Ccsstatusandopportunitiesdohanov12 121202220106-phpapp01

Carbon Capture and Storage –
The Qatar Carbonates and Carbon
Storage Research Centre
Paul Fennell
Department of Chemical Engineering
Imperial College London
Director, Imperial College Centre for CCS
Grantham Institute
for Climate Change
Qatar Carbonates and Carbon

• Current emissions are around 30 Gt CO2 per year (8.5 Gt
carbon).
• Say inject at 10 MPa and 40oC – density is 600-700 kgm-3.
• This is about 108 m3/day or around 700 million barrels per day.
Current oil production is around 85 million barrels per day.
• Huge volumes – so not likely to be the whole story but could
contribute 1-3 Gt carbon/yr… or ~ 10 Gt CO2 pa
• Costs: 2-3 cents/kWh for electricity for capture and storage;
$40-100 per tonne CO2 removed – Shackley and Gough, 2006
Some numbers...

Why CCS?
• CCS offers a vital role to balance grid
demand when renewables are not
generating.
• Without CCS, costs to halve emissions by
2050 rise by 70% in the electricity sector
(IEA CCS technology roadmap 2009)
• Industries such as Cement, and Iron and
Steel production intrinsically produce CO2.
ICCT August 2010
5

Status of Technology
• Technology overall
– In good shape
– Ready for widespread deployment
• Capture processes relatively mature and
commercial
– 60-70% of overall cost
– Quite energy intensive (CO2 regeneration)
– Compression costs high
• New, improved capture processes in
development

• CO2 Transport Pipelines not very extensive
– Project specific
– Some talk/studies of ‘grids’ but still some way off
• Storage
– Site selection
– Injection design and implementation
– Long-term monitoring
All well developed in principle, based on long experience
of oil and gas production and reservoir management,
including gas injection
– DNV CO2Qualstore Industry Guidelines for selection and
management of storage sites

• But...
– No really commercial CCS field operations
– Actual experience and refinement through very
limited number of field demonstrators:
• 8-10 Large Scale Integrated Projects
• ~40 Small-Medium Projects
– Experience in Sandstones > Carbonates
• Overall
– 1st generation processes and methodologies
robust and being refined in field demonstrators
– Much 2nd generation technology in the pipeline
• To improve efficiency and security of containment
• To reduce costs

CO2 Capture Challenges
• Lower Capex and Opex costs
• Higher pressure processes – lower
compression costs
• Sorbents with high sorption and low
regeneration energy
• Smaller and more efficient contacters
• Low cost air separation (oxyfuel)
• Exploit membranes – lower energy
separation 9

Likely technology adoption trajectory after Figueroa et al (2008)
P Fennell and N Florin, Grantham Institute, Imperial College London

Key Storage Issues
• Site Selection
– Capacity, injectivity, containment, EOR?...
• Safe injection design
– Maximizing CO2 access to available storage
capacity
– Ensuring secure long term containment
– Avoiding damage to reservoir eg fracturing
• Long-term monitoring for containment
assurance

In Salah project, Algeria
10% CO2 is
produced with natural
gas
CO2 cannot be put
in commercial pipeline
Injected into deep
saline formation in
Krechba reservoir, at
a depth of 2km
One million tonnes
of CO2 stored each
year
Operational since
2004
Surface has been
uplifted by increased
pressure
http://www.insalahco2.com

Opportunities in CCS for GCC
• Already active demonstration activity in region
(In Salah, Masdar...)
• When accompanied by EOR, EGR  improved
recoveries of valuable local resource
• Economic drivers
– CCS as part of CDM  carbon credits
– Potential for GCC regional CO2 mitigation targets and
trading system?
• After energy efficiency, cheapest and quickest
route to ‘green electricity’ and reducing GHG
emissions...and only way if using fossil fuels 13

• CO2 capture costs often already in place
– Coproduction from gas wells with CH4
– Gas-to-Liquids GTL
• CCS for gas...green gas
– ~50% less CO2 per kW  lower % efficiency penalty,
lower CCS cost per kW
• Widespread experience in region of gas injection
• Many available reservoirs/aquifers – huge
storage potential in carbonate reservoirs
• CCS as an industry in its own right is a major
potential economic opportunity...jobs, technology
14

• CCS powered by renewable energy?– no
efficiency penalty for power plant or additional
emissions for industrial processes
– Use solar energy for carbon capture (solvent
regeneration)
– Good fit – can use low temperature heat
• Potential in future to be ultimate green oil and
gas producers...combine production and CCS
– in situ pre-combustion and processing
15

CCS as a driver for increased energy efficiency
• The real cost of energy from fossil fuels = generation costs +
CO2 mitigation costs
• Pass CCS (and fossil fuel production) costs to consumer  rise in
power costs
 driver for increased energy efficiencies and savings
 lower consumption and preservation of valuable
national resource
• Hence achieve three things
– Reduced CO2 emissions from power generation and industrial processes
(by CCS)
– Reduced CO2 emissions from reduced power consumption (by cost-
driven efficiency improvements)
– Reduced depletion of valuable non-renewable resources
• In GCC energy requirements likely to rise rapidly over next few
decades...so benefits of CCS even greater proportionately than in
e.g. Europe
16

• A 10 year, $70m programme to provide the science and
engineering underpinning the cost-effective, safe,
permanent storage of CO2 in carbonate reservoirs
• Also addresses CO2 EOR
• Sponsored by
– Qatar Petroleum
– Shell
– Qatar Science and Technology Park
17

International Oil & Gas Expertise
World-leading Research
Sandstone Reservoirs
Coal Seams + ECBM
 CO2 Storage and EOR
 CO2/Hydrocarbons/Water Properties at
Reservoir Temperatures and Pressures
• QCCSRC builds on the
Shell Grand Challenge Programme on Clean Fossil Fuels
• 5 year, £3m programme 2007-2011
One Grand Challenge...

19
Carbonate
Reservoirs
International Oil &
Gas Expertise
World-leading Research
Carbon Capture
and Storage
Improved Oil/Gas
Recovery
Shell
QP
Imperial
Qatar Reservoir Expertise
Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge – Clean Fossil Fuels
Sandstone Reservoirs
Coal Seams + ECBM
Building on the understanding and methodology emerging
from existing Shell-Imperial collaborations on
thermophysical / petrophysical properties, imaging and
related modelling concerning EOR and CCS
 CO2 Storage and EOR (Sandstones)
 CO2/Hydrocarbons/Water Properties and modelling at
Reservoir Temperatures and Pressures
...Leads to Another...

QCCSRC is born in 2008...

...and grows year on year...
Currently there are
• 17 Academic Staff
• 3 QCCSRC Lecturers
• 10 Postdoctoral Researchers
• 34 PhD Students
• 5 Technical Support Staff
working within the Centre

What’s different about
Carbonate Reservoirs?
• Structure
• Broader pore size distribution
• Natural fractures
• Chemical reaction
• Reactive flow changes pore space
• Dissolution-Precipitation

Storage Research Centre QCCSRC Overall Objectives
• Provide the underpinning science and engineering, state-of-the art
methodologies and simulators for CO2 storage in carbonate
reservoirs
• Enable sustainable optimization of production and recovery from
Qatar carbonate reservoirs, including CO2 EOR
• Support the design and execution of CCS field demonstration
project(s) to convert this improved understanding into practical
value
• Educate Qatari PhD students to provide the technology leaders of
the future for Qatar
• Transfer equipment, techniques, methodologies and expertise to
Qatar to create world-leading facilities in CCS and hydrocarbon
recovery from carbonate reservoirs
• Build on and leverage the Shell-Imperial Grand Challenge on
Clean Fossil Fuels

The second most important event in London in 2012
24

The most important event
in London in 2012

September 2012...Official Opening of the
QCCSRC Laboratory Suite
The most important event
in London in 2012

Inspiring a Generation in London in 2012
– the five projects of QCCSRC
27
Carbonate
Reservoir
Characterisation
Advanced
Integrated
Simulator for
Carbonate
Reservoirs
Pore-fracture
scale Physics
and
Chemistry
Support for CCS
Field
Demonstration
Project
Validation,
integration and
upscaling of
new physics,
models and
simulators

The QCCSRC Laboratory Suite
28
Qatar Clumped
Isotope
Laboratory
Qatar
Multiscale
Modelling
Facility
Qatar
Complex
Fluids
Laboratory
Qatar Multiscale
Imaging
Laboratory
Qatar
Thermophysical
Properties
Laboratory

QCCSRC Roadmap
29
2008 2012 2018
Phase 1: Develop underpinning science, mainly on
model and simplified systems
Phase 2: Integrate Phase 1 components, upscale and
apply to Qatari rocks, fluids and conditions
Reservoir
Geology
Support for
Field
Demonstrator
Multiscale
Integration
for Qatari
conditions
Advanced
Reservoir
Simulation
Pore-scale
Physics and
Chemistry
Studies on outcrops, Oman; Clumped Isotope
development
Support for design Field Laboratory -
and evaluation validation of models
Link to pore scale models. Apply to Qatari reservoirs for
CO2 storage design and optimisation
Develop adaptive meshing; validation on
outcrop model (Project 1); test scenarios
Effects of fluid and rock impurities; models and experiments
for Qatari fluids and rocks
Model fluids and pure minerals; flow in generic
carbonates
Wider outcrop studies; applications to sub-surface;
Clumped Isotope deployment
Multicomponent
non-reactive flow
Multicomponent
reactive flow
Multicomponent
reactive flow - fractures
Pore Scale
Core Scale
Installation of
imaging facilities
and construction of
HPHT rel perm rig
Field Scale

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