PMT: Class 8 Outline: Poisonous Hemlock The Legumes (Nodulation) Last time: Agriculture and the Grains, Wheat, Maize and Rice. Feb 19, Monday - in one week is Exam I Poisonous Hemlock Carrot family – Apiaceae, Also know as the parsley family Umbelliferae. 300 genera & ~ 3000 Species: ¼ of genera native to U.S. Contains important food plants: Carrots, parsnips, celery Coriander seeds, cilantro, Caraway, parsley & dill – also poison hemlock. Poisonous Hemlock Conium maculatum L. Description: A tall, usually much - branched, imposing plant with purple-spotted stems, compound leaves, and small compound umbels of white Flowers. Height: Two to ten feet. Leaves: Pinnate compound. Poisonous Hemlock: Flowering: 2mm long, five petals, compound umbel. Habitat: Waste places, weedy areas, and woodland borders. Range: Throughout East, except Newfoundland & Arctic, also in much of Western U.S. All parts of this plant are poisonous, containing the toxic alkaloid called coniine. Toxin is a volatile oily compound. Coniine was the first alkaloid synthesized in the laboratory. Piperidine structure: nitrogen in a six-member ring. Coniine killed Socrates! Socrates drank a potent solution of poisonous hemlock 399 BC Coniine causes paralysis of the diaphragm and subsequent respiratory failure No plant extract should be consumed by unqualified practitioners! Poisonous hemlock is a narcotic herb that sedates and relieves pain. The young leaves and fresh seeds contain the highest alkaloid content. Used by Greek and Arab physicians for a variety of problems including arthritis. It was not always effective …caused death... as the difference btw. a therapeutic and a toxic amount or measure can be very slight.. Poisonous Hemlock: Overdoses can produce paralysis and loss of speech being followed by depression of the respiratory function then death! No plant extract should be consumed by unqualified humans (practitioners)! A current issue with poisonous hemlock is: prevent livestock from consuming poisonous hemlock while grazing (in large open rangelands)! Paper: Hemlock alkaloids and Socrates to poison Aloes (Aloe ruspoliana): on mycourses • 399 BC poisoning of Socrates by poisonous hemlock. • Active constituents are of the piperidine alkaloids family • ~all related to coniine alkaloids all of very simple chemical structures. The Legumes The Legumes: Legume family (Leguminosae) Synonymous with pod, the fruit produced Seeds are inside the pod or legume Examples include: Peas, Soybean, Beans, Clover, Alfalfa & Peanuts With N-fixing root nodules Importance of Legumes: Major plant source of protein & oil Major nitrogen fixers with symbiotic bacteria in root modifications called root nodules – fixes nitrogen from air and makes it available to plant Vegetative Characteristics: Legumes plants are mostly herbs with compound leaves and most are annuals Flowers are irregular, .

1. PMT: Class 8
Outline:
Poisonous Hemlock
The Legumes
(Nodulation)
Last time: Agriculture and
the Grains, Wheat, Maize and
Rice.
Feb 19, Monday - in
one week is Exam I
Poisonous Hemlock
Carrot family – Apiaceae,
Also know as the parsley
family Umbelliferae.
300 genera & ~ 3000
Species: ¼ of genera
native to U.S.
Contains important food
plants: Carrots, parsnips, celery
Coriander seeds, cilantro,
Caraway, parsley & dill –
also poison hemlock.

2. Poisonous Hemlock
Conium maculatum L.
Description: A tall, usually much
- branched, imposing plant with
purple-spotted stems,
compound leaves, and small
compound umbels of white
Flowers.
Height: Two to ten feet.
Leaves: Pinnate compound.
Poisonous Hemlock:
Flowering: 2mm long, five petals,
compound umbel.
Habitat: Waste places, weedy areas, and
woodland borders.
Range: Throughout East, except Newfoundland &
Arctic, also in much of Western U.S.
All parts of this plant are poisonous,
containing the toxic alkaloid called coniine.
Toxin is a volatile oily compound.

3. Coniine was the first alkaloid synthesized
in the laboratory.
Piperidine structure: nitrogen in a
six-member ring.
Coniine killed Socrates!
Socrates drank a potent solution of poisonous hemlock 399 BC
Coniine causes paralysis of the diaphragm
and subsequent respiratory failure
No plant extract should be consumed by
unqualified practitioners!
Poisonous hemlock is a narcotic
herb that sedates and relieves pain.
The young leaves and fresh seeds
contain the highest alkaloid content.
Used by Greek and Arab physicians for a variety
of problems including arthritis.
It was not always effective …caused death... as
the difference btw. a therapeutic and a toxic
amount or measure can be very slight..

4. Poisonous Hemlock:
Overdoses can produce paralysis
and loss of speech being followed
by depression of the respiratory
function then death!
No plant extract should be consumed by
unqualified humans (practitioners)!
A current issue with poisonous hemlock is:
prevent livestock from consuming poisonous
hemlock while grazing (in large open rangelands)!
Paper: Hemlock alkaloids and Socrates to
poison Aloes (Aloe ruspoliana): on mycourses
• 399 BC poisoning of Socrates by poisonous
hemlock.
• Active constituents are of the piperidine
alkaloids family
• ~all related to coniine alkaloids all of very
simple chemical structures.
The Legumes
The Legumes:
Legume family (Leguminosae)

5. Synonymous with pod, the fruit produced
Seeds are inside the pod or legume
Examples include: Peas, Soybean,
Beans, Clover, Alfalfa & Peanuts
With N-fixing
root nodules
Importance of Legumes:
Major plant source of protein & oil
Major nitrogen fixers with symbiotic bacteria in
root modifications called root nodules – fixes
nitrogen from air and makes it available to plant
Vegetative Characteristics:
Legumes plants are mostly herbs with
compound leaves and most are annuals
Flowers are irregular, bilaterally symmetric
Pollination is by bees (hive decline, pesticide-
pathogen interactions)
Fruit is a pod or legume, a long fruit with two
rows of seeds, easily splits on two seams, two
rows of seeds; example, peas in a pod.

6. Seeds of legumes
Seeds are large with two
cotyledons that make up
most of the seed,
no endosperm at maturity
Nitrogen fixation was discovered in legumes, due to
symbiotic association of Rhizobium species of
bacteria that inhabit nodules on roots
Bacteria give plant nitrogen and plant gives bacteria carbon
Nitrogen Fixation:
Conversion of atmospheric N2 to ammonia NH3,
which reacts with water to form NH4+
Performed biologically by:
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria
Bacteria may be free-living in soil or in
symbiosis with plant
Legumes are the only agricultural families
that have symbiotic N-fixing bacteria (woody)
Rhizobium and related bacteria that form
symbioses with legumes:
Bacterial Species Host Plants
Sinorhizobium meliloti Alfalfa, Sweetclover

7. S. fredii Glycine (Soybean), Cowpea
S. sp. NGR234 Broad host range: many
genera of legumes
Rhizobium leguminosarum
biovar trifolii
Trifolium (clover)
Mesorhizobium loti Lotus (trefoil), Lupinus
(lupine)
Bradyrhizobium japonicum Glycine max
Events to the formation of legume-Rhizobium
symbiosis:
two way chemical-mediated communication
Release of bacteria from plant produced
infection thread into target plant cells and
formation of bacterial derived: bacteroids
Some bacterial genes used in the
symbiotic formation with legume plants
Stage or
symbiosis

8. Rhizobium
genes
Known or proposed
function
Host plant signal nodD, nolR Activate or repress
transcription of nod box
promoters
Nodule formation,
Host recognition
exo, lps, ndv Enzymatic synthesis of
Nod factors
Differentiation
Bacteroid metabol.
bacC
dct genes
Signal import / export
Import of dicarboxylic
acids
Regulation of N-
fixing genes , N-
fixing
fixL, fixJ, nifA,
fixK; nifHDK
Response to O2; control
nif promoters;
Nitrogenase & cofactors

9. Plant genes encoding specific proteins involved in N-
fixation in nodule = Nodulins, leghemoglobins (Lb)
Bacteroids
First: Plant signals associated with Rhizobium nod gene
expression: signaling Rhizobium that are host legume is near!
Regulatory circuit of rhizobium NodD
and plant inducer molecules
Bacterium
Plant-Rhizobium Signaling
Bacterium-produced Nod Factor induction leads to Plant-
produced infection thread and nodule development
Summary of Nodule Development
(overtime, clockwise)
Start here

10. Nodules:
Nitrogen fixation as observed by
chlorophyll content
Soybean Nodulated
Soybean not Nodulated
Food Legumes: Beans
Bean: Phaseolus vulgare: Green bean and others –
native to Mexico and the Andes (S.A.)
Rich in protein and also some carbohydrates
Intestinal gas – alleviate gas production in us by
long cooking time, treatment of cooked beans
with enzyme, and plant breeding to eliminate
complex carbohydrates
Red kidney, black, kidney, mung, adzuki,
black-eye pea, fava, broad
Food Legumes: Peas
Peas: Pisum sativum – garden pea plus other
genera and species – native to near East

11. Rich in protein and carbohydrates
Immature pod also eaten, as snow peas or
sugar snap peas
Peas grown in U.S. as field pea for livestock, a
garden pea and as an edible-podded pea
Food Legumes: Peanuts
Peanut: Arachis hypogea – native to South
America; introduced into Europe then from
there to Africa then from Africa to U.S.
Rich in oil and protein
Unusual growth characteristics: after fertilization, the
flower stalk dips downward and grows into the ground
where the pod matures to produce peanuts – also called
ground nuts
Uses: Half of U.S. crop for peanut butter, rest
for snack food, candy, peanut oil
Food Legumes: Soybeans
Soybeans: Glycine max – Native to
China and introduced into Georgia
in 1765. Now the most valuable
crop in the U.S. – grown in Midwest
and South
Oil used for cooking oil, salad dressing,
margarine, shortening, mayonnaise

12. Oilcake is rich in protein, used for animal feed,
used as meat substitute for humans
Food Legumes: Soybeans
Soybeans: Glycine max
Traditional uses in the Orient:
Soy sauce – fermented soybeans and grain
Tofu – soy milk curds
Miso – fermented soybean & rice past in Japan
Tempeh – fermented soy cake in Indonesia
Soybeans also eaten as sprouts
Widely used in health food
Food Legumes: Soybeans
Soybeans: Glycine max
Industrial uses: Oil can be used as diesel fuel, or
made into plastic, paint, ink, soap
A major crop in the U.S. with production
increasing rapidly with greater yields
Forage Legumes: Alfalfa
Forage Legumes: Grasses with
nutritional balance
Medicago sativa – Alfalfa –
some 20 million acres planted in U.S.

13. Trifolium spp. - True clovers - many species.
Red & white clovers
Vicia spp. Vetches planted for hay and erosion
control
Next: Last class
before test 1
•Ginger the
root spice
•Starchy Staples
Exam I – Next
Monday (Feb 19)
PMT: Class 9
Plants & Medicine Presentation and Paper
This is a class Presentation based on a written essay ( NO
LONGER THAN ^ DOUBLE SPACED PAGES) that include the
below referred point on the BRAZILIAN NUT PLANT,,, The
presentation is made based on the paper, it is a 20 minute
presentation so it is okay to summarize some of the big point in
the presentation slides. Each Slide can contain a brief
explanation of the referred points below for best results.

14. Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa)
REQUIRED FEATURES THAT NEED TO BE IMCLUDED IN
PAPER AND PRESENTATION
1) PHOTOGRAPHS FOR THE PLANT UNDER REVIEW
2) COMMON NAMES, and why they are used?
3) LATIN NAME
4) PLANT FAMILY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT
AND ITS FAMILY
5) PLANTS PARTS
6) PLANT PARTS THAT ARE COMMONLY USED FROM
THE PLANT
7) DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANT
8) HABITAT OF THE PLANT
9) FOLKLORE AND TRADITIONAL USES OF THE PLANT,
including domesticated uses
10) MEDICINAL USES OF THE PLANT, if applicable
11) ORIGIN OF PLANT UNDER REVIEW (HISTORY) AND
BEGIINIG OF USE.
12) CHEMICAL CONSITUENTS OF HUMAN INTEREST AND
WHY?
13) HOW CHEMICAL CONSITUENTS ARE USED FOR
MEDICINE
14) BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL
PRODUCTION