Architecture - site analysis and planing , unit 1 classification of survey , types of survey

1. INTRODUCTION
SITE ANALYSIS AND PLANNING (AR6512)
Ar. Shamiudeen.s
SIGMA COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE, MARTHANDAM
ANNA UNIVERSITY
UNIT - 1

2. Introduction:
• Definition –
Plot, Site, Land, Region
• Units of measurement
• Introduction to Survey
• Methods of Surveying and their uses
• Surveying Instruments and their application
• Need for Surveying

3. Plot:
• A small piece of land that has been marked or measured for a
particular purpose.
• Plot is a diagram which shows the buildings, utility layout, the
position of roads and other construction of an existing or
proposed site at a defined scale.
• Retained and Proposed
buildings
• Landscape Elements
• Above Ground Features and
Obstructions
• Major Infrastructure Routes
• Property Boundaries
• Set Backs
• Rights of Way
Typically it contains:-

4. Site:
• An area of a ground on which a town, building or monument is
constructed.
• The place where a structure or group of structures is to be
located.
• A plot of land prepared for or underlying a structure or
development.
• The location of a property is also said to be Site.

5. Land:
• Any part of the earth’s surface not covered by water body.
• An area of a ground with specific boundaries.
• Land includes all physical elements in the wealth of a nation best
owed by nature; such as climate, environment, fields, forests,
minerals, mountains, lakes, streams, seas, and animals.

6. Region:
• Region is a device of area generalization.
• A large, usually continuous segment of a earth’s surface or space.
• A large, indefinite portion of the earth's surface.

7. Region:
• Region is an area on the earth’s surface marked by certain
properties that are homogeneous inside and distinct from outside
it.
• A region is defined as a part of the earth’s surface with one or
many similar characteristics that make it unique from other areas.
• Regional geography studies the specific unique characteristic of
place related to their culture, economy, topography, climate,
politics and environmental factors such as their different species
of flora and fauna.

8. Units Of Measurement:
• A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of a quantity,
defined and adopted by convention or by law, that is used as a
standard for measurement of the same quantity.
• The most widely used system of units is the International System
of Units (SI).
• In surveying, the most commonly used units define quantities of
length (or distance), area, volume, and horizontal or vertical
angles.

9. Units Of Measurement:
• There are 2 types of measurements used in the building survey.
• They are :
oMetric System
oFeet & Inches System (English System)
• Measuring the land is the integral quantitative element of
Surveying.
• The most common measurements followed in India are Acres,
Bighas, Biswas etc.….

10. Metric System:
• The basic unit of length in the SI system is the meter.
• The meter was originally intended to be one ten-millionth of the
distance from the Equator to the North Pole (at sea level).
• The meter has since been redefined as the distance travelled by
light in a vacuum.
1 Meter 1,000 Millimeters
1 Meter 100 Centimeters
1 Meter 10 Decimeter
1 Decameter 10 Meters
1 Hectometer 100 Meters
1 Kilometer 1,000 Meters
Subdivisions of Meters are:
• Millimeter
• Centimeter
• Decimeter
Multiples of Meters are:
• Decameter
• Hectometer
• Kilometer

11. Foot & Inches System:
• The basic units for length or distance measurements in the
English system are the inch, foot, yard, and mile.
• Other units of length also include the rod, furlong, and chain.
1 Foot 12 Inches
1 Yard 3 Feet
1 Rod 5.5 Yard
1 Chain 4 Rods
1 Furlong 10 Chains
1 mile 8 Furlongs

12. Units Of Measurement:
• Length
• Area
• Volume
• Mass
• Angular Measurements
• Temperature
• Pressure

13. Surveying:
• Surveying is the art of and science of determining the relative
positions of various points on the surface of the earth by measuring
the horizontal and vertical distances, angles and taking the details of
these points and by preparing a map or plan to any suitable scale.
• Surveying is the technique and science of accurately determining the
terrestrial or three-dimensional space, position of points and the
distances and angles between them.
• In order to accomplish their objective, surveyors use elements of
geometry, engineering, mathematics, physics, and law.

14. Divisions Of Surveying
PLAIN SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING
Divided by considering the curvature of Earth Surface.
1.
Earth Surface is considered as a PLAIN
SURFACE.
Earth Surface is considered as a CURVED
SURFACE.
2. The curvature of the earth is Ignored.
The curvature of the earth is taken into
account.
3.
Line joining any two stations is considered
to be STRAIGHT.
Line joining any two stations is considered to
be SPHERICAL.
4.
The triangle formed by any three points is
considered as PLAIN.
The triangle formed by any three points is
considered as SPHERICAL.
5.
The angles of the triangle are considered
as PLAIN Angles.
The angles of the triangle are considered as
SPHERICAL Angles.
6. Carried out for a small area < 250 sq.km. Carried out for a small area >250 sq.km.
7.
Carried out by local & state agencies like
Irrigation dept, Railway dept…..
Carried out by the survey of India dept.

15. Classification Of Survey:
Surveys may be classified into 3 types according to the purpose of
the resulting map.
1. Based on the Nature of the Field Survey.
2. Based on the Object of Survey
3. Based on Instruments

16. Based on the Nature of the Field
Survey :
FIELD
SURVEY
LAND SURVEY
TOPOGRAPHICAL
SURVEY
CADASTRAL
SURVEY
CITY SURVEY
MARINE / HYDRO
GRAPHIC SURVEY
ASTRONOMICAL
SURVEY

17. Land Survey:
Topographical Survey – is made to
determine the natural features of the country
(hills, valleys, rivers, forest, villages, towns etc..)
Cadastral Survey – are made incident the
fixing of property lines (boundaries of fields,
plots, houses and other properties)
City Survey – made in connection with the
construction of streets, water supply systems,
sewers & other works.

18. Marine / Hydro Graphical Survey:
Deals with the bodies of water for purpose of navigation,
water supply, harbor works or to determine the sea level.
Astronomical Survey:
• Determining the absolute location & direction of any line on
the surface of the earth.
• This consists in observation to the heavenly bodies such as sun
or any fixed star.

19. Based on the Object of Survey:
1. ENGINEERING SURVEY – afford sufficient data for the
designing of engineering works such as roads, sewage disposal
and water supply.
2. MILITARY SURVEY – used for determining points of
strategic importance.
3. MINE SURVEY – used for exploring mineral wealth.
4. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY – used for determining the
different strata in the earth’s crust.
5. ARCHAELOGICAL SURVEY – used for unearthing relics
of antiquity.

20. Based on the Instruments:
1. CHAIN SURVEY
2. THEODOLITE SURVEY
3. TRAVERSE SURVEY
4. TRIANGULATION SURVEY
5. TACHOMETRIC SURVEY
6. PLANE TABLE SURVEY
7. PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEY
8. ARIEL SURVEY

21. Chain Survey:
• Simplest method of surveying.
• Only linear measurements are made & no angular measurements.
• The area to be surveyed is divided into triangles and the triangles
are measured directly in the field.
• In chain survey a network of triangles are preferred.
• Angles of the triangle – not smaller than 30 degree and greater
than 120 degree.

22. Chain Survey:
• Length of the chain – 20 or 30m
• No of links per meter length – 5m
• Length of each link – 20cm
• Tallies are provided at every 5m
• Small brass rings are provided at every meter except tallies are
provided

23. Different Types Of Chains:
1. METRIC CHAIN –
• Generally divided into 100 or 150 links.
• The length of the chain is measured from outside of one handle to
outside of the other.
2. GUNTER’S CHAIN –
• Exactly 22 yards (about 20m ) long and divided into 100 links.
3. ENGINEER’S CHAIN –
• Used by surveyors for measuring out lands and plot sizes.
• The chain measures 100ft and contains 100 links.
• Each link measures 12 inches.

24. Different Types Of Chains:
4. REVENUE CHAIN –
• Commonly used in measuring fields in cadastral survey.
• The length of the chain is 33ft long and divided into 16 links.
• Each link measures 2.0625ft.
5. STEEL BAR or BAND CHAIN –
• Length – 20 or 30m
• Width – 16mm
• Brass tallies are fixed at every 5m length band.

25. Traverse Survey:
• Traversing is the type of survey in which a number of survey
lines form the frame work.
• The directions and lengths of the survey lines are measured with
the help of an angle measuring instrument and a tape
respectively.
TRAVERSE SURVEY
OPEN TRAVERSE CLOSED TRAVERSE

26. • When the survey lines of the
circuit end elsewhere, it is said
to be an open traverse.
• The open traverse is suitable
for surveying along narrow
strip of land as required for a
road or canal or the coast line.
Open Traverse Survey:
• When the survey lines form a
circuit which ends at the
starting point, it is known as a
closed traverse.
• Closed traverse is suitable for
locating the boundaries of
lakes, woods etc. & for the
survey of large spaces.
Close Traverse Survey:

27. Methods Of Traversing:
1. Chain traversing.
2. Chain & compass traversing.
3. Transit & tape traversing.
4. Plane table traversing.
• The whole work is done with the chain and tape.
• No angle measuring instrument is used.
• The directions of the lines are fixed entirely by linear
measurements.
• Angles fixed by linear measurements are known as Chain
Angles.
Chain Traversing: -

28. • In chain and compass traversing, the magnetic bearings of the
survey lines are measured by a compass and the length of the
lines are measured either by chain or with a tape.
• The direction of magnetic meridian is established at each
traverse station independently.
• The method is also known as Free or Loose Needle Method.
• A theodolite fitted with a compass may also be used for
measuring the magnetic bearings.
Chain & Compass Traversing: -

29. • Plane table traverse involves the same principle as a transit
traverse.
• At each successive station the table is set, a foresight is taken to
the following station and its location is plotted by measuring the
distance between the two stations as in radiation method.
Plane Table Traversing: -
Transit & Tape Traversing: -
• Angles are measured with a transit or theodolite.
• Distance is measured with a tape or by chain.
• The transit and tape permitted the more precise measurements
necessary in land subdivision planning, construction surveying
and nearly all land boundaries.
• This method is used for most surveying work.

30. Triangulation Survey:
• Triangulation is the basic method of
surveying, when the area to be
surveyed is large, triangulation is
adopted.
• The entire area is divided into
network of triangles.
• Triangulation is a surveying method
that measures the angle in a triangle
formed by three control points.
• Using trigonometry and the measured
length of just one side, the other
distances in the triangle are calculated.

31. Triangulation Survey:
• The measured distance in the
first triangle is known as ‘Base
Line’ and is the only distance
measured; all the rest are
calculated from it and measured
angles.
• The angles in the triangles are
measured using theodolite.
• In triangulation, the vertical
angles are not needed, but they
can be used to measure the
different height between the
points.

32. Tacheometric Survey:
• Tacheometry is a theodolite installed with a stadia diaphragm.
• Stadia diaphragm is equipped with three horizontal hairs and
one vertical hair.
• We can take three vertical staff reading at the same instruments
setting, lower most hair reading, central hair reading and top
hair reading.
• The difference between the lower hair reading and the upper hair
reading gives the staff intercept.
• This method is very rapid & convenient.
• It is best adapted in obstacles such as steep & broken ground,
deep valleys, stretches of water or swamp.

33. The instruments required for
carrying out the Tacheometric
survey are: -
1. A Tacheometer
2. A Stadia Rod
Instruments : -
1. Stadia Hair Method
• Fixed Hair Method
• Movable Hair Method
2. Tangential Method
Methods Of Tacheometry Survey : -

34. • STADIA HAIR METHOD: - is that the ratio of the length of
perpendicular to the base is constant in case of similar triangles.
1. FIXED HAIR METHOD: - the cross hairs of the diaphragm are kept
at a constant distance apart and the staff intercept varies with the
horizontal and vertical positions of the staff with respect to the
theodolite.
2. MOVABLE HAIR METHOD: - the staff intercept between the lower
hair and the upper hair is kept constant by moving the horizontal cross
hairs in the vertical plane.
Methods : -
• TANGENTIAL METHOD: - only cross hair reading is noted
down and generally two angular observations are taken to
calculate the horizontal and vertical distance.

35. Plane Table Survey:
• Plane tabling is a graphical method of
survey in which the field observations
& plotting proceed simultaneously.
• It means of making a manuscript map
in the field while the ground can be
seen by the topographer without
intermediate steps of recording &
transcribing field notes.
• It can be used to tie topography by
existing control & to carry its own
control systems by triangulation or
traverse.

36. The instruments required for carrying out the Plane Table survey
are: -
1. The plane table with levelling head having
arrangements for:
a) Levelling
b) Rotation about vertical axis
c) Clamping
2. Alidade for sighting
3. Plumbing fork and plumb bob
4. Sprit level
5. Compass
6. Drawing paper with a rain proof cover
Instruments Used For Plane Table Survey:

37. Photogrammetric Survey:
• Photogrammetry is the practice of determining the geometric
properties of objects from photographic images.
• This involves estimating the three dimensional coordinates of
points on an object.
• These are determined by measurements made in two or more
photographic images taken from different positions.
• Common points are identified on each image.
• A line of sight (or ray) can be constructed from the camera
location to the point on the object. It is the intersection of
these rays (triangulation) that determines the three‐dimensional
location of the point.

38. Aerial Survey:
• Aerial survey is a method of collecting information conducted
from an airborne platform.
• This is collected by using aerial photography, LiDAR or laser
scanning.
• It is often recognized similarly as aero photogrammetry, part of
photogrammetry where the camera is mounted on an aircraft.
• Aerial survey is different to satellite imagery because of its
better resolution, quality and atmospheric conditions.

39. Theodolite Survey:
• The theodolite is the most precise instrument
designed for the measurement of horizontal &
vertical angles & has wide applicability in
surveying such as laying off horizontal angles,
locating points on line, prolonging survey lines,
establishing grades, determining difference in
elevation, setting out curves etc.
• Theodolite may be classified as
1. Transit theodolite
2. Non transit theodolite
• A Transit Theodolite is one in which the line of sight can be reversed
by revolving the telescope through 180 deg in the vertical plane.
• The Non Transit Theodolite are either plain theodolite or y-
theodolites in which the telescope cannot be transited.
• The transit is mainly used & non transit theodolite have now become
obsolete

40. Theodolite Survey:
1. Telescope
2. Vertical circle
3. Index frame
4. The standards
5. The upper plate
6. The lower plate
7. The leveling head
8. The shifting head
9. Plate level
10. Tripod
11. Plumb bob
12. Magnetic compass

41.  Telescope: - A telescope is a focusing instrument which has object
piece at one end and eye piece at the other end. It rotates about
horizontal axis in vertical plane. The graduations are up to an accuracy
of 20’.
 Vertical Circle: - Vertical circle is fitted to telescope and moves
simultaneously with telescope. It has graduation in each quadrant
numbered from 0 to 90degrees.
 Index Frame: - It is also called as t-frame or Vernier frame. It consists
two arms vertical and horizontal. Vertical arm helps to lock the
telescope at desired level and horizontal arm is useful to take the
measurements of vertical angles.
 The Standards: -The standards are the frames which supports
telescope and allow it to rotate about vertical axis. Generally, these are
in letter A-shape. So, standards are also called as A-frame.
Parts Of Theodolite : -

42.  The Upper Plate: -
• This is also called as Vernier plate. The top surface of upper plate gives
support to the standards.
• It also consists an upper clamping screw with respect to tangents screw which
helps to fixing it to the lower plate.
• When the upper clamping screw is tightened both upper and lower plates are
attached and moved together with some relative motion because of upper
tangent screw.
• The upper [late also consists two Vernier's with magnifiers which are arranged
diagonally. It is attached tow inner spindle.
 The Lower Plate: -
• This is also called as scale plate. Because it contains a scale on which 0 to 360
readings are graduated.
• It is attached to the outer spindle and consists lower clamping screw.
• If lower clamp screw is loosened and upper clamp screw is tightened, both
plates can rotate together.
• Similarly, if lower clamping screw is tightened and upper clamp is loosened
then, only upper plate is movable and lower plate is fixed with tribrach plate.

43.  The Leveling Head: -
• The leveling head contains two parallel triangular plates called as tribrach
plates.
• The upper one is known as upper tribrach plate and is used to level the
upper plate and telescope with the help of leveling screws provided at its
three ends.
• The lower one is called as lower tribrach plate and is attached to the tripod
stand.
 The Shifting Head: -
• Shifting head also contains two parallel plates which are moved one over
the other with in small area.
• Shifting head lies below the lower plate. It is useful to centering the whole
instrument over the station.
 Plate Level: -
• Plate levels are carried by the upper plate which are right angles to each
other with one of them is parallel to trunnion axis.
• These plate levels help the telescope to settle in exact vertical position.

44.  Tripod: -
• Tripod is nothing but a stand on which theodolite is mounted.
• It should place in such a way that theodolite should be in exact leveled
position.
• The tripod has legs with steel shoes at their ends.
• These hold the ground strongly without any movement when placed.
• Tripod has an external screw which helps to attach the theodolite by
tribrach plate in fixed position.
 Plumb Bob: -
• Plumb bob is tool having a cone shaped weight attached to a long thread.
• The weight is hanged using thread from the center of tripod stand and
centering of theodolite is done.
 Magnetic Compass: -
• Simpler theodolites may contain circular compass box in the center of
upper plate.
• When we select north as reference meridian it will be useful.