HNGU PATAN. m.sc sem 3 botany cbo - 502

2. CONTENTS :
 Textile Fiber : Cannabis
 Cordage Fiber : Coir
 Stuffing Fiber : Silk Cotton

3. CLASSIFICATION
 Botanical Name : Cannabis sativa Linn.
 Local Name : Bhang , Kanghi , Hemp
 Family : Cannabiaceae
 Useful Organ : Stem

4. HISTORY AND ORIGIN:
 Hemp is one of the oldest textile known to
mankind.
 It probably originated in central and western Asia,
whence it spread to China, having been grown
there as a fiber crop, perhaps for more than 4500
years.
 It was introduced into Europe by the scythians
about 1500 B.C.

5. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
 The hemp plant is a stout annual herb of 1-2 m in
height with compound leaves.
 The plants are dioecious with male flowers in long
drooping axillary and terminal panicles and female
flower in short axillary leaf spike.
 The fruit is an achene. All plant parts are densely
clothed with glandular hairs.
 Hemp fiber is white bast which develops in
pericycle . Its length varies 0.9 to 1.5 m.

6. PRODUCTION
 Hemp grows in nearly all temperate region of the
total worlds production of 255,528 tones during
1973 – 74.
 The Soviet Union alone contributed 75,000 t i.e.
nearly one third of the world’s output.
 Hemp is also produced commercially in India,
China, Japan, Peru, Iran and Turkey.
 Italy and Yugoslavia are the two chief exporting
countries, the former has earned the reputation of
producing the best quality fiber.

7.  Area production ( fiber & tow ) and yield per
hector (1973-1974)*
continent /
country
Average
(ha)
Production
(t)
Yield
(kg/ha)
South America 3500 3200 914
Asia 1,80,700 98,260 544
Europe 78,636 79,068 1005
USSRR 1,70,000 75,000 441
World total 432,836 2,55,528 590

8. CULTIVATION
 For the production of fiber, hemp is grown mainly
in temperate countries.
 It can be grown over a wide range of climates and
soil but, for best development, it requires mild
humid climate with at least four frost free months,
an average temperature between 17 and 27 c
during the growing season the rain fall and a rich
loamy soil with good natural drainage.

9. HARVESTING AND PROCESSING
 The best grade fiber is obtained from the male
plant. Harvesting is done when the male flowers
are beginning to shed pollen.
 The plants are chopped of by hand about 2 to 3 cm
above ground level with a hemp knife and the cut
stems are spread on the ground for drying .
 The fiber extraction process is similar to the flax.
 The average fiber yield in all cases is about 25% of
the dried stalk.

10. Harvesting and processing

11. USES
 It is highly valued for the manufacture of ropes,
carpets, soil-cloth, yachet cordage, binder turine,
sacks, bags, etc.
 Hamp waste is sometime used in the manufacture
of paper.
 seeds are chiefly used to make hempseed oil
which can be used for cooking, lamps, and paints.
 The flowers contain psycoactive chemical
compound known as cannabinoids that are
consumed for recreational, meditional, and
spiriutual purposes.

12. uses of cannabis

13. CLASSIFICATION
 Botanical Name : Cocous nucifera Linn.
 Local name : Nariel ,Coconut
 Family : Palmaceae( Arecaceae)
 Useful organ : Stem

14. HISTORY AND DISCOVERY
 Coir industry has a chequered history dating back
to 3000 BC.
 James Darragh an American of Irish origin in 1859
set up a coir factory in Kerala and initiated to
develop the unorganized coir industry in to an
organize one on factory line.
 They collected ordered for coir from there own
countries and supplied coir and coir products
produced and manufactured in India .
 The golden textured Kerala coir fiber which earned
the unofficial brand name golden fiber. Captured
European and world markets in no time.

15. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
 The coconut palm is tall, unbranched attaining a
high of 10-25 mm.
 The trunk is straight or slightly, curved marked
with ring like leaf scars.
 The stem apex is crowned by 20-30 cm large, pari-
pinnate leaves 18-60 cm long.
 The flower are covered by boat like spathes, the
latter are arranged in a spadix inflorecence.
 The tree is monoecious and the both male and
female flowers are formed on the same
inflorescence.

16.  The fruit is ovoid fibrous
drupe 20-30 cm long it is
differentiated into an outer
thick exocarp, middle
fibrous mesocarp and
inner stony endocarp.
 The cavity of the nut is
partially filled with “
coconut milk”
representing the liquid
endosperm.

17. CULTIVATION
 It is chiefly cultivated in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and
Karnataka.
 For vigorous growth and good yield the plant
required planty of sun light an average
temperature between 27 to 32 c and a well
distributed annual rainfall of 130 to 250 cm.
 There are two distinct varieties of coconut palm
tall and dwarf.
 The tall variety is more suited fore commercial
cultivation in large plantations.
 The fruits are harvested when still green to obtain
the best quality of coir.

18. cultivation of coir plant

19. PRODUCTION
 At the present, India is the principle producer and
exporter of coir products, followed by Sri-lanka.
 Coir production is very small in India , about 40%
of 5000 million or so nuts produced annually are
used for fiber production.
 Sri-lanka’s coir industry on the other hand
consists chiefly or mechanically separated bristle
and mattresses husks that are left after copra
extraction.
 European countries and the USA are the largest
importer of coir and coir products.

20. HARVESTING & PROCESSING
 The fruits are harvested when still green to obtain
the best quality coir.
 Early harvesting yields weak fibers while delayed
picking produces hard and dark brown fiber,
which is difficult to twist and is mostly used for
upholstery work and brush making.
 The fruit is dehusked in two ways by ramming the
coconuts against a sharp iron spike fixed firmly in
the ground at an inclined level and splitting the
husk into three or four pieces or by splitting with
a cutlass and with the help of bursting machines,
which is mostly practiced in sri-lanka.

21.  The finest grade fiber is obtained from husks
retted in tidal creeks where the water moves
slowly with the rising and falling tide.
 For the manufacture of coir yarn, the retting
process is continued for 8-9 months or even
longer in India , but for the production of bristle
and mattress fibres as practiced Sri-lanka , the
husk is retted for just two weeks.
 In Sri-lanka, specially designed machines are used
to disintrigrate the coconut husk.

22. USES
 The tender nut are demand for their liquid which
provides a very refreshing and delicious drink.
 The coconut fiber is used for making mattress,
rope, nets , bags, etc.
 Coir is also used for bristles for brushes, dormats
coarse, stuffing for rall and bus seats etc.
 The copra is crushed to obtain coconut oil which
is in great demand for edible purpose.
 The coconut oil is an ingridient in the manufacture
of shop, hair oil etc.

24.  Types of silk cotton
1] Red silk cotton
2] White silk cotton

25. Classification
 Scientific name : Bombex ceiba Linn
 Local name : Shimalo , Kapok tree,
 Family : Bombeceae
 Useful organ : Inner wall of fruit

26. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
 Bombax seiba known as red silk cotton tree, is
large , spiny, deciduous, tree that typically
matures to 60-75’ tall and 40-60’ wide.
 The trunk and branches bear numerous conical
spines particularly when young.
 The leaves are palmate with about 6 leaflets
radiating from a central point, the petiole is up to
16 cm long.
 In spring the tree is cover in large cup shaped red
flowers to 20 cm diameter and these are filled with
copious nectar.

27. CONT…
 The numerous stamens
have red filaments and
are tipped with black
anther.
 The fruit is brown capsule
to 15 mm long, filled with
numerous black seed that
are covered in fine silky
hairs.
 New leaves usually do
not appear until flowering
is over.

28. USES
 The floss is used for stuffing pillows, cushions,
mattresses , etc.
 Floss is also used for stuffing life belts upholstery and
quilts.
 Also used as an insulation material for refrigerators,
sound proof covers and walls.
 It is better than cotton wool for packing fragile.
 Fiber is spun into yarn used for the manufacture of
plushes.

29. Uses of red silk cotton

30. 2 ] WHITE SILK COTTON :
Classification
 Scientific name : Cochlospermem religiosum L
 Local name : Pilikapas
 Family : Cochlospermeceae
 Useful organ : plant fiber

31. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
 The grow to 70 m with a trunk up to 3 m in
diameter with buttresses.
 The trunk and many of the large branches are
often crowed with large simple thorns.
 The palmate leaves are composed of 5 to 9 leaflet,
each up to 20 cm long.
 The trees produce several hundred 15 cm pods
containing seeds surrounded by fluffy , yellowish
fiber that is mix of lignin & cellulose.

32. USES
 The fiber is used as stuffing material. It is
cushions, pillows etc.
 The tree also yield an edible gum.
 The gum is used as a substitute for dressing and
ice-cream industry.
 It is used as silk cloth material like dresses.
 The seeds contain a non-drying oil reported in
Indian material to amount to 14-15% and to be
usable in soap manufacture.

33. Uses of white silk cotton

34. References
 Economic Botany
By S. L. Kochhar
 Economic Botany
By B. P. Pandey
www. image of cannabis ,coir and silk cotton.in