The European CCS Demonstration Project Network was pleased to present the webinar “CO2 transport systems development status of three large-scale European CCS demonstration projects with EEPR funding” on Thursday, 26 February 2014. This webinar, presented by Jens Hetland, PhD, addressed technical and operational aspects pertaining to the transport of CO2 in Europe. It covered lessons learnt from the development of three large-scale CCS demonstration projects: the UK-based Don Valley project, the Dutch ROAD project, and the Spanish Compostilla project. These projects have been members of the European CCS Demonstration project Network since its establishment by the European Commission in 2009, when they were all selected by the European Commission to receive funding under the European Energy Programme for Recovery (EEPR). The purpose of the projects is to verify feasible capture techniques and to demonstrate geological storage options. As the distance and elevation of the CO2 transport system are inherently given by the project, the transport conditions for the CO2 will generally differ from one project to another. The demonstration projects have shown that the thermophysical nature of CO2 is prone to complicate certain operational procedures mainly due to phenomena like phase change, hydrate formation and Joule-Thomson cooling. The front-end engineering design studies suggest, however, that the handling of CO2 is quite feasible during normal operation, although customised solutions may be required to handle transients like emergency shut-down and pipeline re-pressurisation. This implies that CO2 transport is not seen as an insuperable hurdle to the design and operation of large-scale CCS systems.

1. CO2 transport systems development status of
three large-scale European CCS demonstration
projects within EEPR funding
Thursday 26 February 2015, 1900 AEDT

2. Jens Hetland, PhD
Senior Research Scientist, SINTEF Energy Research,
Department of Gas Technology.
 Research direction: energy systems and policy issues.
 Involvement in the network secretariat of the large European
CCS demonstration projects residing under the European
Energy Programme for Recovery.
 Involvement in the making of CCS roadmaps: a)
Demonstration in China (2010), b) IEA Roadmap 2013, c)
CSLF Technology Roadmap 2013
 Member of the editorial board of Elsevier International
Journal of Applied Energy.

3. QUESTIONS
 We will collect questions during
the presentation.
 Your MC will pose these
questions to the presenters
after the presentation.
 Please submit your questions
directly into the GoToWebinar
control panel.
The webinar will start shortly.

4. Jens Hetlanda, Julian Barnettb, Andy Readc, Javier Zapaterod, Jeremy Veltine
a SINTEF Energy Research, Kolbjorn Hejesvei 1A, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway, b National Grid, UK
c ROAD Project, The Netherlands, d ENDESA, Spain, e TNO, 2628CK Delft, The Netherlands
Corresponding author. Tel.: +47-93059157, e-mail address: Jens.Hetland@SINTEF.no
Paper presented at GHGT-12, Austin, Texas, October 2014
The Don Valley CCSProject is co-financedby theEuropean
Union’s EuropeanEnergyProgramme for Recovery
The sole responsibilityof this publication lies with theauthor.
The EuropeanUnionis not responsible for anyuse that may be
made of the informationcontainedtherein.
The CCS demonstration projects presented herein are co-financed by the European Union's European Energy Programme for Recovery. The
sole responsibility of this publication lies with the authors. The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the
information contained herein.
CO2 transport systems development: Status of three large
European CCS demonstration projects with EEPR funding

5. | 5|||
The CCS Project Network
Established in 2009 to generate early benefits from a coordinated
European action on large CCS-demonstration projects
Current members include four projects (Netherlands, Norway, Spain,
UK), and representatives from the Crown Estate and European
Commission
Membership is open and invented from European CCS stakeholders
Objectives
To enable knowledge-sharing amongst projects and other members
To use member experience to increase public confidence in CCS
To promote CCS, EU leadership, and cooperation globally

6. | 6|||
Don Valley Project, UK
650 MWe power, pre-combustion,
5 Mtpa CO2, offshore storage in saline
formation, with options for EOR
Compostilla Project, ES
330 MWe power, oxy-combustion,
1.6 Mtpa CO2, onshore storage in deep
saline formation
(Project discontinued in November 2013)
ROAD Project, NL
250 MWe power, post-combustion,
1.1 Mtpa CO2, offshore storage in
deplete gas reservoir

7. | 7|||
Flow system
 Due to low initial back-pressure from the depleted gas reservoir,
the ROAD project constitutes the most complicated and
interesting case.
 For this reason, the project has performed detailed flow
assurance studies.
 Essential learning from these studies and a brief operational
philosophy are presented.

8. | 8|||
Compression system (all three projects)
 The compression trains of the three demonstration projects are
rather similar. They feature roughly the same layout with a
number of initial centrifugal compression stages, recycling wet
and dry CO2 before injecting the compressed CO2 flow into a
dehydration unit.
 From this unit, the dry CO2 enters the high-pressure section of
the pipeline, made from carbon steel.
 All projects have specified a water level for the CO2 to be equal
to or lower than 50 ppmv water vapour.

9. | 9|||
Don Valley
Transport
• Pipeline – 68 km of shared user
pipeline and 16km spur pipeline + 90
km offshore
Storage
• Geological storage site 5/42 (deep
saline formations) chosen by project
and appraisal programme continues
• 5 Mt CO2 per annum
Project developer: 2Co Power (Yorkshire) Ltd Energy and
National Grid Carbon Ltd
Capture
• 650MWe net (900MWe gross)
• Coal – IGCC, pre-combustion
• At least 90% on full plant

10. | 10|||
Update Don Valley
Statutory consultation. Development and Consent Order (DCO)
submitted to the UK Planning Inspectorate on16th June 2014 and
was accepted for examination. Hearings concluded and scheduled
to finish in late spring 2015 and a decision is expected from
Secretary of State in November 2015
COOLTRANS programme. Now complete
Post appraisal drilling programme. Nearing to the final stages of
the analysis of the 5/42 site, so far positive results of site suitability.

11. | 11|||
National Grid – CO2 transport system
Existing Thermal Power Station > 4 Mt CO2 p.a.
Existing Thermal Power Station < 4 Mt CO2 p.a.
Existing Industrial Emitter > 4 Mt CO2 p.a.
Existing Industrial Emitter < 4 Mt CO2 p.a.
Proposed CCS Power Station or CCS Pilot
CO2 Hub (Entry/Exit Point)
CO2 Pumping Station
Shared User CO2 Pipeline in Development
Sole User CO2 Pipeline in Development
Anticipated Future CO2 Pipeline
KEY
The planned transportation system comprises a 68 km 600 mm diameter
shared user and with a 16km spur onshore pipeline, including pig traps, a multi-
junction installation and a booster pumping station at Barmston designed to
operate up to 135 barg with a maximum capacity 17 Mtpa.
Location of the Don
Valley project (and the
White Rose project) in
the Yorkshire and
Humber region of the
UK:

12. | 12|||
National Grid – transport system
At Barmston, the onshore pipeline is connected to a 600 mm diameter
subsea pipeline designed to operate up to 182 barg, leading to a
geological storage site (5/42).
The 90 km offshore
element of the Don
Valley project (and
the White Rose
project)

13. | 13|||
Compostilla
Project plan developer: Endesa
• Partners: CIUDEN, Foster Wheeler
Capture
• 330 MWe oxy-combustion in CFB
Transport
• 147 km pipeline
Storage
• Deep saline aquifer onshore
• Planned for 1.6 Mt CO2 per
annum
• Injection through three wells

14. | 14|||
Compostilla facts
Project was discontinued in November 2013.
Regulation on transport and plant operation not in place.
Major challenges were non-technical (finance, regulatory and public
perception)
- Capture: Technology development plant in place
- Transport: Pipeline design concluded
- Storage: Preliminary characterisation of subsurface
structures conducted.
Technology development plant fully operational

15. | 15|||
Compostilla transport system
1160
1060
960
860
760
660
560
Elevation[m]
0 50km 100km
Ponferrada Leon
The system features one compression train (no booster pump). Pressure inlet
150 barg, outlet 100 barg. Height difference, inlet-to-outlet 350 m, maximum
600 m. Pipeline 147 km buried 1.5 m deep in the ground. Nominal diameter 350
mm. Material: API 5L X70 with high density polyethylene (HDPE) external
coating. Transporting 63.8 kg/s, 97.5% CO2.
The pipeline trajectory
in Northern Spain
passing south of the
city of Leon from
Ponferrada.

16. | 16|||
ROAD, Rotterdam
Project developer: Maasvlakte CCS Project
• Partners: E.ON Benelux, GdF Suez
Capture Maasvlakte Power Plant 3
• 1.070 MWe without CCS (2014)
• 250MWe (net) post-combustion of a slip stream
• Power plant η=46% (LHV)
(with capture plant η=36% (designed))
• Baseload plant allowing co-firing with biomass
• 90% capture rate
Transport
• 25 km
• Risk of Joule-Thomson cooling is compensated
for by increasing the temperature of the flowing
CO2 prior to injection (maximum of 80°C)
Storage
• Depleted gas reservoir(s), offshore storage
• At the start of CO2 injection, the down-hole
pressure will be below 20 bar
• 1.1 Mt CO2 per annum

17. | 17|||
ROAD pipeline system
 The demonstration phase will be based on a depleted subsea gas
reservoir (P18-A) with a very low initial reservoir pressure (now
below 20 bar).
 Only one injection well will be required to store the targeted 1.1
Mtpa of CO2.
 The reservoir is located 3500 meter below the seabed, capable of
receiving up to 8 Mt CO2.
 An adjacent (almost depleted) gas reservoir (P18-2) may be used
for additional storage at a later stage if the demonstration project
proves to be successful. This will raise the total storage capacity to
35 million tonnes (Mt).

18. | 18|||
ROAD CO2 transport system (1)
Location of the project and its CO2 transport lane on reclaimed land at the
Rotterdam harbour. Pipeline characteristics: 5 km onshore, 20 km offshore.
Diameter: 400 mm nominal diameter insulated steel pipe, transport capacity: 5
Mtpa (dense). Maximum design specifications: 140 barg, 80o
C.

19. | 19|||
ROAD CO2 transport system (2)
 The pipeline is capable of handling 1.1 Mtpa of CO2 in the
gaseous phase, initially captured from the ROAD Project.
 At a later stage, the flow will turn into dense phase as the back-
pressure of the storage reservoir increases.
 The capacity of the pipeline will then be as large as 5Mtpa of CO2,
which will allow CO2 from other sources to be connected.

20. | 20|||
ROAD CO2 pipeline system operations (1)
The design accommodates operations under the following flow conditions:
 Steady-state: the reservoir pressure dictates the wellhead pressure.
The inlet temperature of the CO2 controls the temperature along the
pipeline. Proper adjustment of this temperature ensures that the flow
remains in single phase.  The transport system can be controlled by
adjusting the inlet temperature of the CO2 flow and the flow rate.
 Cool-down: draining of the pipeline into the reservoir is essential in
order to minimise the amount of CO2 remaining in the pipeline. Hence,
two-phase flow is avoided (even initially with the very low reservoir
pressure).

21. | 21|||
ROAD CO2 pipeline system operations (2)
 Start-up and re-start: low pipeline temperatures can cause liquid CO2
condensation in the pipeline, so the pressure control valve at the
wellhead should be opened as early as possible to allow free flow into
the well until warmer single phase, steady state conditions are
recovered. Most likely, slugs will occur after longer shutdown periods at
higher reservoir pressures.

22. | 22|||
 At the outset, the ROAD project will transport the CO2 in gaseous phase
because of the very low initial reservoir pressure.
 The specific volume of the flowing CO2 is then substantially higher. The
pipeline is, however, sized to allow this.
 Rather than operating above the critical pressure, the pipeline system of
the ROAD project will operate at a temperature well above the critical
temperature for CO2 (i.e. 31.1°C). This is made feasible by reducing the
cooling at the outlet of the compression train.
 Warm CO2 (up to 80°C) will then enter the transportation system which
will have an insulated pipe.
ROAD CO2 pipeline system operations (3)

23. | 23|||
ROAD CO2 transport system operations (4)
Operating envelope of the ROAD Project. Situation at cool-down.
Initial case at 80o
C. Normalised operation at 40o
C

24. | 24|||
Conclusions
 CO2 transport through pipelines is not a major hurdle. On the contrary,
within certain operational limits, CO2 pipelines can be designed and
operated efficiently.
 The thermophysical nature of CO2 makes two-phase flow possible,
especially during transient operations such as shut-down and restart of
a pipeline.
 The resulting dynamic behaviour of the two-phase flow, causing
slugging, are still not fully understood and will require special attention
in future developments.

25. QUESTIONS / DISCUSSION
Please submit your questions in
English directly into the
GoToWebinar control panel.
The webinar will start shortly.

26. Please submit any feedback to: webinar@globalccsinstitute.com