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3. Defining Globalization
" No universal definition of globalization.
"Economic definition: trade, finance and
communications
" Broader definition: Tom Friedman - an
International System that replaced
the Cold War
" A
good definition Ihave found (Levin Institute, SUNY):
"Globalization is a process of interaction and integration
among the people, companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by international trade
and investment and aided by information technology.
This process has effects on the environment, on culture,
on political systems, on economic development and
prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies
around the world." (www.globalization101.org) 3
4. WhyGlobalization?
ismal
Globalization A "smaller world"
People are closer together
A
world closer in time and space
A world without borders
Goods, services and ideas move faster or instantly.
Driven by technology
- Transportation - Shipping, Containerization Air travel
- Communication -Television, the Internet
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5. GLOBALIZATIONS
R
Globalizations
I,I1, |1, IV, V, VI, VII
"Often speak of Globalization I(Pre-wWI) and I|
(Post Cold War), with a hiatus in the middle, but
one can identifý 7phases of Globalization:
IEarly Man: Globalization is inherent in the human condition; man originated in Ethiopia
200,000 +years ago and occupied the entire worid 20,000years ago.
I| Ancient Empires: China, Rome, Italian explorers, Arab traders
IIColonial empires of Spain, Portugal, England, France, Holland - Mercantilism
IV British Empire - Naval Supremacy 18th Imid-19h Century to WWI
V Cold War- Post WWill US vs. USSR, the UN, Decolonization, Independence movements,
accelerated technological development,space exploration, micro processing, the internet
VIAmerican Hegemony- Post Cold War, Rise of Islamic Radicalism, Transnationalism, NGOs,
Uni-polarity
VII Post-Modern: 911, 2008/9 Recession, Multi-polarity 5
6. Types of Globalization
Technological: IT, Biomedical, Green, Robotics
Population: Growth, Aging, Youth Bulge, Women, Labor, Nigration
Economic: Commercial, Industrial, Communications, Services
Financial: Investments, Banking, Exchange Rates, Black Markets,
Money Laundering
Cultural: ldeational, ldeological, Educational, Civilization, Pop
Culture
" Political, Democratic, Multinational Organizations, International Law
and Regimes, Rule of Law, Civil Society
Military/Security: Nuclear Proliferation, Alliances, Rising Powers
Environmental: Global Warming, Bio-Diversity, Deforestation
Health: Pandemics, Potable Water, AIDS/HIV, Malaria
Resources: Water, Food and Agriculture, Energy and Fuels,
Minerals
Terrorism: Islamist-Extremist, other Religious, Ethnic, National,
Crime: Organized Crime,DrugTrafficking, Piracy, Trafficking in
Persons, onflict Diamonds
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7. The Political Dimension
The Threats:
Sub-national Conflicts and Failed States
Radical Islamic Terrorism -"Clash of
Civilizations"
Authoritarianism - From Zimbabwe to China
International Organized Crime - Drug
Trafficking
Widespread Corruption
Global Economic/Social Inequality
Population Pressures
- Ecological Threats - Rising sea levels,
Hurricanes
- Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)
Resource Wars - Fuel, Water, Food, Raw
Materials
- Human Rights Violations, War Crimes and
Genocides
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8. The Political Dimension
The Benefits
David Ricardo and comparative advantage
Expansion of trade, industrialization, finance and GDP
Expansion of Diplomacy and "Soft Power" as the core of state
power
Expansion of International Law and Organizations
Expansion of Freedom, Democracy, Civil Society
Expansion of Development and Foreign Assistance
Expansion of Western Culture and Values
US a principal beneficiary of Globalization
Empowerment of individuals, women, groups, minorities
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9. Fragile, Failing, Failed States and Ungoverned
Territories
- Weak state is either a result of or allows for internal
ethnic or religious conflicts
- Anarchy results in human suffering, violence, criminal
activities and trafficking
- Lack of governance results in non-existent or poor
public services, corruption
- Allow safehavens for terrorist, extremist and criminal
organizations
- Globalization makes negative impact on th Rest of the
World (ROW), e.g. terrorism and piracy
10. Global Terrorism
vard Political Scientist Samuel Huntington predicted a Clash of Civilizations"between the
est and the East
Main threat is from Radical Islamist Extremism, e.g. AQaida and Associated Movemens
Driven by ajihadist (religious war) ideology to create a modern Caliphate under sharie
(Koranic)
law.
AIQaida is "blowback" from war by US-backed Mujahaddin against Soviet aggression in
Afghanistan in 1979.
Resentmentfrom "Arab Afghans" against resistance by own governments (Saudi Arabia, Egypt
etc.)to give them a political/securityrole; resertment against USdominance of
Middle East;
presence of US troops on Holy ground and controlof Midd Eas petroleum andsupport for Israel
USinvasion of Afghanistan -Al Qaidaleadership flee to Pakistan tribal areas
Joined resistance to US invasion/occu ation of Iraq.
"Continueto support Afghan Taliban ancfight in Afghani_lah
PContinue toglen andplotfurther tenonts attacks against Western
Problem of terrorist presence on the WWW.and ofhome grown errorists nEuropeand the Us.
First major national securityreorganizationinUSfomingthe Depârtment of Homeland Securit
Other terrorist groups, Hizbollah in Lebanon and Hanas in Paleatime Gaza Strip, represent stat
sponsored groups supported by Iran and Syria, against Israeli and Jewish fargets only.
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Promoted series of bombings-First World Trade Center bombirig Uss Cole US Embassies ir
Nairobi and..,and finally 9/11/2001 attackon the World Trade Center
targets
11. Global Authoritarianism
" Unlike Totalitarianism of former Nazi
Germany or USSR, current Islamist
Extremism or Anti-Communism (as in
Pinochet's Chile), authoritarianism today
is non-ideological
" Pragmaticdesire to hold power for
political and economic benefit of an elite
" Historically, themost widespread,
diverse and persistent type of political
system.
Such states are the greatest threat that there will be future inter-state
warfare.
Authoritarian states are subject over time to changing international norms
and values, but may resist them fora long period of time.
Democracy has eroded the number of authoritarian regimes a range of
states from one-man/one-party corrupt (Zimbabwe) or military-run
(Myanmar) state, to a one-party, bureaucratic authoritarianstatesuch as
China (China's attachmentto Communist ideology is questionable).
"Rogue States," such as North Korea, Iran, Cuba (and to some extentSyria)
present particular destabilizing elements with potential for use of WMD. 11
12. International Organized Crime
Stratfor Map
"Biggest crime threat is from organized
drug cartels, Colombia, Mexico, Russian
Mafia, Italian Mafia and Camorra
"Drugs create public heaith and safety
issues in source, transit and importing
countries.
"Drug trafficking weakens state
institutions through corruption, fear and
violence.
"Takes advantages of weak, corrupt
governmental and lawenforcement
institutions.
Takes advantage of borderless world, fast air, sea and land transportation, use
of publictransportation and "mules"
Takes advantage of poverty and inequality
Takes advantage of drug tolerance in all societies
Takes advantage of legal prohibitions in demand countries.
Stillweak international institutions to coordinate counter-narcotics activities
on a global scale to match those of the traffickers
Human Trafficking takes advantage of poor peopleseeking improved lives to
subvert immigration and promotesweat shops and prostitution.
Piracyis anancientbutgrowing problemthatsevarelyaffects global
shipping,
trade and energy supply andisusually associated with failed states and
ungoverned territories.
13. Corruption
Corruption is aglobal problem that undermines states and good governance
and threatens the rule of law
Corruption undermines free markets causing economic impacts and impact on
socialand public services
Corruption undermines democratic governance substituting money and
influence for the free will of the people
It undermines public confidence in the government and bureaucracy which is
supposedtooperate for thepublic good not the private good of pollticians and
public servants.
Corruption undermines the benefits of international economic development
assistancewhich siphonsofffunds fromotherwisegood projects.
Corruption undermines trust between governments
Corruption creates inequalities between corrupt and non-corrupt states that
lead to spillover effectsin neighboring countries.
Corruption leads to moral and ethical breakdown in societies as it breaks the
socialcontract between a government and its citizens.
The opposite of corruption is transparency which can be promoted by
governiment policies and efforts bycivil sóciety and the international
community
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14. Socio-Economic Inequality
MAK STOe
Inequality is based on geographic, historical, social and cultural grounds.
There is inequality within and between states and world regions.
Globalization increases wealth
Unequal economic development between the North and the South created the
North-South divide.
Histories of conquest and colonization resulted in a difference between
exploiters and exploited.
Within countries, class differences emerged in both the agricultural (masters,
slaves and serfs) and industrial(capitalists and workers) ages. Differences in
the relative value of industrial and agricultural goods determined the wealth of
nations.
Marxists believe that the difference between the wealth of nations is part of the
system of "capitalist exploitation" and "imperialism."
Socio-economic inequality leads to resentments and other phenomena from
crime to "social exclusion" (a term used in Europe) social revolt and rioting,
racial, religious and regional tensions and even internal and cross border wars.
Such conflicts often get related to global tensions between states, with some
states supportingalles,within a local conflictwhiletheirenemies supporting
the other Suchalliances can result in regional oreven world
controlled by international norms and mediation.
Eforts to reduce inequality through economic assistance have proven to be 14
inadequate. Economic development through reform has been more successful.
Ith overall,but tends to create winners and losers,
thus expanding socio-economic equality.
15. ONERPOPULATION
Population
"Over 1 bilion people out of 6.2 billion live in
abject poverty. Projections for 2050 is 9 billon.
"Chlldrenare the first to suffer from poverty and
lack of health care, clean water, adequate food
and education
"Population growth puts increasing pressureon
natüral resources, including water,food, fuel, raw
materials and on the earth's atmosphere.
"Population growth has been accelerating.
creating additional burdens upon the Earth's
capacity to provide a decent living for all.
"Population growth means that there is constant
pressure on per capita GDP growth
Migration is a constant factor for change in populations, shifting labor and
social tensions caused by economic and cultural competition.
Migration is caused by wars, economic distress, droughts, racial tensions,
ethnic cleansing and by a desire for economic improvement or political or
religious freedom.
Some populations are agingwhile others have created a "youth bulge." The
former means a burden will be placed on younger generations to support a
greater proportion of retirees. In the latter, too many youth mean notenough
meaningfulemployment and resulting social and political unrest.
Efforts by some countries to reduce population growth (China) have increased
population aging and reduced prospects for future growth
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