypothesizes. The section starts
out about how the global temperature has been increasing rapidly over the past century. They also state that the reason the temperature has been rising
is due to human activity and the rise in the amount of greenhouse gases that we release. The amount of human death we had so far is unknown due to
the wide cause of effects the rising temperature can have. Nobody knows how much food is lost from climate change or how many water borne illnesses
have killed people

Persuasive Essay On Climate Change
Climate change is a huge problem in this world today. The effects it has on the environment are long–lasting, widespread, and detrimental to the planet's
health. It affects various life forms all over the planet, and the effects are starting to show today. However, efforts to stop or control climate change's
effects have been expensive, making efforts to solve the problems associated with climate change hard to justify. The debate over whether or not the
protection of the environment is worth the potential destruction of developed economies still continues on to this day. One of the biggest effects that
climate change has created are the effects that it has had on the environment. Some of the signs that climate change is happening include ocean
acidification, glacier melts, sea level rise, and altered animal populations. Another effect that is already taking place are occurrences of extreme weather
. According to National Geographic's article Climate Change, extreme weather is starting to become more common: "The extraordinary heat wave that
killed some 70,000 people in Europe in 2003 should have been a once–in–500–years event; at the current level of global warming, it has become a
once–in–40–years event, according to a study published last year." The increase of extreme weather patterns can affect ecosystems and damage
infrastructure, which has a tremendous negative impact on all of the people and wildlife that have to deal with extreme weather events. Climate
Change also explains the potential effects of climate change on wildlife in various climate areas: "47% of 976 species in a 2016 survey had
vanished from areas they'd previously occupied on the warm edge of their range....1 in 6 species risks global extinction if the climate warms by
nearly 8В° F. That could happen by 2100 if we don't cut emissions, according to a 2015 study." (National Geographic 3). This shows that climate
change can be a moral issue by saying that a noticeable percentage of all life on Earth faces extinction if humanity does nothing is done to stop the
effects from happening. The changes in the environment are one of the biggest signs that climate change is taking place.
These effects can have a huge and often complicated impact on

National Subnational Integration On Energy And Climate...
LITERATURE REVIEW
National–Subnational Integration on Energy and Climate Change Policies
Case: Rajasthan
Guide
Dr. Minal Pathak
SONALI VYAS
PP0009713
M.Plan II yr.
Table of Contents
1Introduction2
1.1Background of the study2
1.2Rationale and Justification3
1.3Objectives5
1.4Research Questions5
1.5Scope5
1.6Methodology5
2Literature Review6
2.1Defining policy integration6
2.2Governance in India7
2.3Policy Instruments in India8

2.4Stakeholders in Energy Sector11
2.5Global Practices11
3Energy Sector in India14
Reference16
1Introduction
1.1Background of the study
India like all the developing countries is faced with sustaining its rapid economic growth while dealing with global threat of climate change. A
warming trend is projected for all the four regions under focus by INCCA. It is indicated that the annual mean surface air temperature may rise from
1.7В°C to 2В°C by 2030's. To counter that reducing emissions and increasing energy efficiency are recurring themes in India's development philosophy
which reflects in our policies, missions/ programmes at national, state and local level.
Rapidly increasing energy demand and growing concern about economic and environmental consequences call for effective and thorough energy
governance in India. (Ahn & Gracyzk, 2012)
To understand the dynamics of the energy policy framework governing India's energy sector, it is essential to comprehend the policy objectives and
context in

Trump Presidency Issues
The Trump Presidency has lead to major changes in foreign policy, but none sparked as much shock and outcry as the removal of the United States
from the Paris Climate Accord. Perhaps the underlying problem is that the accord, which trump described as "draconian", was seen as a step in the
right direction for so many others. At its core, the accord put restrictions on companies all over the world to help decrease the effect of global warming
and climate change. More than anything else, it was a symbol of our country's commitment towards protecting the environment, along with it the
lifestyle of generations to come. This change in policy shifts America away from international environmental cooperation, and signals Trump's
alignment with American freedom above all else. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I believe the underlying issue is that societies fundamental understanding of morality is utilitarian in nature, meaning a moral action must increase the
most amount of good for the most amount of people. Of course, removing the United States from the accord seems like a choice that benefits only
business owners. To make it worse, the choice is going to harm the average American citizen in several ways. For one, with US businesses not
complying to environmental standards, it is America's future generations that will suffer. Beyond that, this choice harms US relations with other
countries. In fact, there are only 3 countries that are not part of the paris climate accord; Syria, Nicaragua, and the United States. The global
frustration with America on this issue and the Trump presidency is making foreign relations colder, even our closest allies. Overall, choices like these
are isolating America from the rest of the world, which can only harm the average

Climate Change And Global Warming
Climate change is one of the most serious issues that the world is facing today. The purpose of this essay is to discuss the processes that lead to
climate change and strategies that can be used to address this issue. In order to comprehend how human activities contribute towards climate change and
global warming, we have to truly understand the science behind this phenomenon. First of all we need to clarify what anthropogenic climate change
means. This refers to the change in the amount of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere as a result of unsustainable human activity.
Greenhouse gases and aerosols change incoming and out–going solar radiation, thereby affecting the earth's climate. The major human activity that
contributes to climate change is the burning of fossil fuels.
The IPCC report made conclusions that the earth is warming and that humans are the major contributor to this problem. "The balance of evidence
suggests that there is a discernible human influence on global climate." The evidence suggests that since the beginning of the industrial era in the mid
18th century, human activity has had a warming influence that exceeds that of natural processes such as volcanoes. In 2001 IPCC also shed more light
in its report about new findings on how human activity was affecting the climate, "There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming
observed over the last fifty years is attributable to human activities." Industrial activities that produce a

Politics Is Blame For A Changing Climate
Politics is to Blame for a Changing Climate In the 1980's, scientists discovered three important pieces of information that would shape American
politics and the environment for years to come. The Earth was getting warmer, the warming was caused by human pollution to the air and sea, and
future generations would suffer (Hansen). Few believed these environmentalists at first, but as science progressed, the signs that climate change was a
real threat became more and more apparent. Today, the debate on climate change is a popular topic, especially in national politics. Although one may
assume the first step to fixing these environmental problems is to talk about it, evidence shows that political debate over the issue actually masks it ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This fact should spark a disturbance with many citizens because it shows how congressional votes depend on the use of a carbon dioxide emitting
fossil fuel to make decisions. Some argue that the decisions politicians make will not truly affect Americans; however, this is not a sound argument.
Perhaps these people do not see the full effect of a politician's stance on the environment right away. That all changes when certain politicians,
especially conservatives, are voted into office. When a certain group has control over the government and governmental policies, areas such as the food
industry can be manipulated to follow this economy–over–environment pattern. For instance, in Elizabeth Grossman's article "Banned in Europe, Safe
in the U.S.," Grossman describes "the process for restricting chemical use under the TSCA can also take years; in fact, only a handful of chemicals
have ever been barred under TSCA" (Grossman 5). This quote clearly illustrates that getting rid of unsafe or potentially unsafe chemicals is almost
impossible. If it does occur, people will still be exposed to the chemical for years to come. Why would the government want to use such harsh
chemicals? The chemical is working to better the economy, whether it is being sold in grocery stores or used to create a product produced by
thousands of workers to stimulate job growth. The government does not want to risk the economy over dangerous environmental impacts. The

An Analysis of Policy and Business Solutions to Global...
As scientific research contends, discrepancies in the earth's climate will have a significant impact on the environment and humans. Human habitation
and economic patterns will all have to shift as entire ecosystems are altered because of these climate trends. As scientists continue to present the case
that climate change is a serious problem that must be addressed through societal efforts, members of the public and private sector are beginning to
recognize their obligation to take action. Yet, in order to make sound managerial decisions regarding climate change it is important to understand the
nature of the problem. This report will consider the causes of climate change and evaluate the political response to climate change on an ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further, research reveals that the levels of greenhouse gases has increased between the base periods of 1961 and 1990, with a warming of the
atmosphere accompanying the increase in carbon dioxide levels (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 2014). These trends will have
serious consequences for humans around the globe.
The reason that climate changes impact human life significantly is that climate interacts significantly with the ecosystem. The climate system is
composed of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the physical Earth, the biosphere, and the cryosphere, a term designating solid forms of water that are
permanent landmarks on the Earth's surface (Lutgens & Tarbuck, 2013). Thus, when a change to the Earth's atmospheric temperature occurs, it not
only impacts the atmosphere, but all components of the environment are impacted as well. For example, if a drop in temperature takes place over a
series of time, this modifies the features of the Earth's surface, which can make it uninhabitable for entire species. This also impacts the food and plant
sources that humans rely upon to survive while making different locations less desirable for habitation. Thus, humans are profoundly affected by global
trends in climate.
Causes of Climate Change The causes

The Effects Of Conventional Agricultural Farms On Agriculture
Anyone can have the globe on their dinner plate. Literally speaking, carbon dioxide (CO2), greenhouse gases, and fossil fuel emissions play a role
in imported food as does climate change. Conventional agricultural farms are known for being one of the biggest contributors to climate change.
Federal policies and subsidies can aid farmers in the fight against altering the climate. Subsidies first allowed cheap commodity crops to flourish
during Nixon's presidency and while they allow farmers to grow, use, and sell cheap produce today, the machinery and transport of it has otherwise
been and is destructive to the climate. The amount of fossil fuels and pollution emitted by crop, meat, and fish farms pose as a climatic risk and can be
reduced... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) must consign a farm protocol that requires organic soil to be used in croplands which will help
eliminate problematic soils caused from CO2 emissions from cultivated farmlands. Everette Burdick, a chemist and former USDA researcher for five
years, studied how climate change affects soil in Coral Gables. Burdick states, "Cultivation of land has been the main CO2 emission source with
plant growth and production being jeopardized by changes in the distribution of rainfall...this degradation of drylands results in soil exhaustion and
erosion. It diminishes soil productivity, and negatively impacts areas not directly affected by its symptoms, by causing floods, soil salinization, and
silting of rivers, streams and reservoirs" (1). Continental lands, which include farms, tend to create a buildup in salt production, which is the process
of desertification, if the crop soil is affected by rainfall shortages which are affected by CO2 emissions on the climate. In this case, it is possible for the
crop to undergo cryptobiosis, a form of de–oxygenation which occurs when soil becomes dehydrated, which then makes the crop 'dead' from lack of
sustenance. Burdick affirms that, "The emission limitation

A Consensus On International Climate Change Policy
One of the greatest threats to humankind present in the 21st century is climate change. Human behavior, especially since industrial revolution led "over
600 thousand tons of carbon to be emitted into the atmosphere from fossil fuels" which thus enhanced greenhouse affects, and alters the natural cycle of
global warming and cooling. The consequence of such alteration has devastating effects globally as drastic "temperature increases experienced in the
recent years are causing widespread damages" . Effects of climate change not only helps deteriorate the biome as "quarter of all species could be
pushed to extinction by 2050" , but also poses a large threat to "living conditions and challenges existing patterns of energy use and security" Given
that climate change is one of the most pressing issues experienced in the modern era "there has been little progress in the United Nations (UN) led
climate negotiations" . The reason as to why states cannot come to a consensus on international climate change policy is because states reside in an
anarchic international system in which states are by nature: conflictual, self–interested and focused on attaining relative gain as shown through
neo–realist theory. In ability for states to negotiate a climate change action plan will be shown through states' pursuit of relative gains in the Kyoto
Protocol, the role of economic growth in terms of relative gains, and climate change lag/ state's personal agendas, which have led to numerous

Carbon Dioxide Emissions In Australia And Climate Change

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