for help the student of International Relation ANd all viewer and interested people of Politics and world affair.

1. Introduction To International
Relation
► By:
► HadaitullahBaqri
► Email:hadaitbaqri@gmail.com

2. ► CHAPTER.1

3. International Relations
► Defense and Strategic studies
► Political Economy

4. International Relations
► Human rights, ► food issues
► Environmental issues ► health and diseases
► Nuclear issues ► disaster
► international law ► sport
► Education
► cultural exchange
► transportation

5. Geo-politics
► War
► Territorial
expansion
► Human rights
► Arms race
► Drug Smuggling
► Refugee
► Ideological conflict

6. Geo-economic
► Dispute over trade
► Intellectual property right
► Economic development
► MNC
► Industrial policy
► Non violence diplomacy

7. Evolutions of IR
► Developed World
► IR since 1945 (New phase in IR,
decolonization and incorporation of newly
independent state in world affairs even as a
peripheral
► IR and emerging economies of the South
► Non state actors and IR

8. Realism (Power Politics)
Essential Realism
► State centric (Statism)
► Unitary Actor
► Survival of the fittest (Survival)
► Military spending/ Security (Self Help)
► Competition
► Fear
► Insecurity
► Anarchy
► Hegemonic power and stability (diplomatic, political, economic and cultural
clout)
► Power
► National interest (Prime)
► Rational Choice
► Sovereignty
► Neo-Realism…Kenneth Waltz.. predictability of state behaviour, game
theory (rational choice/prisoners dilemma.. Thomas Schelling

9. Alternative to Power
Three Aspects
Liberal Internationalism, Idealism, Liberal Institutionalism
1. Morality
► David Hume and John Locke’s view
► Social construct and institution conditioning human
conduct
2. Autocracy and failed States
► Bad states
► Democratic and institutional states do turn to anarchy
3. Neoliberalism (History and Multidimensional approach)
Collective Security
► Institutionalism
► Regimes

10. Key Concepts of Liberalism
► Collective Security
► Conditionality
► Cosmopolitan Model of Democracy
► Democratic Peace
► Democracy Promotion
► Enlightenment (Science, reason, secularism, freedom)
► Idealism (Domestic Analogy)
(Public opinion, state leaders, intellectuals, international
organization)
Integration
► Interdependence
► Liberalism
► Liberal Institutionalism
► Liberal internationalism
► Pluralism

11. Critical Theory
(Marxist/Gramscianism)
► Anti Capitalist worldview
► Commoditability of the world
► Exploitation of the Masses (Labour exploit)
► Stratification of the world
► Imperialism
► Division of the world (Nation-state product of Capitalism)
► Dependency world structure
► Centralization of state affairs
► Cultural/Societal Hegemony/ Civil Society

12. Socialist World view
► Welfare world (Bridge between the capitalist
and the workers)
► Accommodation
► Bridging the gulf of wealth distribution
► State interference in public affairs

13. Feminism
► Role of women in politics
► Subjugation of women
► Masculine vs. Feminism

14. Postmodernism
►A challenge to Modern assertions of IR
► Invalidity and Incorrectness in IR
► Multiple Realities
► Traditionalist Theory…Graphs, history, table
facts versus interdisciplinary approach

15. Constructivism
► Nicholas Onuf and Alexander Wendt
► Socially constructed….Sociological
approach
► Constructivist and Post-structuralism
► Looking at data and people from a unique
peculiarity
► Phenomenal studies (Area studies)

16. Chapter Two
What is Civilization

17. What is Civilization
► An advance stage in human society
► Conditioned by Geography, politics and
economic and technological culture
► Controversial Concept
► Modernity and Modernization.. Influence on
civilization (Acceptability, Advancement in
every field, Modernization

18. Continued
► Nations and Civilization
► Chinese (internal problem), India, Ottoman and Kingdoms
in Africa and global dominance
► Why Europeans (Effect, Efficient, technology and political
will power to subjugate other, racial and religious motives
► Why and how Europe dominate the world
(technological advancement, years of wars, political rivalry
Roman Empire (modernized leadership, great military power,
good political structure and diplomatic system. Hegemonic
overstretch

19. Western Imperialism
► Stages in European development
(Reformation, Renaissance, Enlightenment…Humanism)
► Technology and Imperialism (Navigation, expedition, Christianization,
colonialism, “No Man’s land”, Whiteman's burden, Unculturedness of
the others, racially lanced, height of injustice and inequality
► Gunpowder, naval ships and Canons
► Emergence of the European Sovereign Nation-State
(1618-1648) why war
Treaty of Westphalia
(k) Recognition of State’s Sovereignty
(l) No interference in domestic matters of other state
(m) King’s right and authority over territory and decision over religion
(n) Independence and equality of state
(p) The end of Pope’s power, feudalism and recognition of King

20. Continued
The rise of Absolute Monarchy (Old Wine in a
New Bottle)
Rise of financiers and trade expedition
Technological Development for Imperialism
and warfare
Urbanization due to the end of Feudalism
(transformation of the society)

21. Political Revolution
► Enlightenment (from monarch to popular
rule)
► Absolute Monarchy (1648-1789)
repression, oppression, injustice, dearth of
political freedom and equal representation
► Political philosophers and Democracy
(Liberty, Equality and Fraternity)
Literacy rate, printing press, nationalism,
urbanization (demand of rights)

22. Economic Revolution
► Ideology and Change
► Industrial revolution (from subsistence to
industrial production, surplus, profit)
► Expansion of Market and demand of raw
materials (Imperialism and colonialism)
► England the Pacesetter but why and how
(a) Systematic agricultural practice (large
scale farming and for population and
factory

23. Continued
b) Before revolution was trade revolution (good
(
national and international trade network)
(c) Ship building and water ways and British
Merchants….Commercialization of British
goods)
(d) Marriage of scientific knowledge and trade
skills, and the influence of government
geared at maintaining British hegemony
Effects of the Revolution
► Population Explosion in the city
(Urbanization)
► New life style (Away from home) and (Closer
to workplace)
► Development of transportation system for the
Urban and industrial life
► Colonialism (social Darwinism)

24. The 20th Century
► The First and Second World Wars
(Versailles Treaty, the 14 points of
Windrow Wilson and the birth of the
League of Nations
► Italian, German, Japanese and Russian
factors and the dawn of the Second World
War (The Nuclear threat, Potsdam Treaty,
the appearance of the United Nations and
a New World Order)

25. Chapter Three

26. Society
► Tradition….Generational knowledge, simply norms,
values which are agreed upon by certain community
within certain period and preserved through from
generation to another
► Culture a broad term shouldering human history,
tradition, language, social political and economic
behaviours of a particular people in a given locale.
(What determines our identity as a nation)
► Civilization, a modernized aspect of culture reflected by
advancement in political, socio-cultural, economic and
technological behaviours. (Catches admiration of others,
ability to influence, accommodate and expand)

27. Nation
► Ideology....creed, doctrine, belief, fundamental
principle un-compromisable (A set of ideas that
drives and maintains the existence of a system)
► Nation….a political term used for the
classification of certain people within certain
boundary. Term used for people sharing
common tradition, heritage, culture, history,
language over a long period in time and
believing on certain ideology
(A determinant of identity and distinction from
others) (There could be nations within nations)

28. State
►A political entity, abstract, determined by
geography, people, government, sovereignty,
law, economic viability, independent
The birth of state (Westphalia treaty)
► Nation-State….an outshoot of Westphalia treaty
which gave sovereignty to state, transported
from Europe to the rest of the world
(Colonialism)
(Nations within nation, integration, common
goal, distinction from others…Dilemma of the
nation-states

29. Value
► Socialisation….a process of induction, learning, norms,
values, rituals and rites of the societies
(Agents of Socialisation…..Home, School, Peer group,
Religious institutions, Government institutions and Mass
Media)
Subculture….representation of smaller culture within a
bigger society (Latinos, African-American, Asian
American, South Asian American, Koreans, Chinese and
Africans)
Supranational culture is the opposite of the subculture,
representing the bigger culture that brings smaller
culture together. (African culture Western culture, Asian
or American culture) for which many nationalities can
claim linkage. (Koreans, Chinese and Japanese any
differences (Africans in diaspora)

30. Continued
► Nation Building Dilemma
► Multi nationalism
► Nationalism and Internationalism

31. Chapter
Four

32. Politics and Power
► What is Politics
Process of power distribution among interest group
Ability to manage, organise both human and
natural resources at a given political community
Politics is the medium of resolving political issues
Morgenthau, Dahl, Deutch….Power …ability of an
individual or group to mobilize appropriate
resources to get others to do, refrain from
things of their likings
Power, Politics and States
National Interest is the primary aim and objectives
of every state geared to be achieved and would
disallow the derailment of it achievement

33. Power Assertion
► Power Relativity….Intended, Unintended, Curly, Logic
► Diplomacy ability to bargain well with other state such
that one’s state interest is not fully affected.
Give and Take, Compromise, political, economic and socio-
cultural diplomacy
► Threat a symbol of power
A circumstance of insecurity
Ability to make other state feel fear or
To refuse other state from doing its will
Compelling…force to give up, Deterrence (Continuity of an
action might be followed by consequence) Defense…
when compelling and deterrence fails

34. Continued
► Success of Threat depends on C3…no
bluffing
► How to Avoid Threat
► Insecurity and threat leads to Military
Alliance
► Isolation
► Self Help

35. Nature of Power
► Power can manifest itself from political,
economic, socio-cultural and technological
strength
► Relativity of Power among comity of Nations
(Population, size, military hardware, soldiers
► Who is a teacher and Solider

36. Tangibility of Power
► Tangibility of Power
(military power, resources, GDP, geographical size,
population and technology)
► Intangible of Power…can influence but not
visible (national cohesion, political will, cultural
institution and integrity, prestige and dignity,
mass media (propaganda), education (British
Council Total income for the year has increased
by 14 per cent (£80 million) to £645 million,
compared with last year), Secret agencies,
religious institution.

37. Ranking and measurement of
Power
► The Core state and Capital (Wealth and Power concentration)
► Great Power…nuclear and conventional power (UNSC), global
influence,
► Regional or Middle…. Conventional military power limited to
their region
► Small power…others as no state exist without influence and
militarily containing internal order
► National military Budget
(Global military expenditure in December 2009 stood at 1.5 trillion
US dollars. This represents a six percent increase in real terms
over 2008. Compared to 2000, it is a 49 percent increase
The entire UN budget--- the budget of the body charged with
maintaining global peace--- in 2009 was only 1.8 percent of
global military expenditure in that year.
It is significant that the US alone accounted for 46.5% of global
military expenditure in 2009. Swedish peace institute, SIPRI

38. Continued
► Gross Domestic Product (PPP)
► Large military force and war (Russia and
Afghanistan) (Israel and Lebanese Hezbollah)
(United States and Vietnam) (Britain and
Argentina)…Why
► Democratization of weapon and foreign interest
(Black market, third worldism)
► Soft Power….(mass media, culture, education and
diplomacy…(Joseph Nye)
► Nationalism, International Organization (UNO
platform), mass media, etc

39. Balance of Power
See-saw
► Classical view of Balance of Power
Enemy of my enemy is my Friend
Concert of half dozen or more states allying together to offset any
aggressor state or coalitions of state
Equality of power
Alliance of power Weapon Acquisition (Arms Race, MAD)
Diplomatic strength
Polarization of the world
Institutionalization (G6-7-8-20, BRIC, SCO, EU, UNASUR Union of South
America Nations , Mercosur established in 1991 Argentina, Brazil,
Paraguay and Uruguay. Venezuela, APEC, ASEAN, SAARC, AU,
ECOWAS

40. Chapter Five

41. Foreign Policy
► What is International Relations
► What is Foreign Policy
(a systematic plan, intention, aspiration and ideals of
any country on how to deal with its neighbour and
the world entirely)
(Set of goals which outline measures and pattern a
country would adopt in relating with other
countries)
Ideology, culture, and socio-political belief and
Foreign Policy

42. Why Foreign Policy
► Systematic plan to achieving aims and
objective peculiar to all institution
► Short-terms and long-terms strategy
► Identification of immediate aspiration, aims
and objective
► Manual, Code of Conduct for relating with
others and curtailing confrontation
► Maintaining good standing in Global Politics

43. Role of National Interest in Foreign
Policy
► National Interest and Foreign Policy
► FP tailored towards achieving best of NI
► Discontinuity, Survival of the state and NI
► National Interest, foreign policy and
Citizens
► Prestige, mutual respect, and NI

44. What Does a State wants to Achieve
through its FP
► International Prestige and honour, analogy of
individual respect
► Achievement of NI
► FP a lobbying strategy for political, economic and
diplomatic opportunity
► Moving among likeminded….cooperation and help
(Democratic FP and other states)
► FP and Alliance, protection
► FP, systematic and aggressive short and long term
plans
► FP and international Reactions

45. Do we Need Research in Foreign
Policy
► International Relations a vast Subject for Research
► Further Understanding of nature and behaviours of state
► Reasons for change of intentions and behaviours,
present, past and possible future action
► Similarities and Dissimilates
► Sharpening World View, predict the future, interpretation
of facts for present comprehension
► Making Best Decisions and reduction of mistakes
► Knowing the effectiveness of government Institutions
and non state actors
► Understanding others from their point of view and ability
to see alternatives, molding behaviours according to
international norms

46. Rational Choice Theory and Foreign
Policy Making
► Ranking and Value Maximization (cost and
benefit)
► Rational decision making of state goes:
3. Identification of Problem or issue to solve
4. Goal Setting and Ranking
5. Consideration of Options
6. Assessment of Consequences
Value Maximization
► Political Culture, Socialization and Public
Opinion
► Predicting State’s Foreign Policy