This document provides definitions and examples of rhetorical devices used to attract and hold attention in writing. It discusses Aristotle's rhetorical triangle of ethos, logos, and pathos. It then examines 15 specific rhetorical devices in detail, providing the Greek origin, definition, examples, and effect of each device. These include asyndeton, polysyndeton, anaphora, epistrophe, oxymoron, allusion, and others. The purpose is to introduce a variety of techniques writers can use to influence readers.
William Wordsworth wrote several critical works including the Preface to Lyrical Ballads in 1800 and 1802. In the preface, he declared that poetry should use common language and focus on subjects from everyday life. He argued that poetry should portray ordinary things in an unusual way and trace the primary human emotions. Wordsworth believed poetry communicates in a higher realm of emotions, using meter to intensify feelings, differentiating it from prose.
This document discusses poetic meter and feet. It defines syllables, scansion, and the five main poetic feet: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, and spondaic. Examples are provided for each foot. The iamb is described as the most common foot in English poetry. Combinations of feet and lines make different meters, such as iambic pentameter. Understanding poetic feet and meters can help analyze and create poetry.
This document discusses Matthew Arnold's views on poetry as expressed in his 1880 essay "The Study of Poetry". It begins by outlining Arnold's views that good poetry must have characteristics of truth, seriousness, and excellence in style and language. It then examines Arnold's view that poetry provides a "criticism of life" by interpreting it through both natural magic and moral profundity. The document also discusses Arnold's "touchstone method" of comparing poets, and his views on specific poets like Chaucer, Dryden, Pope, Burns, and Shakespeare. It concludes by noting some criticisms of Arnold's perspective as sometimes moralizing and failing to be fully disinterested in his analyses.
Self Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson.pptxHiralVaitha
This document provides an overview and analysis of Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay "Self-Reliance." It includes biographical information about Emerson, the significance of the title, and summaries of the key points, themes, and conclusion. Some of the main ideas presented are that Emerson argues people should trust their own instincts over conformity to society, embrace individualism and nonconformity, have courage to express themselves authentically, and find guidance from nature and spiritual intuition. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of individuality and not being swayed by other's expectations.
This is a summary of Hamlet and his problems articlewhich was written by T.S.ElioT who had a different perspective regarding Hamlet. With reference to other critics, Eliot classified the problem into: secondary and primary.
This document discusses T.S. Eliot's concept of literary tradition and the importance of allusions. Eliot believed that tradition is not just inheriting the past, but achieving a historical sense that perceives the past as both past and present. An artist must have a strong background in their cultural and literary history. Eliot argued that when a new work is allusive to past works, it positively affects the whole literature of a country. The use of allusions is an important way for authors to maintain literary tradition by referencing ideas from previous works. The document provides details on Eliot's views and analyzes how later critics interpreted and applied his concept of the historical sense.
A summary is a brief overview that captures the key points of a larger work without including unnecessary details. It follows the basic questions of who, what, where, when, and why. An analysis goes beyond summarizing by offering the reader's own interpretation and insights. It examines how different elements of a work fit together and relates the work to other contexts. While a summary objectively outlines the plot or argument, an analysis provides a subjective evaluation and deconstruction of its meaning and significance.
William Wordsworth wrote several critical works including the Preface to Lyrical Ballads in 1800 and 1802. In the preface, he declared that poetry should use common language and focus on subjects from everyday life. He argued that poetry should portray ordinary things in an unusual way and trace the primary human emotions. Wordsworth believed poetry communicates in a higher realm of emotions, using meter to intensify feelings, differentiating it from prose.
This document discusses poetic meter and feet. It defines syllables, scansion, and the five main poetic feet: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, dactylic, and spondaic. Examples are provided for each foot. The iamb is described as the most common foot in English poetry. Combinations of feet and lines make different meters, such as iambic pentameter. Understanding poetic feet and meters can help analyze and create poetry.
This document discusses Matthew Arnold's views on poetry as expressed in his 1880 essay "The Study of Poetry". It begins by outlining Arnold's views that good poetry must have characteristics of truth, seriousness, and excellence in style and language. It then examines Arnold's view that poetry provides a "criticism of life" by interpreting it through both natural magic and moral profundity. The document also discusses Arnold's "touchstone method" of comparing poets, and his views on specific poets like Chaucer, Dryden, Pope, Burns, and Shakespeare. It concludes by noting some criticisms of Arnold's perspective as sometimes moralizing and failing to be fully disinterested in his analyses.
Self Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson.pptxHiralVaitha
This document provides an overview and analysis of Ralph Waldo Emerson's essay "Self-Reliance." It includes biographical information about Emerson, the significance of the title, and summaries of the key points, themes, and conclusion. Some of the main ideas presented are that Emerson argues people should trust their own instincts over conformity to society, embrace individualism and nonconformity, have courage to express themselves authentically, and find guidance from nature and spiritual intuition. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of individuality and not being swayed by other's expectations.
This is a summary of Hamlet and his problems articlewhich was written by T.S.ElioT who had a different perspective regarding Hamlet. With reference to other critics, Eliot classified the problem into: secondary and primary.
This document discusses T.S. Eliot's concept of literary tradition and the importance of allusions. Eliot believed that tradition is not just inheriting the past, but achieving a historical sense that perceives the past as both past and present. An artist must have a strong background in their cultural and literary history. Eliot argued that when a new work is allusive to past works, it positively affects the whole literature of a country. The use of allusions is an important way for authors to maintain literary tradition by referencing ideas from previous works. The document provides details on Eliot's views and analyzes how later critics interpreted and applied his concept of the historical sense.
A summary is a brief overview that captures the key points of a larger work without including unnecessary details. It follows the basic questions of who, what, where, when, and why. An analysis goes beyond summarizing by offering the reader's own interpretation and insights. It examines how different elements of a work fit together and relates the work to other contexts. While a summary objectively outlines the plot or argument, an analysis provides a subjective evaluation and deconstruction of its meaning and significance.
Longinus was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher in the 3rd century AD known for his literary criticism. He taught rhetoric in Athens and later advised Queen Zenobia of Palmyra before being executed as a traitor by the Romans. Longinus made important contributions as one of the first comparative critics, focusing on individual elements of texts and defining what makes a work a literary classic. His work "On the Sublime" analyzed what creates grandeur in literature and argued that great works not only please or instruct but also move and elevate readers. Longinus believed that a work becomes excellent when it has the power to sublime the reader through qualities like strength, vehemence or inspiration.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English philosopher, poet, and literary theorist born in the late 18th century. In 1795, he met William Wordsworth and the two collaborated on the collection Lyrical Ballads in 1798, which helped launch the Romantic movement in British literature. In 1817, Coleridge published Biographia Literaria, a work that blended autobiography, literary criticism, philosophy and religious theory. In it, he analyzed Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and Rape of Lucrece to elucidate the qualities and symptoms of poetic genius through a close reading of these works.
William Blake was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. He was born in London in 1757 and received his early education at home from his mother. Blake later apprenticed under an engraver and studied at the Royal Academy. He married Catherine Boucher in 1782 and published his first collection of poems around 1783. Blake is known for works like Songs of Innocence and of Experience and The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. His poem "A Poison Tree" tells the story of a man who harbors anger toward an enemy and watches as that anger grows into violence and death.
biography of s.t coleridge
introduction to biographia literaria
synopsis of chap 14
critical analysis
literary devices
objections and defence
fancy and imagination
primary and secondary imagination
The document discusses Elizabethan drama and playwrights William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. It notes that Elizabethan drama refers to plays produced during Queen Elizabeth's reign from 1558 to 1603. Shakespeare was the most famous dramatist of this period, known for tragedies like Hamlet and comedies like A Midsummer Night's Dream. The document also provides details about Ben Jonson, a contemporary of Shakespeare who was a satirical comedy writer and produced works like The Alchemist. It then discusses Shakespeare's body of work and divides it into four periods of development.
Matthew Arnold defined the role and qualities of an ideal critic in his essay "The Function of Criticism at the Present Time". According to Arnold, a critic should disseminate the best ideas from literature in a disinterested manner without interference from their own beliefs. A critic must have extensive knowledge of classical and contemporary literature. Their role is to spread noble ideas and establish a flow of fresh thought to benefit society and prepare the ground for future creative works. Arnold's conception of the critic was one of objectivity, broad learning, and an educator of the public.
This document provides biographical information about the author Hariyani Kishan and summarizes the key points of the Rasa theory of aesthetics. It discusses how Rasa theory originated with Bharata and describes the nine basic sentiments (Rasas). It then provides an overview of Kalidasa's famous work Shakuntala, including a short summary of the love story between Shakuntala and King Dushyanta featuring the Rasas of veer and adhabhut.
Satire is a literary work that uses techniques like exaggeration, reversal, and incongruity to ridicule and critique its subject. It commonly satirizes topics like politics, religion, and contemporary culture through parody, caricatures, monologues, and narratives. Effective satire employs devices like exaggeration to represent its subject ridiculously and reveal its flaws.
This document discusses the figure of speech known as personification. It defines personification as giving human attributes to non-human objects, ideas, or animals. This is done to emphasize a point or make something easier to understand. The document provides several examples of sentences using personification, such as "The sky wept for days" and "The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky." It also includes examples of personification applied to other contexts like nature, time, emotions, and objects.
The first stanza of the poem describes Khan's pleasure dome built alongside a sacred river fed by a powerful fountain. The second stanza is the narrator's response to the power and effects of an Abyssinian maid's song, which enraptures him but leaves him unable to act on her inspiration unless he could hear her once again. Together, they form a comparison of creative power that does not work with nature and creative power that is harmonious with nature.
The document defines and provides examples of various literary terms that will be used throughout the school year, including on final exams. It discusses characters, plot elements like exposition and climax, point of view, setting, style, theme, tone, and figures of speech such as metaphor, simile, and personification. Students are encouraged to learn the terms and use them in their notes.
Miracle plays were medieval dramas depicting stories from the Bible or lives of saints, usually performed by craft guilds. They dealt with supernatural events contradicting the laws of nature. Morality plays were allegorical dramas from the 15th-16th centuries featuring characters representing virtues, vices, or death, involving direct conflicts between right and wrong to impart moral lessons. Some of the most important examples of miracle and morality plays include Everyman, Doctor Faustus, and Robin Hood.
This document defines and provides examples of various figures of speech used in language, including literal and figurative language. It explains common figures of speech such as metaphor, simile, personification, and irony. For each figure of speech, the definition is given along with 2-3 examples to illustrate how it is used. The document concludes with a short poem about love as a dream.
This document provides biographical information about Samuel Taylor Coleridge and summarizes some of his views on literary theory and criticism. It includes Coleridge's name, paper details, contact information, and introduces that Biographia Literaria contains 24 chapters of Coleridge's critical work. It then discusses Coleridge's views on the nature and functions of poetry, and two conditions of poetry: fidelity to nature and novelty through imagination. The document also provides biographical details about Coleridge's early life and education.
These tips will help you make an important transition:
away from writing poetry to celebrate, commemorate, or capture your own feelings (in which case you, the poet, are the center of the poem’s universe)
towards writing poetry in order to generate feelings in your reader (in which case the poem exists entirely to serve the reader).
On the Sublime (Greek: Περì Ὕψους Perì Hýpsous; Latin: De sublimitate) is a Roman-era Greek work of literary criticism dated to the 1st century AD. Its author is unknown, but is conventionally referred to as Longinus (/lɒnˈdʒaɪnəs/; Ancient Greek: Λογγῖνος Longĩnos) or Pseudo-Longinus. It is regarded as a classic work on aesthetics and the effects of good writing. The treatise highlights examples of good and bad writing from the previous millennium, focusing particularly on what may lead to the sublime.
This document defines a paradox as a contradictory statement meant to be analyzed to provide insight. It provides examples of paradoxical quotes from Oscar Wilde, Shakespeare, and George Bernard Shaw. The document then gives examples of paradoxes from literature, including Animal Farm where the statement "All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others" points out a political truth, and Hamlet where Hamlet says "I must be cruel to be kind" to explain his plan to kill Claudius to avenge his father.
Overview of Early American Literature (English 244)Ariadne Rooney
This document provides an overview of the major periods and genres of early American literature from the beginnings to 1900. It summarizes that Native American oral traditions were the earliest literature, followed by explorers' accounts. The Colonial period was dominated by Puritan religious writings. The Revolutionary period focused on justifying the American Revolution. Romanticism emphasized emotion and individualism. Realism portrayed life realistically during turbulent times like the Civil War.
Wordsworth outlines three principles in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads: 1) the poetry concerns nature and country life, 2) it emphasizes poetry as an art form to enlighten readers on human emotion, and 3) clean, simple lines best capture the imagination rather than overly complicated styles. He chose rustic subjects and language to find a "plainer and more emphatic" way to communicate passions. Poetry combines feeling and thought as a spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions and ideas. The poet's duty is to produce pleasure and enlarge human capability. Wordsworth defends his choice of common subjects and language to better understand essential human passions.
The document discusses various rhetorical devices and techniques of persuasion that can be used to positively or negatively frame information, including euphemisms, comparisons, definitions, explanations, loaded questions, exaggeration, ridicule, and implied or unavailable evidence. It notes that even subtle or fleeting uses of such techniques can influence behavior and have long-lasting effects below the threshold of consciousness. Critical thinking is important for identifying non-argumentative persuasion attempts and checking spontaneous beliefs.
The document defines and discusses various rhetorical techniques used in persuasive writing and speaking. It defines rhetoric as the art of persuasion according to philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. It then examines common rhetorical devices like similes, metaphors, hyperbole, euphemisms, loaded questions, and stereotypes. The purpose is to influence audiences without necessarily providing logical evidence or facts. These devices can enhance a writer's message if used effectively.
Longinus was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher in the 3rd century AD known for his literary criticism. He taught rhetoric in Athens and later advised Queen Zenobia of Palmyra before being executed as a traitor by the Romans. Longinus made important contributions as one of the first comparative critics, focusing on individual elements of texts and defining what makes a work a literary classic. His work "On the Sublime" analyzed what creates grandeur in literature and argued that great works not only please or instruct but also move and elevate readers. Longinus believed that a work becomes excellent when it has the power to sublime the reader through qualities like strength, vehemence or inspiration.
Samuel Taylor Coleridge was an English philosopher, poet, and literary theorist born in the late 18th century. In 1795, he met William Wordsworth and the two collaborated on the collection Lyrical Ballads in 1798, which helped launch the Romantic movement in British literature. In 1817, Coleridge published Biographia Literaria, a work that blended autobiography, literary criticism, philosophy and religious theory. In it, he analyzed Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis and Rape of Lucrece to elucidate the qualities and symptoms of poetic genius through a close reading of these works.
William Blake was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. He was born in London in 1757 and received his early education at home from his mother. Blake later apprenticed under an engraver and studied at the Royal Academy. He married Catherine Boucher in 1782 and published his first collection of poems around 1783. Blake is known for works like Songs of Innocence and of Experience and The Marriage of Heaven and Hell. His poem "A Poison Tree" tells the story of a man who harbors anger toward an enemy and watches as that anger grows into violence and death.
biography of s.t coleridge
introduction to biographia literaria
synopsis of chap 14
critical analysis
literary devices
objections and defence
fancy and imagination
primary and secondary imagination
The document discusses Elizabethan drama and playwrights William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. It notes that Elizabethan drama refers to plays produced during Queen Elizabeth's reign from 1558 to 1603. Shakespeare was the most famous dramatist of this period, known for tragedies like Hamlet and comedies like A Midsummer Night's Dream. The document also provides details about Ben Jonson, a contemporary of Shakespeare who was a satirical comedy writer and produced works like The Alchemist. It then discusses Shakespeare's body of work and divides it into four periods of development.
Matthew Arnold defined the role and qualities of an ideal critic in his essay "The Function of Criticism at the Present Time". According to Arnold, a critic should disseminate the best ideas from literature in a disinterested manner without interference from their own beliefs. A critic must have extensive knowledge of classical and contemporary literature. Their role is to spread noble ideas and establish a flow of fresh thought to benefit society and prepare the ground for future creative works. Arnold's conception of the critic was one of objectivity, broad learning, and an educator of the public.
This document provides biographical information about the author Hariyani Kishan and summarizes the key points of the Rasa theory of aesthetics. It discusses how Rasa theory originated with Bharata and describes the nine basic sentiments (Rasas). It then provides an overview of Kalidasa's famous work Shakuntala, including a short summary of the love story between Shakuntala and King Dushyanta featuring the Rasas of veer and adhabhut.
Satire is a literary work that uses techniques like exaggeration, reversal, and incongruity to ridicule and critique its subject. It commonly satirizes topics like politics, religion, and contemporary culture through parody, caricatures, monologues, and narratives. Effective satire employs devices like exaggeration to represent its subject ridiculously and reveal its flaws.
This document discusses the figure of speech known as personification. It defines personification as giving human attributes to non-human objects, ideas, or animals. This is done to emphasize a point or make something easier to understand. The document provides several examples of sentences using personification, such as "The sky wept for days" and "The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky." It also includes examples of personification applied to other contexts like nature, time, emotions, and objects.
The first stanza of the poem describes Khan's pleasure dome built alongside a sacred river fed by a powerful fountain. The second stanza is the narrator's response to the power and effects of an Abyssinian maid's song, which enraptures him but leaves him unable to act on her inspiration unless he could hear her once again. Together, they form a comparison of creative power that does not work with nature and creative power that is harmonious with nature.
The document defines and provides examples of various literary terms that will be used throughout the school year, including on final exams. It discusses characters, plot elements like exposition and climax, point of view, setting, style, theme, tone, and figures of speech such as metaphor, simile, and personification. Students are encouraged to learn the terms and use them in their notes.
Miracle plays were medieval dramas depicting stories from the Bible or lives of saints, usually performed by craft guilds. They dealt with supernatural events contradicting the laws of nature. Morality plays were allegorical dramas from the 15th-16th centuries featuring characters representing virtues, vices, or death, involving direct conflicts between right and wrong to impart moral lessons. Some of the most important examples of miracle and morality plays include Everyman, Doctor Faustus, and Robin Hood.
This document defines and provides examples of various figures of speech used in language, including literal and figurative language. It explains common figures of speech such as metaphor, simile, personification, and irony. For each figure of speech, the definition is given along with 2-3 examples to illustrate how it is used. The document concludes with a short poem about love as a dream.
This document provides biographical information about Samuel Taylor Coleridge and summarizes some of his views on literary theory and criticism. It includes Coleridge's name, paper details, contact information, and introduces that Biographia Literaria contains 24 chapters of Coleridge's critical work. It then discusses Coleridge's views on the nature and functions of poetry, and two conditions of poetry: fidelity to nature and novelty through imagination. The document also provides biographical details about Coleridge's early life and education.
These tips will help you make an important transition:
away from writing poetry to celebrate, commemorate, or capture your own feelings (in which case you, the poet, are the center of the poem’s universe)
towards writing poetry in order to generate feelings in your reader (in which case the poem exists entirely to serve the reader).
On the Sublime (Greek: Περì Ὕψους Perì Hýpsous; Latin: De sublimitate) is a Roman-era Greek work of literary criticism dated to the 1st century AD. Its author is unknown, but is conventionally referred to as Longinus (/lɒnˈdʒaɪnəs/; Ancient Greek: Λογγῖνος Longĩnos) or Pseudo-Longinus. It is regarded as a classic work on aesthetics and the effects of good writing. The treatise highlights examples of good and bad writing from the previous millennium, focusing particularly on what may lead to the sublime.
This document defines a paradox as a contradictory statement meant to be analyzed to provide insight. It provides examples of paradoxical quotes from Oscar Wilde, Shakespeare, and George Bernard Shaw. The document then gives examples of paradoxes from literature, including Animal Farm where the statement "All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others" points out a political truth, and Hamlet where Hamlet says "I must be cruel to be kind" to explain his plan to kill Claudius to avenge his father.
Overview of Early American Literature (English 244)Ariadne Rooney
This document provides an overview of the major periods and genres of early American literature from the beginnings to 1900. It summarizes that Native American oral traditions were the earliest literature, followed by explorers' accounts. The Colonial period was dominated by Puritan religious writings. The Revolutionary period focused on justifying the American Revolution. Romanticism emphasized emotion and individualism. Realism portrayed life realistically during turbulent times like the Civil War.
Wordsworth outlines three principles in the preface to the Lyrical Ballads: 1) the poetry concerns nature and country life, 2) it emphasizes poetry as an art form to enlighten readers on human emotion, and 3) clean, simple lines best capture the imagination rather than overly complicated styles. He chose rustic subjects and language to find a "plainer and more emphatic" way to communicate passions. Poetry combines feeling and thought as a spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions and ideas. The poet's duty is to produce pleasure and enlarge human capability. Wordsworth defends his choice of common subjects and language to better understand essential human passions.
The document discusses various rhetorical devices and techniques of persuasion that can be used to positively or negatively frame information, including euphemisms, comparisons, definitions, explanations, loaded questions, exaggeration, ridicule, and implied or unavailable evidence. It notes that even subtle or fleeting uses of such techniques can influence behavior and have long-lasting effects below the threshold of consciousness. Critical thinking is important for identifying non-argumentative persuasion attempts and checking spontaneous beliefs.
The document defines and discusses various rhetorical techniques used in persuasive writing and speaking. It defines rhetoric as the art of persuasion according to philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. It then examines common rhetorical devices like similes, metaphors, hyperbole, euphemisms, loaded questions, and stereotypes. The purpose is to influence audiences without necessarily providing logical evidence or facts. These devices can enhance a writer's message if used effectively.
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Rhetorical devices are techniques used in writing to convey ideas effectively and engage the audience. This document defines and provides examples of various rhetorical devices grouped into categories of balance, emphasis, transition, clarity, figurative language, and syntax. Key devices include parallelism, climax, metaphor, and zeugma.
This document defines and provides examples of common rhetorical devices used in writing and speaking to effectively convey ideas and arguments. It discusses repetition, parallelism, and rhetorical questions. Repetition and parallelism use repeated words or structures to provide rhythm and emphasis. Rhetorical questions are posed to prompt thought rather than being answered literally. Examples are provided to illustrate parallelism in Julius Caesar's famous quote and rhetorical questions from a John F. Kennedy speech used to sway audiences.
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The document provides definitions and examples of several literary devices and terms, including apostrophe, imagery, symbolism, denotation, and connotation. It begins by defining apostrophe as a figure of speech where a writer speaks directly to someone absent or non-existent. Examples from literature are provided. Imagery is explained as using language to represent ideas through senses. Common types and examples are given. Symbolism represents ideas through symbolic meanings different from literal senses, with common symbols and a literature example outlined. Denotation and connotation are then defined as the literal versus implied meanings of words, with distinguishing examples provided.
In this session, we will cover Balanced Sentences and parallel structures. Then we will move to explore certain rhetorical schemes which enhance the production of language.
Diction refers to a writer's or speaker's choice of words and style of expression. It has two main meanings:
1) Distinctive vocabulary choices that establish tone and characterization. For example, using many verbs of physical movement suggests an active character.
2) Pronunciation and clarity of speech. This is more precisely called enunciation or articulation.
Diction has multiple aspects, including register (formal vs informal words), word choice, syntax, and eight main elements: phoneme, syllable, conjunction, connective, noun, verb, inflection, and utterance. Imagery refers to the mental pictures or "images" created by descriptive language in poetry or prose.
Three poetic terminology are defined:
1. Allegory is a form of extended metaphor where objects and actions represent meanings outside the narrative. It often has moral or political significance.
2. Allusion is a brief reference to another work that the reader must connect. It can be direct or implied.
3. Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds in literature or poetry, with different consonants. It is commonly used in poems for emphasis or rhythm.
This document defines and provides examples of various literary devices and rhetorical techniques, including metaphor, oxymoron, parallelism, irony, tone, paradox, onomatopoeia, invective, anaphora, polysyndeton, asyndeton, and chiasmus. It examines the Greek or Latin origins and definitions of these terms and illustrates them with quotes from literature and speeches.
The limits of my language means the limits of my world.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Philosophy is a battle against the bewitchment of our intelligence by means of language.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
www.english-culture.com/literature-life Our lives in the end are nothing but stories. Carl William Brown
If we spoke a different language, we would perceive a somewhat different world.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
The document defines and provides examples of several literary terms:
- Allegory - A narrative with symbolic meanings conveying abstract ideas, like Dante's Divine Comedy.
- Alliteration - The repetition of consonant sounds for emphasis or to represent action, used by poets.
- Allusion - An indirect reference to history, mythology or other works to represent complex ideas briefly.
- Antagonist - A character who opposes the protagonist in some way, like the serpent in Genesis.
- Aside - An actor's speech to the audience not meant to be heard by other characters on stage.
The document discusses various techniques for creating cohesion in text, including repetition, reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. It defines each technique and provides examples to illustrate how they link ideas and give text meaning and coherence.
The document defines and provides examples of various poetic and literary terms including metaphor, simile, symbolism, personification, and rhyme schemes. It discusses concepts like setting, plot, point of view, imagery, theme, and tone. Examples are given to illustrate different terms like onomatopoeia, alliteration, and synecdoche.
The document defines and provides examples of various poetic and literary terms including metaphor, simile, symbolism, personification, and rhyme schemes. It explores concepts like setting, plot, point of view, imagery, theme, and tone. Examples are given to illustrate different terms like onomatopoeia, alliteration, and synecdoche.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of evidence that writers can use to develop and explain topics in expository writing, including logical, empirical, anecdotal, and testimonial evidence. It also explains various rhetorical devices such as metaphor, simile, personification, onomatopoeia, and rhetorical fragments that writers can employ.
The document provides an overview of rhetorical devices and examples of common devices used to persuade audiences. It defines rhetorical devices as stylistic techniques used by authors and speakers to impact their audience. Some key devices discussed include similes, metaphors, personification, rhetorical questions, allusions, hyperbole, euphemisms, repetition through anaphora and epistrophe, parallelism, juxtaposition, understatement, and oxymorons. Examples are provided for each device to illustrate how they can be effectively used in writing and speeches.
Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or vice versa. It can involve using a part to refer to the whole, a whole thing referring to a part, a general class name denoting a specific instance, or referring to materials something is made of. Some examples given include referring to people by a single characteristic like "the beard" for an older man, calling workers "hands", or saying "the law" to mean police officers.
The summary provides the key definition of synecdoche as a figure of speech where a part represents the whole or vice versa, and gives some brief illustrative examples to highlight this concept in 3 sentences.
This document defines and provides examples of various literary devices and rhetorical techniques, including metaphor, irony, oxymoron, personification, synecdoche, and understatement. It examines devices such as repetition of sounds or words, juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, addressing absent people or things, and substitution of inoffensive terms.
The document defines and provides examples of various poetic and literary terms including metaphor, simile, symbolism, personification, and rhyme schemes. It discusses concepts like setting, plot, point of view, imagery, theme, and tone. Examples are given to illustrate different terms like onomatopoeia, alliteration, and synecdoche.
The document defines and provides examples of various poetic terms including metaphor, simile, personification, symbolism, and rhyme schemes. It discusses literary devices such as allusion, imagery, irony, plot, point of view, setting, theme, and tone. Examples are given to illustrate different types of poetic techniques.
This document defines and provides examples of various poetic and literary terms including:
- Allusion - A reference to a historical figure, place, or event.
- Metaphor - An implied comparison between two basically different things that is not introduced with "like" or "as".
- Hyperbole - A great exaggeration to emphasize strong feeling.
- Personification - Giving human characteristics to non-human things.
- Plot - A series of events that present and resolve a conflict, telling the story.
- Symbol - Something concrete that stands for something abstract, like an idea.
This document provides a review of figurative language concepts covered in an 8th grade Language Arts class, including simile, personification, metaphor, anaphora, allusion, assonance, and examples of each. It also discusses appositives and provides examples of identifying similes, metaphors, and personification. The review is intended to help students prepare for a semester 1 exam.
This document provides a review of figurative language devices taught in 8th grade Language Arts, including simile, personification, metaphor, anaphora, allusion, assonance, and appositive. It defines each device and provides examples from literature and speeches. It also includes exercises asking students to identify devices in passages and combine sentences using appositives. The review is intended to help students study for their semester 1 exam in Language Arts.
Similar to Background, Examples, and Effects of Fifteen Rhetorical Techniques (20)
The document describes the TES structure for organizing paragraphs and essays. TES stands for Topic, Evidence, and Significance. The Topic sentence states the main idea or opinion. Evidence includes facts, examples, or experiences that support the topic. The Significance statement concludes the paragraph by explaining why the information matters or what the reader should do with it. Used effectively, the TES structure improves test answers, essays, requests, and other communications by making the point clear and persuasive.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
Twenty Sentence Patterns--a brief description of patterns 1 through 16a.gswider
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William Wells Brown was the first African American to publish a novel, play, travel book, military study, and sociological study. His works addressed the exploitation of female slaves and sexual abuse. His play The Escape was first performed live in 1971, documenting elements of Brown's life and demonstrating how power corrupts. Brown made significant contributions as the first Black author to publish in several genres, bringing attention to the experiences of enslaved people.
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🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
2. A brief look into definitions and
historical beginnings
Part I: Background
3. A Sampling of Definitions
Rhetoric is the art of winning
the soul by discourse.
Rhetoric is the art, study, and
practice of human
communication.
The duty and office of
rhetoric is to apply reason to
imagination for the better
moving of the will.
Rhetoric is that discipline
which studies all the ways in
which men may influence
each other’s thinking and
behavior through the
strategic use of symbols.
Rhetoric is merely speech
with designs on the reader.
5. Ethos
From a writer’s choice and arrangement of
words, a reader absorbs an impression of the
writer’s character, the writer’s feelings, the
writer’s acceptance of traditional values.
From these impressions—if favorable-- a reader
may then respond with trust for the writer, even
while not agreeing with her/him.
Ethos is carefully built over time, but a first
impression is critical to that building.
6. Logos
Logos (literally, “the word”) focuses on the
presentation of the main ideas. The individual
considers the result of reading the text and asks,
“Have I been persuaded by the reasonable
thoughts? Has the writer clearly explained the
ideas? Do I understand both sides?”
Has the writer used emotional language in
outlining the main ideas in the text? Hmmm.
Aristotle is not saying that emotion should be
avoided in the text. Aristotle is saying that
emotion should be avoided in presenting the main
ideas of the text.
7. Pathos
Pathos, or emotion, more closely connects
readers with any text. Emotion in writing
lifts the words or images into the realm of
personal experience.
Instead of just following the logical order of
a group of statements, the reader relives the
moment, or understands the writer’s thought
as an association with some shared feeling.
Pathos is a required element in effective
writing. Like salt, however, pathos is best
delivered in measured amounts.
8. Cognates
Several words in English derive from the three
Greek words just mentioned.
From “ethos”, we have “ethics”, ethical”,
“aesthetic”.
From “logos” derives “logic”, “logical”,
“logistics”.
From “pathos” the words “pathetic” and
“pathology” acquire common ancestry.
10. Asyndeton (ah-SYN-di-ton)
A rhetorical device that omits conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or,
yet, so.) between a series of words, phrases, or clauses.
The effect of asyndeton is to speed up the text.
A secondary effect is to reduce any logical connection between
elements.
“He was a bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a
maniac.”—Jack Kerouac
“Cold; tempest; wild beasts in the forest. It is a hard
life.Their houses are built of logs, dark and smoky
within.There will be a crude icon of the virgin behind
a guttering candle, the leg of a pig hung up to cure, a
string of drying mushrooms. A bed, a stool, a table.
Harsh, brief, poor lives.”—AngelaCarter
11. Polysyndeton (paw-lee-SYN-di-ton)
The use of several conjunctions (for, and nor, but, or, yet, so)
after a series of words, phrases or clauses. The use is almost
excessive, because the effect is to slow way down or create
tedium in the flow of a passage of text.
“And Joshua, and all of Israel with him, took Achan the son of
Zerah, and the silver, and the garment, and the wedge of gold, and
his sons, and his daughters, and his oxen, and his donkeys, and his
sheep, and his tent, and all that he had.” — King James Bible
“I said, ‘Who killed him?’ and he said ‘I don’t know who killed him,
but he’s dead alright,’ and it was dark and there was water
standing in the street and no lights or windows broke and boats all
up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and
I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside
Mango Key and she was alright only she was full of water.”
— Ernest Hemingway
12. Anaphora (uh-NAH-fur-uh)
A repetition of words or phrases at the
beginning of successive clauses. The effect is
one of continual emphasis on the text.
“We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we
shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing strength and with
growing confidence in the air, we shall defend our island whatever the cost may be,
we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight
on the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills.We shall never surrender.”
--Winston Churchill
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it
was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of
incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the
spring of hope, it was the inter of despair, we had everything before us, we had
nothing before us, we were all going direct to heaven, we ere all direct the other
way.…” –Charles Dickens
13. Epistrophe (uh-PIH-stroe-fee)
Epistrophe literally means “turning about”. The
rhetorical device is a repetition of the same word
or phrase at the end of successive lines or clauses.
The effect of epistrophe—sometimes called
epiphora—is stronger than anaphora because of
the reminder to the reader of what the writer is
emphasizing.
“Don’t you ever talk about my friends!You don’t know any of my friends.
You don’t look at any of my friends. And you certainly wouldn’t
condescend to speak to any of my friends.” --The Breakfast Club
“Sweet Portia, if you did know to whom I gave the ring,
If you did know for whom I gave the ring
And would conceive for what I gave the ring
And how unwillingly I left the ring,
When nought would be accepted but the ring,
You would abate the strength of your displeasure.” --William Shakespeare
14. Tautology (taw-TAL-uh-gee)
In the rhetorical sense, a tautology is a repetition of
meaning using similar words close together in a
sentence or a phrase.
The effect of a tautology is to emphasize a specific
idea, or technical term. Used carelessly, the effect
is a sense of wordiness—not something you want.
“Free gift” “I made it with my own hands.”
“…who died of a fatal dose of heroin.”
“Give proof and evidence that your ideas are accurate and correct.”
“The Cowboys are favored to win since they are the better team.”
“It is what it is.”
15. Oxymoron (ox-ee-more-on)
From the Greek meaning “sharp-dull” (“pointedly
foolish”), oxymoron juxtaposes two elements and
creates in effect a compound word-phrase with
humorous, contradictory, and paradoxical
implications designed to get the reader’s attention.
“Oh brawling love! oh loving hate! …
Oh heavy lightness! Serious vanity!
Misshapen chaos of well seeming forms!
Feather of lead! Bright smoke! Cold fire! Sick health!
Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!
This love I, that feel no love in this! –William Shakespeare
“A yawn may be defined as a silent yell.” –G.K.Chesterton
“real phony” “civil war” “student teacher” “original copy” “random order”
”found missing” “clearly misunderstood” “deafening silence” “ill health”
16. Allusion (uh-LOO-zhun)
A brief reference to a person, place, event, work
of art or literature—in other words an historical
and relatively well known element. In writing
about such an element, no further explanation is
provided. The alluded to element enriches by
comparison whatever the writer is explaining.
“I was not born in a manger. I was actually born on Krypton and sent
here by my father, Jor-el, to save the planet Earth.” --Senator Barack
Obama
“I violated the Noah rule: predicting rain doesn’t count; building arks
does.” --Warren Buffett
17. Cacophony (kah-KAWF-uh-nee)
Cacophony (from the Greek=“bad sounding”) is the
deliberate use of word-sounds that cumulatively
produce a disturbing, jarring effect on a reader. The
effect of cacophony is to attract the reader’s attention
but in a disharmonious manner, creating a feeling, in
some cases, of irritation with the text.
“ ’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe.
All mimsy were the borogroves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.” --Lewis Carroll
“She sells sea shells by the sea shore.”
“With throats unslaked, with black lips baked,
Agape they heard me call.” –WilliamTaylor Coleridge
18. Euphony (YOU-fuh-nee)
Euphony (Greek= “sweet-voiced”) is a deliberate,
pleasant, melodic combination of word-sounds. The
effect of euphony is directly opposite that of
cacophony: nothing harsh or discordant. Attention
is drawn to lines in a text that soothe or serenade
the inner or outer ear.
They sat them down upon the yellow sand
Between the sun and moon upon the shore;
And sweet it was to dream of Fatherland,
Of child, and wife, and slave; but evermore
Most weary seem’d the sea, weary the oar,
Weary the wandering fields of barren foam.
Then someone said, “We will return no more”;
And all at once they sang, “Our island home
Is far beyond the wave; we will no longer roam.” –AlfredTennyson
19. Chiasmus (ky-AS-mus)
Chiasmus (named after the Greek letter “chi” or “x”)
involves two parallel clauses. In chiasmus, or
crisscross, the same terms in the first clause end up
reversed in the second clause. The exact same words,
or even similar ideas, which are parallel may be
reversed.
“One should eat to live, not live to eat.” --proverb
“Home is where the great are small, and the small are great.” --proverb
“Charm is a woman’s strength, strength is a man’s charm.” --Ellis
“The instinct of a man is to pursue everything that flies from him, and to fly
from all that pursue him.” --Voltaire
20. Metonymy (meh-TAWN-uh-me)
Rhetorically, metonymy (Greek= “change of name”)
refers to the technique of describing someone or
something indirectly, by referring to the surrounding
items. (Describing what someone is wearing instead of
the physical features.) As a figure of speech, a closely
associated item is referred to instead of the actual
subject (“Golden Arches” instead of McDonald’s). The
effect is a greater cohesion in the text.
“In a corner, a cluster of lab coats made lunch plans.” --Karen Green
“…the White House asked networks for airtime….” --Michael Waldman
“He used the events to show the SiliconValley crowd that he was just like
them….”
--Business Week, 2003
Danish (Danish pastry); shocks (shock absorbers); the States (United States of
America); Heights (Cleveland Heights High School); going to bed (the entire
sequence of events is understood)
21. Synecdoche (syn-EK-duh-key)
Synecdoche (Greek= “simultaneous understanding”), is
similar to metonymy. Where metonymy gave some
thing, some place, or some individual(s) another name
by using a related object, synecdoche instead refers to
some thing or some one by naming a related object
instead. The effect is to emphasize some important part .
Part referring to whole: wheels (car); disc (Compact Information Storage)
Whole referring to a part: America (two continents) to mean only the USA
General class name to refer to a specific member of that class: truck; the good
book
Specific name to refer to a general set of associated things: bug; Band-Aid
(specific brand name for any bandage); John Hancock (for signature)
Material the thing is made of referring to that thing: glasses; strings; brass;
ivories; pigskin; silver
A container used to refer to its contents: keg (beer); barrel (oil); cup (coffee, tea,
etc.)
22. Litote (LIE-tote)
A litote is a deliberate understatement. The effect of
such a technique is to emphasize what the reader
already knows to be true by denying it.
Litotes can convey irony. But chiefly, a litote conveys
a strong emotion with moderation.
“Heat waves are not rare in the summer.”
“We saw him throw the buckets of paint at the canvas in disgust, and the
result did not perfectly represent his subject.”
“Hitting that telephone pole certainly didn’t do your car any good.”
23. Parallelism (PAIR-uh-lel-izm)
Parallelism is the deliberate repetition of similar
grammatical structures in a sentence. The structures
should be all words, or phrases, or clauses, and each
structure should be of the same grammatical family.
The effect of parallelism is balance, rhythm, and
clarity.
“He liked to eat watermelon and liked to avoid grapefruit.” (verbs; infinitives;
objects)
“The pilot walked down the aisle, through the door, and into the cockpit
singing ‘Up, up, and away’.” (prepositional phrases)
“These critics—who point out the qualities of style and ideas, who discover the
faults of false constructions, and who discuss the application of the rules—
usually help a lot in engendering an understanding of a writer’s essay. (relative
clauses)
24. Zeugma (ZOOG-muh)
Zeugma (Greek: “yoking together”) is a technique for
linking two or more same parts of speech with a
different part of speech in the same sentence. The
effect is to show more clearly and economically any
relationships between elements in a sentence.
Zeugmatic constructions are many and subtly varied.
Linking word (a verb in this case) is stated once and then understood:
“Fred excelled at sports; Harvey at eating;Tom with girls.”
Single subject with multiple verbs:
“Fluffy rolled on her back, raised her paws, and meowed to be petted.”
Two or more direct objects:
“He grabbed his hat from the rack by the stairs, his gloves from the table near
the door, and his keys from the punchbowl.”
Same verb understood in two different senses:
“He grabbed his hat from the rack by the stairs and a kiss from the lips of his
wife.”