best survey notes

1. INTRODUCTION TO INSTRUMENTS
USED IN SURVEYING
Practical # 1

2. SURVEYING
• A process of determining positions of points in a
horizontal plane.
• Surveying is the technique of determining the relative
position of different features on, above or beneath the
surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect
measurements and finally representing them on a
sheet of paper known as plan or map.

3. LEVELING
• The process of determining positions of points in a
vertical plane.
• The art of determining and representing the relative
heights or elevations of different points on the surface
of the earth.

4. OBJECTIVE
• Preparation of plan or map

5. PLAN
• A plan is a representation of real-life distances, areas
and objects on a reduced scale. This representation is
made on a horizontal (two-dimensional) plane.
• Map and plan are technically the same. When scale is
small, it is called a plan and if the scale is large then it
is called a map. Example: Map of Pakistan, plan of
new office building.

6. TYPES OF SURVEY
Primary Division:
• Geodetic
• Plain
Nature of Field:
• Land
• Marine or Navigation
• Astronomical
Objectives:
• Archeological
• Geological
• Mine and Military
Method:
• Triangulation
• Traversing
Instruments:
• Chains
• Theodolite
• Tachometric
• Compass
• Plane Table
• Photographic and Aerial

7. TYPES OF SURVEY
Engineering Surveys:
• Reconnaissance Survey: Feasibility & Rough cost
• Preliminary Survey: More precise data to choose the best
location for work and estimate exact costs
• Location Survey: For setting out the work on the ground

8. INSTRUMENTS USED IN
SURVEYING

9. SCOPE
• Instruments used in survey have either one or more of
the following functions;
 Helps in marking accurate positions of objects and
distances on earth’s surface and determining the
relative heights
 Helps in establishment of marks to control
construction and to indicate boundary limits.

10. SIGNIFICANCE
• Instruments help in preparation of detailed and
accurate plans and maps.
• For example, laying of roads, railways, pipelines and
electric supply lines would have never been possible,
without the use of survey equipment. Survey is the
first step in execution of any Civil engineering project
because availability of detailed and accurate maps
and plans is the first thing required to progress.

11. SURVEYORS CHAIN
• Made up of metallic links. (100-150)
• Brass tags are fastened at regular
intervals.
• Used in chain surveying, to measure
distances.
• In chain surveying, measurements
are taken in the field only using
chain, and the rest work, such as
calculations and plotting are done in
the office

13. SURVEYOR'S CHAIN TYPES
• Engineer’s chain is 30.5 meter (100 ft) long divided into
one-foot links (100 Links). It is used in all Engineering
Surveys
• Gunter’s chain is 20.12 meter (66 ft)long consisting of
hundred links. Each link is of 0.2012 meter. Used for
measuring distances in miles or furlongs (201.2 yards),
acres (Area)
• Revenue Chain is 10.1 meter (33 ft) long consisting of 16
links. Commonly used for measuring fields in cadastral
Survey

14. ARROWS
• To mark points
• Made of steel
• Circular top for ease of pulling out and passing rope
through it

15. TAPE
• Used to measure distances.
• Usually 30 meter or 100 feet long made up of steel, fiber
etc.
• Can be reeled back quickly

16. WALKIE TALKIE
• A two-way radio transceiver.
• Compact easily transportable
battery-operated radio
transmitting and receiving set.
• For reliable communication in
land surveying

17. RANGING ROD
• Used for marking the position of
stations and for ranging the straight
lines
• Usually 3 cm in diameter and 2 m or
3 m long, painted alternatively
either red and white or in lengths of
20 cm.
• These colors are used so that the
rod is properly sited in case of long
distances and bad weather.

18. WOODEN PEGS
• Used when certain points on
the field require more
permanent marking.
• The size of the pegs (40 to 60
cm) depends on the type of
survey work they are used for
and the type of soil they have
to be driven in.
• The pegs should be driven
vertically into the soil and the
top should be clearly visible

19. PRISMATIC COMPASS
• Allows the user to simultaneously view the object being
sighted and its magnetic heading or meridian. It is
generally used on a stand or tripod.

20. AUTO-LEVEL
• An optical instrument used to establish or check points in
the vertical plane.
• Used in leveling along with
staff rod

21. STAFF ROD
• A graduated wooden or
aluminum rod used to
determine the differences in
elevation.
• Can be shortened for storage
and transport or lengthened
for use

22. PLANE TABLE & ACCESSORIES
• Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in
which the field observations and plotting are done
simultaneously.

23. PLANE TABLE & ACCESSORIES
• Plane Table: It is drawing board made
from well-seasoned wood with its upper
surface is exactly planed. It is normally
rectangular in shape with size 75 cm x
60 cm.
• Tripod: The plane table is mounted on a
tripod. The tripod may be made to fold
for convenience of transportation. Tripod
is provided with three foot screws at its
top for leveling of the plane table.

24. PLANE TABLE & ACCESSORIES
• Alidade: The alidade is useful for
establishing a line of sight. It consists of
a gun metal with two vertical vanes at
the ends. The eye-vane is provided with
a narrow slit while the object-vane is
open and carries a horse hair. Both the
slits, thus provide a definite line of sight
which can be made to pass through the
object to be sighted

25. PLANE TABLE & ACCESSORIES
• Trough Compass: It is required
for drawing the line showing
magnetic meridian on the paper.
It is used to orient the table to
the magnetic meridian.
• U-Fork with Plumb bob: It is
used for centering the table over
the point or station occupied by
the plane table when the plotted
position of that point is already
on the sheet.

26. HAND HELD GPS
• Used to find coordinates.
• Provides data that can be turned
into maps, plans and models. It
can be used for distance
measurement in any direction i.e.
X, Y and Z.
• Having built-in electronic
compass, it gives direction i.e.
North, South, West and East.

27. ELECTRONIC THEODOLITE
• Used for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical
planes.
• Used for mapping application, setting out curves, aligning
tunnels.

28. TOTAL STATION
• An electronic/optical instrument used in modern
surveying and building construction.
• The total station is an electronic theodolite integrated
with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to read slope
distances from the instrument to a particular point. It
can calculate horizontal, vertical angles, azimuths of
lines etc.

30. PLUMB BOB
• Consists of a piece of metal (called
a bob) pointing downwards, which
is attached to a cord.
• When the plumb bob is hanging
free and not moving, the cord is
vertical. It is used to center given
instrument on given point.

31. GROUPS
GROUP 1
Sr.# Registration Name
01 BCE183017 Fazal Qadeer ( Leader )
02 BCE183003 Zeeshan Abbas
03 BCE183012 Mir Alam
04 BCE183058 Awad Nawaz
05 BCE183094 Obaid Ur Rehman
06 BCE183076 Suleman Ali Kiani
07 BCE183077 Hamid Saqib
08 BCE183080 Syed Asad Abbas

32. GROUP 2
Sr.# Registration Name
01 BCE183060 Fazal Rahman ( Leader )
02 BCE183005 Afaq Ahmad Khan
03 BCE183018 Arshad Qayyum
04 BCE183033 Chaudhary Qasim Khan
05 BCE183034 Yaseen Asghar
06 BCE183074 Waheed Arshad Khan
07 BCE183063 Muhammad Mansoor Yalmas
08 BCE183090 Hassam Orakzai

33. GROUP 3
Sr.# Registration Name
01 BCE183086 Daniyal Imtiaz ( Leader )
02 BCE183083 Nouman Khan
03 BCE183070 Saqib Khalid
04 BCE183062 Touqeer Ali
05 BCE183051 Ali Hassan Nasir
06 BCE183073 Muhammad Abdullah Qazi
07 BCE183019 Naveed Afaq
08 BCE183056 Muhammad Osama Ejaz

34. GROUP 4
Sr.# Registration Name
01 BCE183093 Arshad Ali ( Leader )
02 BCE183011 Hamed Ullah Khan
03 BCE183031 Syed Muhammad Hadi
04 BCE183066 Aamir Khan
05 BCE183069 Ryam Shafiq Khan
06 BCE183085 Muhammad Abdul Hanan
07 BCE183081 Aman Ullah
08 BCE183092 Waleed Abbas

35. GROUP 5
Sr.# Registration Name
01 BCE183052 Hayat ur Rehman ( Leader )
02 BCE183014 Abdul Rafay Munawar
03 BCE183064 Bassam Javed
04 BCE183068 Jawad Jabbar
05 BCE183072 Shah Nawaz Khan
06 BCE183075 Muhammad Uzair
07 BCE183089 Muhammad Numan
08 BCE183078 Muhammad Usama

36. SECTION 2

37. GROUP 1
Sr.# Registration Name
01 BCE183038 Rehan Asif ( Leader )
02 BCE183002 Muhammad Abdullah Khan
03 BCE183024 Abdullah Khan Niazi
04 BCE183049 Muhammad Saad Nawaz
05 BCE183021 Rana Mohid Ullah Khan
06 BCE183065 Junaid Arshad
GROUP 2
Sr.# Registration Name
01 BCE183009 Sardar Abdul Saboor Khan ( Leader )
02 BCE183004 Zahid Ullah
03 BCE183016 Rana Muhammad Ali
04 BCE183082 Tayyab Ali Rana
05 BCE183026 Usama Akhtar
06 BCE183046 Jawad Jehangir

38. GROUP 3
Sr.# Registration Name
01 BCE183088 Adeer Khan ( Leader )
02 BCE183013 Abdus Samad Farooq
03 BCE183042 Abbas Ali Shah
04 BCE183057 Muhammad Hamza Khan
05 BCE183025 Asad Iqbal
06 BCE183067 Ali Kaif
GROUP 4
Sr.# Registration Name
01 BCE183027 Muhammad Danish ( Leader )
02 BCE183001 Wasif Ali
03 BCE183007 Muhammad Saad Hassan
04 BCE183039 Haider Masaud
05 BCE183028 Muhammad Ali
06 BCE183037 Haider Ilyas
07 BCE183036 Sameer Zafar

39. GROUP 5
Sr.# Registration Name
01 BCE183055 Muhammad Abdullah Sadiq ( Leader )
02 BCE183010 Umara Khan
03 BCE183015 Adnan Anwar
04 BCE183044 Fahad Hussain
05 BCE183029 Muhammad Zohaib Asif
06 BCE183041 Sabihee Ali Khan Qazalbash
07 BCE183020 Shiza Siraj Khan

40. THANK YOU