This document discusses high-resolution site characterization (HRSC) technologies for rapid in-situ contaminant and hydrostratigraphic characterization. It provides an overview of various direct push technologies used for HRSC including the hydraulic profiling tool (HPT), membrane interface probe (MIP), optical image profiler (OIP), and their applications. Combining the MIP and HPT into a single tool called MiHpt allows for continuous, real-time profiling of hydrocarbons and hydrogeologic properties. Example projects demonstrating HRSC technologies are described for a former dry cleaner site in Monterey, California and a U.S. Army site on Kwajalein Atoll.

1. High-Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC)
Technologies:
Using MiHpt for Rapid In-Situ Contaminant and
Hydrostratigraphic Characterization

2. Eric W. Garcia, PG, CEG, CHG
President/Principal Hydrogeologist
Sacramento, California
Global Reach
Geologists with HRSC Tools

3. Former Vapors Cleaners, Monterey, California
ECA Drilling / Trinity Source Group

4. Kinder-Morgan Compressor Station, Duchesne, Utah
Vista GeoScience / USA Environmental

5. US Army Garrison – Kwajalein
Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands
HDR

6. ASC Service Offerings
• MIP - Membrane Interface Probe
• HPT - Hydraulic Profiling Tool
• OIP – Optical image Profiler
• UVOST® - Ultra-Violet Optical Screening Tool
• CPT - Cone Penetration Testing
• PST - Pneumatic Slug Testing
• 3-Dimensional (3D) Modeling & GIS Integration
• New Technology Evaluation

8. • What is HRSC?
• DP HRSC Technology Overview
• OIP – Optical Image Profiler
• HPT – Hydraulic Profiling Tool
• MIP - Membrane Interface Probe
• Typical Applications
High-Resolution Hydrogeologic Characterization
Presentation Overview

9. High-Resolution Site
Characterization (HRSC)

10. • Enhanced Site Details (Scale Appropriate)
• Reduce Uncertainty (Better CSM’s)
• Best Management Practice (BMP)
• Applicable to all Sites
• Data Density
– DQO (Data Quality Objective)
– Sample Efficiency
High-Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC)

11. Data Density Example
30 Borings, 10 Wells, 10 Years
120 Soil & 400 GW Samples = 520 Data Points
10 DP Locations to 50 Feet (3 Days)
10 Locations x 20 Samples/Foot x 7 Channels =
>70,000 Data Points
High-Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC)

12. HRSC Effectiveness
• Better Quality of Analytical Data (Selection)
• Better Definition of Analytical Data (Data Density)
• Reduction in Iterative Events (Project Time)
• No IDW’s

13. • Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)
• UVIF (OIP/LIF/UVOST®/ROST, FFD)
• Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)
• Cone Penetration Testing (CPT)
High-Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC)
Direct Push Technologies

14. Direct-Push
HRSC Technology Overview

15. Optical Image Profiler (OIP)
NEW Technology!
UVIF Technology for Hi-Resolution
Real-Time Hydrocarbon Detection

16. OIP Technology Overview

17. Purpose:
• UV induced fluorescence of NAPL
hydrocarbons in soil.
Method:
• High intensity UV light directed at the
soil
• Hydrocarbons present fluoresce.
• An Image of the soil is captured.
• Analyzed for fluorescence.
Visible light images may also be obtained.
Light
Source
Camera
EC Dipole
Optical
Window
OIP Description

18. OIP Image

19. Cross Section of Logs
at crude oil spill site.
Fluorescence
Elec. Cond.

20. Fluorescence Image of Fuel
Globules in Soil
OIP Visible Images
Visible Image, Sand Matrix.

21. Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)

22. Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)
Key Features
• Fast, Continuous, Real-time Profiling
– Hydrostratigraphic/Hydrogeologic Characteristics
– Formation Hydraulic Properties
– Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC)
• High Resolution – 0.05 ft (1.5 cm)
• Digital Output

23. Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT)
Primary Data Collected
• Electrical Conductivity (EC)
• HPT Pressure
• HPT Flow Rate

24. Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC)
Soil EC (Fresh Water)
Low EC = Coarse-Grained Soil
High EC = Fine-Grained Soils

25. Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC)

26. HPT Principals of Operation

27. Electrical Conductivity (EC) “fresh water formations”
• Increase EC = Increasing Fine Content
• Decrease EC = Coarser Grained
HPT Pressure (all formations)
• Increasing P = Decreasing Permeability
• Decreasing P = Increasing Permeability
HPT Principals of Operation

28. Relationships Between
EC, Pressure, & Flow
Coarse-Grained Soils
• Low EC
• High Flow
• Low Pressure
Fine-Grained Soils
• High EC
• Low Flow
• High Pressure
HPT Principals of Operation

29. Low EC, High Pressure, Low Flow
• Caliche
• Silty/Clayey Gravels
High EC, Low Pressure, High Flow
• Saline
• High TDS Waters
HPT Principals of Operation
Exceptions to the Rules

30. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
HYDRAULIC PROFILING TOOL (HPT)

31. HPT Applications
Hydrogeologic Characterization
• High-Resolution Hydrostratigraphic Modeling
• Piezometric Head – Confined & Unconfined Conditions
• Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity (K)
• Infiltration/Permeability Studies

32. HPT Applications
CSM & Remedial Design/Implementation
• Migratory Pathway Delineation
• Target Lithology/Zone Identification & Delineation
• Well Placement & Construction
• Remedial Injection Calculations - ROI
• Remedial Action QA/QC

33. HPT Applications
• Estimation of Hydraulic Conductivity (K)
• Migratory Pathway Delineation
• Target Lithology/Zone Identification & Delineation
• Remedial Action QA/QC
• Well Placement & Construction
• Infiltration/Permeability Studies
• High-Resolution Hydrostratigraphic Modeling

34. Estimation of
Hydraulic Conductivity (K)

35. Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity (K)
Empirical Model
K = f(Q/PF)
*Model Limits ~0.1 to 75 ft/day
HPT Data needs to be corrected for:
• Atmospheric Pressure
• Column Height
PHPT = PATM + PH + PF

37. Estimating Hydraulic Conductivity (K)
Correcting for Hydrostatic Pressure
Hydrostatic
Pressure
2.31 ft = 1 psi
0.433 psi/ft

39. Migratory Pathway Delineation

40. EXAMPLE FORMER UST SITE
Paleo-Channel

41. Target Lithology/Zone Identification
& Delineation

42. Target Lithology/Zone Identification & Delineation
Remedial Hydraulic Fracturing QA/QC

43. Remedial Injection QA/QC

44. A’A
Remedial Injection QA/QC

45. Well Placement & Construction

46. Well Placement
& Construction
Zone B
Zone A

47. Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)

48. MIP Principals of Operation

49. Membrane Interface Probe (MIP)
Electron Capture Device (ECD)
• Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
– (TCE, PCE, Chloroform, Carbon Tet)
Halogen-Specific Detector (XSD)
• Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
– (TCE, PCE, Chloroform, Carbon Tet, Vinyl
Chloride, cis-1,2-DCE, Methylene Chloride)
Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
• Straight-chained hydrocarbons
(methane, butane).
Photo-Ionization Detector (PID)
• Hydrocarbons (BTEX compounds)

50. MIP Detectors & Typical Detection Limits
(mg/L, ppm)*
PID FID ECD XSD
Benzene 0.5 5 --- ---
Toluene 0.5 5 --- ---
PCE 2.5 25 0.25 0.25
TCE 2.5 25 0.25 0.25
* NEW Low-Level MIP (LL-MIP) ~10 Fold Increase in Sensitivity

51. Peak =
4,581,000 µV

52. LL-MIP Principals of Operation

53. Standard MIP vs LL-MIP
Modified from Geoprobe 2016

54. Standard MIP vs LL-MIP
Modified from Geoprobe 2016

55. MiHpt Technology Overview
Hydraulic Profiling
Tool (HPT)
Membrane
Interface Probe
(MIP)
Combined
MIP/HPT (MiHpt)

56. Combined MIP/HPT (MiHpt)
Key Features
• Fast, Continuous, Real-time Profiling
– Hydrocarbon Detection & Delineation in Real Time
– Effective Screening Tool (Semi-Quantitative)
– Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC)
– Formation Hydraulic Properties

57. Combined MIP/HPT (MiHpt)
Applications
• Source Area/Contaminant Plume Delineation
• Analytical Sampling Determination
• Migratory Pathway Delineation
• High-Resolution Hydrostratigraphic Modeling
• Piezometric Head – Confined & Unconfined Conditions
• Remedial Action QA/QC

58. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS
EXAMPLE PROJECTS

59. US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA)
Marshall Islands

63. US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA)

65. US Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA)

66. Former Vapors Cleaners - Monterey, California
The Probing Times, Spring 2015

67. City of Monterey
Window on The Bay
Lake El Estero
Former Vapors Cleaners
Monterey, California

72. Resources

73. Resources
Accelerated Site Characterization [ASTM E1912-98 (2004)]
“Standard Guide for Accelerated Site Characterization for Confirmed or Suspected Petroleum
Releases”
Expedited Site Characterization (ASTM D6235-04)
“Standard Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Vadose Zone and Ground Water
Contamination at Hazardous Waste Contaminated Sites”
US EPA TRIAD - http://www.triadcentral.org/
Geoprobe Direct Imaging - http://www.geoprobe.com
US EPA ESA - Expedited Site Assessment Tools for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A
Guide for Regulators, EPA-510-B-97-001, 1997

74. Resources
US EPA HRSC - https://clu-in.org/characterization/technologies/hrsc/
US EPA Clu-In - https://clu-in.org/characterization/
ASTM ESC - http://www.astm.org/Standards/D6235.htm
ASTM ASC - http://www.astm.org/Standards/E1912.htm
Brownfields & LRTSC - https://brownfieldstsc.org/roadmap/contByInvTech.cfm

75. Technical Field Support Services
High-Resolution Site Characterization Technologies
Key ASC Strategies
Provide the tools you need when/where you need it.
We are not limited to a particular Drilling Company.
Anywhere you need us.

76. Thank You!
Questions?

77. Eric W. Garcia, PG, CEG, CHG
President/Principal Hydrogeologist
11275 Sunrise Gold Circle, Suite R
Rancho Cordova, California
(925) 756-1210 Office
ericgarcia@ASC-Technologies.com