Oxantrone Essay

Oxantrone Essay
Mitoxantrone dihydrochloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were analytical grade, purchased
from Sigma Aldrich and used without further purification. Experiments were performed in 0.1 M
phosphate buffer pH 7.4 and 0.1 M carbonate buffer pH 10. The deionized water (18.2 MΩcm,
Mili–Q water purification system) was used for the preparation of solutions.
UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy
Spectroscopic measurements were carried out using a JASCO V–630 spectrophotometer equipped
with the peltier–controlled ETCR–762 model accessory (JASCO Corporation, Tokyo, JP).
Absorption spectra of mitoxantrone with a varying wide concentration range of SDS have been
recorded using a matched pair of quartz cuvettes of 1.0 cm optical length in the temperature range of
293.15 K to 323.15 K with an increment of 10 K interval. Mitoxantrone–SDS binding constant and
micelle/water partition coefficient were determined from the monomer absorbance (660 nm) of
solutions containing a fixed mitoxantrone concentration and increasing surfactant concentrations.
All measurements were done at least in triplicate. Binding constant was determined by nonlinear
fitting of the spectral data using the following equations [22]: ... Show more content on
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Partition coefficient (Kx) was determined from the following equation, according to the pseudo–
phase model [23, 24]:
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Glucose And Sucrose Lab Report
In Figure 2, "an increase in the concentration of glucose [causes] a directly proportional increase in
absorbance of 340nm light". This is emphasised by the strong positive linear correlation between the
concentration of glucose and the absorbance at 340nm. The amount of visible light absorbed by the
solutions at 340mn is directly proportional to the concentration of NADPH formed by Reaction 1
and 2 in Figure 1 (Page 1). The trend itself is positive, as an increase in glucose molecules present in
the solution will increase the number and frequency of collisions between itself, ATP and the
hexokinase enzyme; thus, increasing the rate of reaction (Monk, 2006). Therefore, an increase in
absorbance at 340nm indicated a greater presence of glucose ... Show more content on
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However, the technique used to draw liquid to the pipette may have been flawed, as it was assumed
that our technique was adequate. Hence, overall, the prepared solutions may have slightly deviated
from their true absorbance value, causing little impact on the regression line and thus, the calculated
glucose concentrations for both drinks. Alternatively, random error may have affected the data's
precision. Temperature is a factor that increases the rate of reaction, as it causes reactant molecules
to increase their kinetic energy and thus, increase the frequency and strength of collisions between
each other (Bender, 2007). The samples were placed in an esky and their temperature fluctuated
when they were taken for use. The varying temperatures of glucose reagent assay may have
influenced the rate of reaction and consequently the amount of NADH produced and measured by
the spectrometer. Hence, it may have been useful to place the components of the assay in a water
bath at their optimum temperature, by separately adding hexokinase at ~ 40°C and glucose–6–
phosphate dehydrogenase at ~ 55°C (Worthington Enzyme Manual, 2017; Hexokinase,

High Membrane Traffic Lab
we observed a cell membrane's ability to diffuse the KMnO4 solution while increasing the
temperature. Dialysis tubing is commonly used to mimic a cell membranes semi–permeable bi–
layer. This tubing is commonly used for patients being treated via dialysis by removing toxins from
the blood. The clear tubing consists of microscopic pores that allow certain molecules to pass
through. Certain molecules will pass through the makeshift membrane if small enough. If they are
too large, they will be confined inside the membrane. The first part of the lab focused on varied
concentrations of Potassium Permanganate solution. Three different concentrations of KMnO4
(100mM, 20mM, and 4mM) allowed the group to observe the solution moving from an area of high
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By removing one milliliter of the stock solution to the first test tube, and repeating the same process
for the other two tubes allowed us compare concentrations and know what the dilution factor would
be when placed into the dialysis tubing. All three tubes had the same amount of water (4mL of H2O)
added. Once the solution for each test tube was mixed well, we transferred 2 mL of each
concentration into the dialysis bag. We secured each piece (3 in total) of the dialysis tubing to ensure
that once the concentration was added that it would not leak out of either end. Three stir plates were
used, all set at the same speed, and the dialysis bags filled with different concentrations were added.
Before we began to measure the absorbance rate, we did take a sample of the water immediately
after placing the dialysis tubing into each beaker. We observed each beaker over a period of 25
minutes. At each five–minute interval, we removed one milliliter of the solution and placed it into a
cuvette. The cuvette sample was then placed in the spectrophotometer to calculate the absorbance
rate of each sample. After each sample was measured, all data was recorded in the lab manual. Once
all measurements had been recorded we used the absorbance rate to help calculate the concentration.
The light that is absorbed when using the spectrophotometer is usually relative to the concentration
of a specific

Diffusion And Osmosis Experiment
Introduction
A dialysis membrane is a semi–permeable membrane that is used as a barrier that facilitates the
exchange or to impede the travel of material or molecules through the process of diffusion and/or
osmosis. Our own body cells have a plasma membrane that controls the movements of substances
into and out of the cell (Tortora, 2017). Diffusion is the movement of any solute or particle from one
place to another. However, osmosis entirely refers to the movement of water across the membrane.
Osmotic pressure refers to the minimum pressure that needs to be applied to a solution to prevent
the inward flow of its pure solvents water across a semi–permeable membrane (Tortora, 2017). Our
body controls water amount through both osmotic and hydrostatic ... Show more content on
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After the first 15 minutes the data is showing that there is movement between the dialysis bag and
the hypotonic water. At this point it was indeterminate as to if the sucrose solution moved into the
water by diffusion or not. We noted that the dialysis bag had gained weight at each 15–minute
interval. At each interval the weight gain was slightly less from the previous weight gain. The most
weight gained was in the first measurement when the gradient was the highest with the weight of the
dialysis bag increasing 2.1grams with a 10.16% change. We determined that there was no change in
the water clarity in the beaker. We determined that the movement of fluids in and out of the dialysis
bag was by osmosis and not by diffusion of the sucrose. Our hypothesis as to the net movement of
water by osmosis was correct, conversely, our hypothesis as to the chemical movement by diffusion
was incorrect. The weight of the dialysis bag increased at each interval, yet there was no change in
the color of the water in the beaker suggesting that there was no diffusion. One possible explanation
as to the lack of diffusion would be that the sucrose and red dye concentration were not concentrated
enough to be observable. Alternatively, the dialysis bag did not have time to reach a point of
equilibrium and become isotonic with the solution in the beaker. Potentially a repeat of this
experiment using higher concentrations of red dye and sucrose would achieve different results as to
an observable diffusion of chemicals inside the dialysis bag into the beaker of water, it might also
have an increase in the osmosis

How To Write A Lab Report On Osmosis And Diffusion
One experiment was conducted for this lab report on osmosis and diffusion and how the
concentrations effect a cell. The lab consisted of weighing 4 potato cylinders and putting them into 4
cups with different levels of sucrose solution. After incubating for two hours the potatoes were
weighed again and the data was collected. The results showed two increasing, one staying the same,
and one decreasing in mass.
Osmosis is when water moves across cell membranes until both sides are balanced (Campbell 107).
Diffusion is when particles spread out resulting in equilibrium (Campbell 105). Osmosis and
diffusion is constantly happening throughout our cell membranes keeping us healthy by diluting
particles in high concentration. The cell membrane, made up of a phospholipid bilayer, helps
regulate what particles can get in and out. Since water is the only molecule moving throughout
theses experiments, osmosis is what's being tested. Because of this, when a potato cylinder is placed
into sucrose solutions of varying concentrations, the potato's mass will ... Show more content on
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Each potato should be cut to be as exact in length as possible (5 cm). Weigh each individual potato
before placing them into individual cups with different solutions (100mL), with each cup being
correctly labeled. As soon as the potatoes are in the cups, a timer should begin to ensure incubation
is complete. Cups should be picked up and swirled every 10 to 15 minutes as they incubate. Once
1.5 to 2 hours has passed, the potatoes need to be removed and weighed. Record the results and
repeat until each potato is weighed and measured. To calculate the data the formula weight = weight
change/ initial weight X 100 is

Cell Membraine: Ways of Dissolving Molecules, A Paragraph
The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Oxygen and food
move inside the cell through the membrane in the process of diffusion. Diffusion occurs when cells
move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Osmosis is a type of
diffusion; it is a diffusion of water through the cell membrane. Osmosis takes place when water
particles move from a more concentrated area to a less concentrated area. For this process to take
place there must be a concentration gradient, which consists of two different solutions in each side
of the membrane. Hypotonic consists of a less concentrated solution and hypertonic consists of a
more concentrated solution. The glucose syrup will be the hypertonic solution, thus the egg will
shrink. When the egg is placed in a hypotonic solution the egg will shrink. The egg's expansion
occurs because of the process of diffusion. The egg without the shell will represent the cell and its
membrane. The shell of the egg was removed by placing it in vinegar before starting the experiment.
The eggshell is made of the mineral calcium carbonate, which dissolves in acids such as vinegar.
During this process of dissolving it releases the carbon dioxide gas. After the shell is dissolved only
the membrane with remain in the egg. In this case it will be a hypotonic solution because the egg is
expanding and there is a higher concentration of water outside of the membrane and a lower
concentration area inside,

Osmosis Lab Report
INTRODUCTION: Osmosis is a type of diffusion where high concentrated water molecules move
to lower concentrated water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane. Different
concentrations affect the rate of osmosis. By increasing the amount of solvent in a solution, there
will be lower water potential. If the water molecules inside of a cell has a higher concentration than
outside, the water molecules would end up moving out of the cell. This will be known to be
hypotonic because the cell will be bigger and thus take up more space. If the water molecules inside
of a cell has a lower concentration than the outside, the water molecules outside of the cell would
end up moving into the cell. This will be known to be hypertonic. If the concentration of the water
molecules both inside and outside are the same, there would be no movement. This is known to be
isotonic. If the rate of osmosis affects the rate of osmosis, then the rate of osmosis will increase.
METHODS: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Filled 4 beakers with de–ionized water up to 150 ml. Labelled each beaker with labeling tape to
differentiate the sugar concentrations (0 M, 0.25 M, 0.5 M, and 0.75 M).
2. Prepared 4 separate dialysis tubing bags.
a. Got the tubing from the container of distilled water.
b. Twisted and tie one end of the bags with a string.
c. Opened and filled each bag half full with different sucrose solutions.
d. Twisted and tied other end of the bag tightly with another piece of string. (Be sure not to tie the
string right next to sugar solution.)
e. Rinsed each bag with distilled water, then dried it completely.
3. Weighed each bag and recorded results.
4. Dropped each bag in the appropriate beaker of distilled water.
5. Let it sat for 35 minutes
6. Dried each bag after 35 minutes has passed, then weighed and recorded the results.
7. Used data to find the percent of the initial

Aspartame Lab Report
After the hour incubation with MTT and the addition of DMSO, the blue DMSO–formazan
solutions from each well was placed in a Kimex tube and run through a spectrophotometer. Each
tube was placed in the spectrophotometer and had its absorbance value recorded three times. At the
end, the average of each concentration was calculated.
Table 1 shows that as the concentration of aspartame increased, the absorbance value decreased
compared to the control (0mM). The highest absorbance value was seen at our negative control
concentration 0mM, in which no aspartame was added to the neuronal cells. The lowest average
absorbance value was seen at the highest concentration of aspartame, 1mM. Overall, absorbance
decreased by 0.246.
The average absorbance values of each concentration (01mM) were inputted into an Excel
spreadsheet and graphed in order to visualize the trend created. The graph below (figure 2) shows
the average absorbance value at 590nm versus the concentration to aspartame used. The data from
the table was inputted, and a trend line and R2 value added. ... Show more content on
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As mentioned previously in this paper, the formazan is the compound that is absorbing the light,
which means that at a higher absorbance there is more formazan in solution. In order to produce
formazan, there must be live, viable cells that can convert MTT; thus, at a higher absorbance, there
are more viable cells able to convert MTT. The highest absorbance value is shown to be from the
lowest concentration of aspartame, 0mM, which means that this concentration at the highest number
of viable cells. The downward trend show in the graph indicates that there are fewer viable cells at
each increasing concentration, meaning that as concentration of aspartame increases, cell viability

Cuvette Synthesis
Determining the concentration of an unknown dye and preparing an absorption spectrum for a
known substance.
Introduction
During this experiment the main equipment used was a spectrophotometer and a micropipette to
achieve relevant results. Selecting a specific wavelength of visible light (390–770nm) on the
spectrophotometer, the photons pass through the cuvette and are picked up by a photodetector which
calculates the absorbance of the substance which was transferred from the source to the cuvettes
using a micropipette. This is done using Beer–Lambert law A=lc (A=absorbance absorption
coefficient l=path length c=concentration), from this I was able to draw a calibration curve and an
absorption spectrum which allowed me to achieve my aim ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The micropipettes possibly did not release the exact volume of solution into the cuvette that was
required this can influence the final results greatly as a higher/lower volume would mean a
higher/lower level of absorption. This limitation can be removed next time by using more
sophisticated pipettes. Moreover, another limitation was that the cuvettes were not cleaned properly
and possibly had finger prints on the surface. When inserting such a cuvette into the
spectrophotometer the light photons would get absorbed by the finger prints and not the solution
giving a lower final absorption for that specific concentration. In the future to remove this limitation
the surface of the cuvettes should be cleaned properly and to make sure to not hold the cuvette by
the cleaned surface when transferring it to the spectrophotometer.
In conclusion this investigation highly increased my knowledge on the use of spectrophotometer
and other lab techniques and as a first timer the final result of 39% which was 6% off the expected
value was not bad. I believe that for next time if all the limitations I stated are taken care off, then
the value of 45% is easily

Resting Membrane Potential Of Orconectes Lab Report
This experiment seeks to analyze how the resting membrane potential of Orconectes rusticus muscle
cells changes in response to increasing [K+]o solution concentrations. By recording the intracellular
voltage of the DEM, DEL1, and DEL2 crayfish muscle cells at six concentrations of [K+]o solution,
we determined whether the observed resting membrane potentials (Vrest) were significantly
different from the predicted Nernst equilibrium potential values. We hypothesized that the Vrest of
the crayfish muscles at each concentration would not significantly differ from the Nernst potential,
which solely considers the permeability of potassium ions to the cell membrane. However, our
findings suggested differently, and results indicated that the Nernst equation did not accurately
predict the obtained values of the resting membrane potential. The differences in muscle cell Vrest
reveal instead that the membrane is differentially permeable to other ions. I. Introduction: ... Show
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Both electrical and chemical forces combine to determine the resting membrane potential of the cell.
Although the resting membrane potential of most cells is normally negative, the selective
permeability of the membrane allows certain ions in and out, causing the neuronal membrane
voltage to become depolarized (more positive), or hyperpolarized (more negative). Key ions
involved in muscle membrane potential are sodium, potassium, and chloride, which move via
passive or active diffusion through ion channels and transporter pumps (Baierlein et al. 2011). The
Nernst equation predicts the membrane voltage based on the assumption that the membrane is only
permeable to one type of ion. In this investigation, we are seeking to understand the basis for how
different ions interact to produce the membrane potential of DEM, DEL1, and DEL2 crayfish
muscle

Irrigation Medicine Case Study
The effects of different irrigation treatments and CO2 concentrations on the stomatal conductance
(gs) and transpiration rate (Tr), of maize are shown in Fig. 4a, b, c, d. The figure shows that gs and
Tr decreased with the enrichment of CO2 concentrations under both RI and DI. Compared with
RI400, gs and Tr were 27 and 23% lower under DI400; for the elevated CO2 concentrations, gs and
Tr were 22–36 and 25–26% lower under DI when compared with RI. Relative reductions in gs and
Tr due to the DI treatment were therefore more pronounced along with elevated CO2
concentrations.
Compared with RI400, RI550–RI700–RI900 decreased gs by 13, 22, and 33%, and Tr by 12, 23,
and 38%, respectively. Compared with DI400, DI550–DI700–DI900 decreased gs by 8, ... Show
While compared with DI400, DI550–DI700–DI900 increased Tleaf by 2.4, 4.0, and 5.7%,
respectively. Hence the relatively increase in Tleaf caused by elevated CO2 concentrations was
higher under DI than under RI. Leaf temperature was highly correlated with Tr under most
conditions (Pallas et al., 1967). And it was obvious to see that the higher Tr was shown in the
markedly lower Tleaf, and vice versa, namely the so called transpiration cooling effect (Pallas et al.,
1967). So when the elevated CO2 concentration reduced Tr, the Tleaf increased. Also with decrease
in soil water in DI condition, Tr was decreasing; meanwhile, Tleaf rose more remarkable than that
only under elevated CO2 conditions. As that Tr cannot be ignored in the changes of Tleaf (Cook et
al., 1964; Gates, 1964), and Tr changes was more pronounced under DI, so as to the changes of
Tleaf.
Figure 4 e and f show the effect of different irrigation treatments and CO2 concentrations on net
photosynthetic rate (Pn). Net photosynthetic rate increased with the enrichment of CO2
concentration. Compared with RI400, Pn was 24% lower under DI400; for the elevated CO2
concentrations, Pn was 15–20% lower under DI when compared with RI. Relative reductions in Pn
due to the DI treatment was therefore weakened along with elevated CO2 concentrations.
Compared with RI400, RI550–RI700–RI900 increased Pn by 30, 45, and 59%, respectively, while
compared with DI400, DI550–DI700–DI900 increased Pn by 37, 51, and 77%,

Increasing Sucrose Concentration Deceases Change in Mass...
Results
The relative osmotic concentration was determined by measuring the percent change in mass of the
potato tissues. Change in mass was measured of six solutions, each containing different levels of
concentration (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5). The percent change in mass decreased as sucrose
concentration increased, therefore, relative osmotic concentration also decreased as sucrose
concentration increased. However, the osmotic concentration of 0.2 M sucrose solution was
relatively greater than that of 0.1 M sucrose solution. In sucrose concentration 0.5 M, the osmotic
concentration decreased slightly from that of 0.4, but significantly from those of all other sucrose
concentrations. The osmotic concentrations were greater than ... Show more content on
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Cell membranes control what substances are allowed to move into and out of the cell. This provides
cells, and organisms, with the ability to control their internal chemical environment (Fricke et. al.,
2000). By regulating the movement of substances, cells are also able to control many metabolic
pathways. The process of osmosis as it occurs in plant cells is important for photosynthesis. When
plant cells take up water by osmosis they begin to swell, but the plant cell wall stops the cell from
bursting. When the cell becomes swollen and hard it is "turgid". Turgor pressure is what causes the
green parts of the plant to "stand up" into the sunlight. As sucrose concentration increases, plants
take up less water and the photosynthesis rate decreases. Osmotic concentration was greatest when
the sucrose concentration was zero, meaning osmosis occurred more at 0 M sucrose concentration
then at .5 M sucrose concentration. Turgor pressure increases when sucrose concentration decreases
because more water is absorbed.
Literature Cited
Fricke, W., M.C. Jarvis, and C.T. Brett. 2000. Turgor pressure, membrane tension and the control of
exocytosis in higher plants. Plant Cell and Environment. 23:99–1003.
Kargol, A. and A. Markowski. 1996. Energetic efficiency of osmotic water transport across a root.
ACTA Physiologiae

Potato Osmosis Lab Report
5.
Will my potato sizes be the same?
If my potatoes are different sizes will it drastically affect my experiment?
Will the water evaporate at different rates throughout the experiment?
Potatoes with skins might have a larger barrier. Could I replace them with strips without skins?
Will the water content of each potato affect the end result?
6. The potatoes in the higher concentration of salt will shrink as water molecules move from a high
concentration in the potato to a lower concentration through the semi–permeable membrane of the
potato until it is evenly dispersed.
7. To investigate how the amount of salt in the water affects the rate of osmosis on potatoes.
8. Variables:
Independent variable: The concentration of salt in which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Method:
Using the knife and the chopping board cut 3 pieces of potato. (4cm by 1cm) Cut 3 potato slices for
each of the 5 containers
Place your potato slices in each of the containers
Mix one cup of distilled water with 1 teaspoon of salt.
Repeat for the next 4 containers, each time increasing the salt content. For example:
Container 1: 1 teaspoon of salt
Container 2: 2 teaspoons of salt
Add the salt solutions to each of the containers and start the timer for 1–3 hours
Leave the solution to sit until the time is up.
When the time is up remove the potatoes from the containers one by one and measure the potatoes
using the ruler and then record the results for each potato.
12. Precautions:
Do not cross contaminate
Make sure that each potato slice is equal in size

Try to use the same type or brand of potato so that the structure and water content is similar.
Label each container clearly so that you know which container is

Osmotic Potential, Chlorophyll ) Potengths
Abstract
The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0.0, 60, 120, 240 mM) on growth, osmotic
potential, chlorophyll content, protein content of (Vicia faba L.) seedlings was investigated.
NaCl caused an increase in plant height with low and medium concentrations and a decrease with
the highest concentration, in both measurement periods. No significant effect was observed in the
number of leaves or leaf area with low concentration, while a decrease was noticed for each, with
two higher concentrations and in both measurement periods.
Salinity increased both fresh and dry weights of the shoot in the two measurement periods. Osmotic
potential (O.P.) showed a significant decrease with the increase in concentrations, and in the
duration of the stress periods.
Salinity significantly reduced chlorophyll 'a' content in both measurement periods. It also
significantly reduced chlorophyll 'b', total chl., and carotenoids contents after ten days of treatment.
An increase was observed in the protein content in the two measurement periods due to the impact
of salinity stress. A directly proportional relationship was found between protein content and the
increase in salt concentrations in the first measurement period, while it was inversely proportional in
the second.
Keywords
Osmotic potential; Chlorophyll; NaCl; Plant height; Protein
1. Introduction
The over salinity of the soil is one of the main factors that limits the spread of plants in their natural
habitats.

Gaseous Reaction Lab
In a practical sense, this is a useful way of converting the maximum possible amount of B into C
and D; this is advantageous if, for example, B is a relatively expensive material whereas A is cheap
and plentiful.
Decreasing a concentration
In the opposite case in which the concentration of A is decreased, according to Le Châtelier, the
position of equilibrium will move so that the concentration of A increases again. More C and D will
react to replace the A that has been removed. The position of equilibrium moves to the left.
This is essentially what happens if one of the products is removed as soon as it is formed. If, for
example, C is removed in this way, the position of equilibrium would move to the right to replace it.
If it is continually ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A general homogeneous gaseous reaction is given below:
A(g)+2B(g)⇌C(g)+D(g)
Increasing the pressure
According to Le Châtelier, if the pressure is increased, the position of equilibrium will move so that
the pressure is reduced again. Pressure is caused by gas molecules hitting the sides of their
container. The more molecules in the container, the higher the pressure will be. The system can
reduce the pressure by reacting in such a way as to produce fewer molecules.
In this case, there are three moles on the left–hand side of the equation, but only two on the right.
By forming more C and D, the system causes the pressure to reduce. Increasing the pressure on a
gas reaction shifts the position of equilibrium towards the side with fewer moles of gas molecules.
Example 1: Haber Process Equilibrium
N2+3H2⇌2NH3
If this mixture is transferred from a 1.5 L flask to a 5 L flask, in which direction does a net change
occur to return to equilibrium? Because the volume is increased (and therefore the pressure
reduced), the shift occurs in the direction that produces more moles of gas. To restore equilibrium
the shift needs to occur to the left, in the direction of the reverse

Essay on Physio 9.0 Lab 1:3
Exercise 1: Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 3: Simulating Osmotic Pressure
Lab Report Pre–lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1.
Which of the following is true of osmosis? You correctly answered: c. It is a type of diffusion. 2.
Which of the following occurs when a hypertonic solution is added to cells? You correctly
answered: d. The cells shrink. 3. The variable that affects osmotic pressure is You correctly
answered: a. the concentration of nondiffusing solutes. 4. The net movement of water would be into
the cell in a You correctly answered: b. hypotonic solution.
09/16/12
page 1
Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: What effect do you think ... Show more
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4. Water diffuses You correctly answered: c. toward solutes.
09/16/12
page 3
Review Sheet Results 1. Explain the effect that increasing the Na+ Cl– concentration had on
osmotic pressure and why it has this effect. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer: The increase of the Na+Cl– concentration increased osmotic pressure the Na+ Cl–
molecules diffused through the 50 mwco membranes and didn't go through the 20 mwco
membranes. the more Na+Cl– we added to the 20 mwco membrane, the more the osmotic pressure
went up. When I looked at my results I noticed when Na+Cl– was added to the 50 mwco membrane,
there was no increase in osmotic pressure. This is becasue the Sodium chloride couldn't diffuse
through the 50 mwco membranes. The higher concentration of molecues on one side of the mwco
membrane forces the water movement to move to the side of greater solute concentration. 2.
Describe one way in which osmosis is similar to simple diffusion and one way in which it is
different. Your answer: Osmosis is similar to simple diffusion because both of these precesses have
the passive transport characteristic. This is where particles in a solution move from an area of high
solute concentration to an are of low solute concentration. Also neither of these processes need
energy from an outside source to function. Osmosis is different than simple diffusion because in
osmosis, if we have a selectively permeable membrane, this membrane is

Four Nails Rusted In Water
In the experiment, four nails rusted in water containing various concentrations of salt for fourteen
days. At the end of the experiment, it can be concluded that nail three––the nail placed in the
solution containing the highest concentration of salt––rusted the most, followed by nail one, nail
zero, and nail two. At first, nail zero, which was placed in tap water, was rusting the quickest.
However, it was the slowest to change color, which turned entirely gray by day twelve. The other
nails, however, turned entirely grey by day two with black stains appearing on nail two. By day five,
the amount of rust on nails one and zero rapidly increased while the formation of rust on nail zero
slowed down. Nail two did not begin to rust until day five

Effect of an Increasing Substrate Concentration on Enzyme...
Hui Tzu(Erin) Wang ID:0720052
Effect of an Increasing Substrate Concentration on Enzyme Activity Rate
Abstract
The reaction rate of an enzyme can be affected by many factors, and the purpose of this experiment
was to find out how an increasing substrate concentration influences the rate of an enzyme activity;
we obtained data from recording the absorbance of the samples which contain the same amount of
potato juice (enzyme oxidase) and different amount of catechol (substrate) while holding pH and
temperature constant. Our findings illustrate that the rate of enzyme activity is only influenced by
substrate concentration at low level of substrate concentration, and as substrate ... Show more
Table 2. Effect of substrate concentration on enzyme– catalyzed reactions
Absorbance(420nm)
Tube/Trial 0min 2min 4min 6min 8min 10min
1 0.155 0.219 0.263 0.307 0.312 0.334
2 0.077 0.250 0.350 0.422 0.457 0.443
3 0.148 0.455 0.573 0.603 0.593 0.563
4 0.404 0.628 0.676 0.670 0.641 0.583
By looking at figure 1, we noticed that at higher initial substrate concentration, the absorbance
increased at a faster speed (for example, in figure 1, the slope of test tube 3 is greater than the slopes
of test tubes 1 and 2 in the first four minutes); and as time proceeded, the slope of each trial
decreased once passed a certain point and became a constant (slope=0) and eventually moved
toward a negative value (except for test tube 1).
Discussion
If we viewed the slopes of the trials from figure 1 as the rates of enzyme activity, our results could
be interpreted as the following: when in substrate concentration increased from a low
concentration(for example, from test tube 1 to test tube 2), the rate of the enzyme activity increased
with the increase in substrate concentration; but as the substrate concentration increased, the enzyme
activity reached a constant rate where all the enzymes were saturated(slope=0), and increase in
substrate concentration would have no effect on the activity rate. Also, the higher the initial
substrate concentration is, the faster the activity rate reached the constant(for example, test tube 3
reached the constant rate 6

How Does Increasing Concentration Of Carbon Dioxide Affect...
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other living organisms that use light energy from the
sun into chemical energy that can later be used as energy for other organisms. Numerous factors that
influence the rate of which photosynthesis occurs, which includes temperature, amount of light and
carbon dioxide. The aim of the experiment was to investigate the effect of increasing concentration
of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis. For example, to test the hypothesis, the effect of
changing concentrations of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis in leaf discs was measured.
This was done by removing air bubbles from the leaf discs, which caused the disc to sink to the
bottom of the syringe and by placing them in different concentrations of sodium bicarbonate. The
results on the graph started to decrease as the concentration level of the sodium bicarbonate was
increased. A summary of errors occurred from some leaf discs floating before the experiment began
(at time zero). However, results of the experiment supported the hypotheses, even though there were
several errors
Introduction: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Photosynthesis is the name of a process converting light into chemical energy, which is normally
stored into carbohydrates. Photosynthesis is also a process that appears in green plant cells
(chloroplast), which are found in leaves and generates oxygen. Many factors that affect rate
photosynthesis include amount of light and carbon dioxide, temperature. To test the affect of light
energy during the experiment sodium bicarbonate was used. Photosynthesis is normally a process
that occurs in plants, however other living organisms require sunlight to synthesise food from
carbon dioxide and

Osmosis Egg Lab Report
During the course of this lab, an egg is placed in different solutions to observe its reactions to each
individual solution. The egg is first weight when it is at its original state in order to differentiate a
change in its mass. Then it is placed in each solution for about 24 hours in order to see a visible and
evident reaction. The reaction involves a passive transport known as osmosis. Osmosis is the
transfer of water across a selectively permeable membrane in order to find a dynamic equilibrium,
which means both sides are completely balanced. However, only water is allowed to navigate inside
and outside of the cell during osmosis. Water moves from a higher concentration to a lower
concentration, which means that depending on the egg's water supply compared to each substance,
its mass should change. This was observed in 3 different solutions, which include vinegar, corn ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the 24 hours passed, it weight 56.22 grams and was composed of a hard white shell.
Afterwards, its white hard shell disintegrated in the solution, leaving the egg a cloudy yellow color
and a firm exterior. It became delicate, yet it looked strong enough to hold itself together. It also had
a soft exterior that seemed fragile to the touch. After observing it visually, the egg was placed in a
weighing dish and weight. The egg ended up weighing 71.91 grams after being placed in vinegar,
showing an increase of 15.69 grams . Due to the process of osmosis, we can imply that the vinegar
was hypertonic, meaning there was a higher concentration of water, while the egg was hypotonic,
meaning there was a lower concentration of water. This would imply that the water concentration
was unbalanced, which will cause the water to be transported to the inside of the egg to find a
dynamic equilibrium. Since water moves from a higher concentration to a lower concentration, it
would make sense that the water would transfer to the inside of the

Concentration Of Sucrose Lab Report
Choudhury Asif Ibne Yusuf
Lab Section 1
Using different concentrations of sucrose affecting movement of water in and out of dialysis tube to
find the concentration of an unknown solution
Introduction
This experiments attempts to find how different concentrations of sucrose affect the amount of
osmosis that occurs in a dialysis tubing and finally to find concentration of the unknown sucrose
solution. The dialysis tubing represents a cell with a semi permeable membrane therefore water with
along with some other substances are able to move. A gradient is exist when there is an uneven
distributions. Gradients exist in these sucrose concentrations which are hypotonic when placed in
distilled water as there is higher concentration of water outside ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The higher concentrations of sucrose, more water will move inside the dialysis tubes at a faster rate.
Therefore dialysis bag with higher concentrations of sucrose will have greater difference in mass
over time and thus a greater rate of osmosis. The variables were controlled by keeping the amount
of sucrose concentration to be at 20 ml and the distilled water to be at 200 ml. Weight balance was
covered to stop letting the air affect the weight of each bags. Although the data supports my
hypothesis, there has been outliers. For example, in the control group there happens to be osmosis
going on but at a smaller rate than the other concentrations. This wasn't supposed to happen because
due to isotonic nature of solution. This might have been due to excess water in dialysis bag. Since
this experiment heavily relies on the handling of the experiments, errors could have easily occurred.
The dialysis might not have been properly dried. One of the example of this 2% sucrose having 21.4
grams at 30 minutes from 21.9 grams at 20 minutes. The air conditioner could have affected the
results during the data collection phase although steps were taken to prevent this from happening.
Not having the same experimenter for the dialysis bag might have affected the results. Not tying the
dental floss tightly may have caused the loss in mass for certain bags. Errors could have occurred
from the time it took to out the bag from the distilled

The Effect Of Enzyme Concentration On The Rate Of Starch...
Monica Saripella
Beibei Xin: Thurs @ 5
2/19/14
Lab Report #1
The Effect of α–Amylase Concentration on the Rate of Starch Hydrolysis in a Porcine Pancreas
Introduction:
Our body uses various different types of molecules that work together in order to keep us
functioning. One of these molecules is called amylase. Amylase is an enzyme that breaks up the
glucose chains in starch into maltose. Enzymes work to speed up a reaction by lowering the
activation energy needed for the reaction to occur. There are three different types of amylase: α–
amylase, β–amylase, and γ–amylase. α–Amylase is commonly found in saliva and pancreas of many
animals. In this experiment, we used porcine pancreatic α–amylase in order to find the effect of
different factors on the rate of the digestion of starch. The activity of α–Amylase can be affected by
the concentration of amylase, the pH of the environment surrounding amylase, and the temperature
that the reaction using amylase occurs in. This indicates that a change in any of these factors can
affect the enzyme, increasing or decreasing the rate that the reaction occurs: in the case of amylase it
indicates the rate that starch is digested, or maltose is created. All enzymes, α–Amylase included,
operate best in an optimal range of pH, temperature, and concentration; at these optimal conditions
the reaction will occur in the fastest amount of time (Ceska et al., 1969). In particular, this report
will focus on the effects of enzyme

Molar Mass Of An Unknown Compound Using Freezing Point...
Finding Molar Mass of an Unknown Compound using Freezing Point Depression
Farida Elassar*, Pranav Menon
Introduction: Certain species of animals and fish survive the cold by increasing the concentration of
solutes in their blood to lower its freezing point. In this experiment, we will be measuring the
freezing point depression of the aqueous solutions of an unknown compound to ascertain the
unknown's molar mass and therefore its identity.
Method: Firstly, the experimental apparatus was set up by clamping the Vernier temperature probe
directly to a ring stand. For trial 1, the mass of a clean, dry 11–dram vial was recorded to the nearest
0.0001 gram before 15 mL of distilled water were added to the vial and it was weighed again. An ice
bath ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because salt is an electrolyte and sucrose is not. Freezing point depression is a colligative
property, therefore the more solute particles in the solution the lower the freezing point. Electrolytes
like sodium chloride dissociate when dissolved in water, therefore they always have a van't Hoff
factor larger than 1, while nonelectrolytes always have a van't Hoff factor of 1. For example, sodium
chloride has a van't Hoff factor of 2, increasing the concentration of its particles in a solution by 2,
making it twice as effective as sucrose in decreasing the freezing point of its solvent. As a result,
less salt would keep roads unfrozen at lower temperatures than sucrose, making it the better choice.
If the temperature is lower than the eutectic temperature of the salt solution, it is pointless to
dispense salt as the solution will become saturated rapidly and the solvent will

Graph 6a Lab Report
Graph 6a (Substrate) – Represents a xy scatterplot with linear regression, which show the change in
product concentration over the change in time at different substrate The data in the graph also gives
the value of V0 at corresponding substrate concentration.
Graph 6b (Substrate) – Represents a xy scatterplot depicting velocity of enzyme–catalyzed at
multiple substrate concentrations.
To find the concentration of the different absorbance in this experiment, a modified version of the
Beer's Law equation was used (C=A/k). The k which represents the slope in the equation was
determine by using the date from Table 1 and points plotted in Graph 1. k=6.8339 the A in the
equation is the measured absorbance which was determine by using a spectrophotometer. ... Show
Cellobiase produced more product when placed at the right temperature and pH. These experiment
also showed how the simplest change in any environmental factor could cause a change in function
of the enzyme. This experiment was a good source to show the effects of environment on enzyme
activity. The amount of product produce could be monitored by the amount of p–nitrophenol
present, which couldn't be done with using Cellobiose. Factor that could have been improved would
have been testing the rate of reaction at a longer time then 2 minutes and at more enzyme/substrate
concentrations. The data produce from the enzyme and substrate concentration parts never showed
where the reaction reached Vmax. The most important factor of this experiment was the ability to
use the artificial substrate, it allowed the experimenter to visual see before measuring the
absorbance if product was made from substrate. It correlated that absorbance may be a direct
measurement of enzyme activity because in every experiment as the concentration of product (p–
nitrophenol and glucose) increase so did the absorbance. Since these were the only experiments
done that was the only conclusion that could be constructed. Since absorbance can't be measured
with colorless enzymes and substrates one can't really know if absorbance is a direct measurement
of enzyme

The Effect Of Osmosis On Potato Cells
BIOL 1208 Writing Assignment 2
Results and Discussion
These are to be written individually even if you worked in a group. This should be written in
paragraph format. Each section should include the answers to the following questions
Lab Topic: Effects of Osmosis with Potato Cells in Sucrose Solution
Introduction:
Small slices of potato are placed in six concentrations of sucrose: 0.0 M, 0.1 M, 0.2 M, 0.3 M, 0.4
M, and 0.5 M. The initial mass of potato is noted before being placed in the solution. The potato
remained in the solution for one hour then the potato was removed from the solution and dried off
before the final mass was noted. The null hypothesis is that the solutions of different molarities of
sucrose will not affect the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once the hour was over, the potato slices were removed from the solution, dried off in a paper
towel, and weighed once again. In the 0.0, 0.1, and 0.2 M of sucrose concentrations the final mass
of the potato increased. Therefore H2O enters the potato cell because the solution is hypotonic. In
the 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 M of sucrose concentration the final mass of potato decreases. The solution is
hypertonic which causes H2O to exit the potato cells through the semipermeable phospholipid
bilayer. The results prove that the different molarities of concentration affect the mass of the potato
in different ways; the mass of potato either increased or decreased depending on the molarity of
sucrose concentration.
Caption: The line of best–fit shows the pattern that as molarity increases in the sucrose
concentration then the percent change in mass of potato decreases.
Discussion:
Determining the Osmotic Concentration of Potato Tuber Cells When Placed in Sucrose Solutions
In this experiment, the osmotic concentration is found with potato slices placed in sucrose solutions.
Osmosis in this model is the net movement of water between the potato cell and the sucrose
solution. The movement of water is determined by the molarity of sucrose. As the molarity of
sucrose increased then the concentration in the solution also increased. H2O will move through the
cell membrane to areas of higher concentration in order to reach equilibrium. If cells are placed

Osmosis Lab Report
The Effects of Solute Concentration on Osmosis
Introduction:
Diffusion is the movement of certain molecules toward the direction of equilibrium, and is an
important process in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion that
refers to the diffusion of water, which is an important factor in many types of cells without cell
walls because the water potential of a cell must be similar or equal to its environment in order for
the cell to function properly. In cells, a semi permeable membrane regulates the diffusion of certain
molecules, selectively allowing substances to travel inside and outside of the cell and its organelles.
Dialysis bags are used to imitate the structure of cell membranes. They are also semi–permeable,
allowing water molecules to flow through while blocking larger sucrose molecules. Potato cell
membranes act similarly, allowing water to enter and exit but not facilitating the movement of
sucrose molecules. Because of this, the concentration of sucrose in the environment of a cell
membrane or in a dialysis bag will affect the direction of net water movement by changing the
amount of free water available for osmosis. Water potential is determined by the concentration of
sucrose within the membrane and its aqueous environment. The dialysis tubing experiment will test
the effect that different concentrations of sucrose within the semi–permeable membrane will have
on the net direction of water diffusion. The solutions within the

Beta Vulgaris Lab Report
Table 1 shows the original average measurements of the permeability of the Beta Vulgaris cells,
however, the data was altered due the outliers. On the raw data, there were some negative numbers
due to some experimental errors. For this experiment, there should not be any negatives because it
results can either the concentration effected the permeability or it did not at all. This indicates that it
can shows 0.000 as the lowest. Due to this, the raw table was altered and changed the negative data
to 0.000 as it was closest to it. Because of this the average table was alternated to keep it consist and
as accurate as possible.
As it was mention earlier, the hypothesis was that 'the greater the concentration of the ethanol, the
higher the permeability

Egg Osmosis Lab Report
Osmosis is a special case of diffusion involving water molecules, therefore making it a passive
process. Although all phospholipid bilayers are somewhat permeable to water, the permeability is
increased when water–channel proteins are present as they provide other pathways to pass through
the membrane. The process known as osmotic flow (Freeman and Company, 2000) is where water
molecules move across the semipermeable membrane from an area of low salt concentration to an
area of high salt concentration, or in other words from a high water concentration to a lower one,
therefore they follow the concentration gradient. When this occurs the area with a higher salt
concentration will gain mass as molecules are entering and the area with a lower ... Show more
This can be seen in table 2.2 as when there is a greater difference in concentration between the
intracellular and extracellular the rate of osmosis is faster, for example when looking at when both
eggs were placed in the solution with no sodium chloride the rate of osmosis was the fastest
compared to when they were placed in the solution of 2% sodium chloride where the rate is much
slower. Both figure 1.2 and figure 1.3 also support my hypothesis as they demonstrate that the
highest rate for both was when the eggs were submerged in the solution containing no sodium

Introduction:
Osmosis is the movement of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution
through a semipermeable membrane because it is active transport, thus going against the
concentration gradient.1 This process was initially thoroughly studied 1877 by German plant
physiologist, Wilhelm Pfeffer.2. For Osmosis to occur, it requires two solutions with different
concentrations and a partially permeable membrane to separate them. Since the water diffuses
towards the more concentrated side of the membrane, the concentration of the more concentrated
side will continue to rise, which while the one on the less concentrated side falls. However if the
concentration of both sides of the semi–permeable membrane are equal in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When the egg was submerged in the 5% NaCl for 10 minutes, it continued to gain mass and not lose
mass, therefore indicating that the conditions were still hypotonic. The conditions began to be
hypertonic when the egg was submerged in the 10% NaCl solution. While the egg was also in the
10% NaCl solution, the conditions became isotonic within those 10 minutes, indicating that the
intracellular conditions and the extracellular conditions of the egg were at equilibrium. However it
is unknown at exactly what time or how long the conditions remained at equilibrium. The graph
Figure 7, illustrates this when the line of best fit creates an x–intercept indicating that the rate of
osmosis was 0g.m–1. However osmosis could have still occurred, but was not detected due to no
change in mass. When the mass of the egg increases, it indicates that more water is flowing into it
due to the internal environment of the egg being of higher concentration to the external
environment. Alternately, when the egg loses mass, it indicates that water left the egg into the
external environment because the external environment would have had a higher salt (NaCl)

Essay on miss
Q 1. In this practical exercise you will be using biuret reagent. Why is biuret reagent used in this
practical?
The biuret reagent is used to assess the concentration of the protein because peptide bonds occur
with the same frequency per amino acid in the peptide. The intensity of the colour, and therefore the
absorption, is directly proportional to the protein concentration.
Q 2. What is the experimental reason for constructing a standard curve?
Multiple samples with known properties can be measured and graphed, which then enables the same
properties to be determined for the unknown samples, in this case the concentration, by interpolating
the graph which depicts the relationship between the absorbance and concentration. ... Show more
(2 and 4 sentences)
One way in which the experimental procedure could be modified is diluting the sample. This
involves decreasing the volume of BSA Protein solution and increasing the buffer volume by the
same amount. As a result the absorbance would be lower and fit on the graph. Another way may be
to extend the curve by increasing the concentration of the BSA Protein solution which would
provide a greater range.
Q 7. Do your results support your hypothesis regarding these tissue samples? (2–3 sentences)
The hypothesis regarding the tissue samples was supported. The absorbance of the sun raised
silverbeet plant was found to be 0.801, which was greater than the shaded silverbeet plant with an
absorbance of 0.369.
Q 8. One possible reason for the results not supporting your experimental hypothesis is
experimental error. List three examples of possible sources of error that may have occurred in your
work in this practical class. (2–3 sentences)
A possible error may be adding inaccurate amounts of buffer between samples, causing them to
dilute either excessively or insufficiently, resulting in an inaccurate standard curve. Another error
could be leaving the sample solutions for over 25 minutes, which could cause the protein to start
degrading. Not zeroing the spectrophotometer or cleaning the tube properly can affect the
absorbance value.
Q 9. Even if your results do support the experimental hypothesis, give three major possible

Research Report On Orchard Inoculation Studies
Results
Orchard inoculation studies
In the orchard studies of 2014 season, significant variations (P<0.05) on disease severity (Table 4).
Disease severity increased with increasing conidial concentration. The conidial concentration of
5000/ml was minimum for 1% disease severity in mature detached fruits in lab. The interaction
between inoculation date and inoculum concentrations indicated the dependency of disease
development on growth stages of fruits besides conidial concentrations (Fig. 5).
Assessment of airborne inoculum in the orchard
DNA was extracted from the aerial samples collected in weekly basis from May 19 to July 14 in
2014 and from May 11 to July 5 in 2015. Regular PCR conducted with P. prunicola mildew specific
primer and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Again, in the July increase in Cp value was observed in both years.
Discussion
This study showed that powdery mildew disease infection on sweet cherry fruits is effected by P.
prunicola inoculum or conidial concentration. At least 500 conidia / ml was needed to develop
significant fruit infection in cherry. Generally, disease incidence and disease severity increased in
cherry fruits with increasing inoculum concentration. A positive relationship between inoculum
concentration and disease development has also been demonstrated in the other powdery mildew
species (Carisse, 2009; Van der Heyden et al., 2013). However, very high concentration may cause
auto–inhibition of conidial germination as reported in other fungal pathogens (Leandro et al., 2003).
Additional studies should be carried out to find out highest conidial concentration threshold for
maximum cherry fruits disease incidence and severity. Orchard experiments of this study suggested
that infection of cherry fruits by P. prunicola also depends on the development stage of fruits.
Increased resistance to powdery mildew infection with maturing fruit has been reported in many
powdery mildew – host fruit systems such as grapes (Gadoury et al., 2003), hop (Wolfenbarger et
al., 2012), pears (Spotts, 1984), and apples (Russ and Blatter 1990). However, results from this
study showed that fruit became increasingly susceptible to P.

The Effect Of Temperature And Solution Concentration On...
Osmosis is the diffusion of water entering and leaving cells to keep a balance of concentration and
water between the cell and environment. The process of osmosis constantly occurring in a cell and is
critical for the cells in animals and plants for survival. Factors that influence the rate of osmosis are
temperature, molecular size, pressure, and concentration gradient. These variables can increase or
decrease the rate which osmosis occurs. If a cell takes in too much water through osmosis, it can
swell, rupture, and dye. If a cell does not have enough water, or too much water leaves the cell, then
the cell will shrivel. We performed an experiment that explored the process of osmosis and how
temperature and solution concentration effects the rate at which it occurs. We created artificial cells
and varied their solution concentration and the temperature of the water the cells were emerged in.
Our data was collected by the mean corrected cumulative weights calculated which showed that
both temperature and solution concentration have an effect on the rate of osmosis.
Title
Diffusion is the solute's passive movement across a membrane from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration. This occurs in response to the thermal energy in molecules that causes
them to constantly be moving. Water can also diffuse passively across a membrane from high water
concentration to an area of low water concentration, a process known as osmosis. Osmosis will
continue to

The Effect Of Rha On Ceramic Beads Adsorption
3. Result and Discussion 3.1 Influence of RHA to Ceramic Beads Adsorption Ability
Based on the calculation data of Concentration–Absorbance plot (Appendix 1), the equation
between concentration (mg/ml) and absorbance (AU) is: AU= 1.0057C, R2=0.9924. The
concentration change of solutions for continuous 10 min are in Appendix 2. The concentration of
solution decreased sharply at first 20 min and then reach the equilibrium after 40 min. According to
the adsorption data and equilibrium equation, the beads adsorption abilities can be calculated as
following: he saturated adsorptions of beads from Ratio 1 to Ratio 7 are: 24.2020 mg/g, 20.2313
mg/g, 18.0074 mg/g, 15.1917 mg/g, 11.3437 mg/g, 28.0750 mg/g and 20.0573 mg/g. the highest
adsorption level of ceramic beads is Ratio 6 (28.0750 mg/g absorption level with the ratio RH: Clay:
flour= 5: 4: 0)), the lowest level of beads shows at Ratio 5 (11.3437 mg/g absorption level with the
ratio RH: Clay: flour= 1: 8: 1). The saturation level is changed with the change of beads
compositions ratios. Figure 3.1 marks the absorption saturation of 7 ratios of beads under the same
burning condition.
From Ratio 1 to Ratio 5, the saturated protein adsorption of ceramic beads decreased, which indicate
that the efficiency of ceramic beads adsorption decreased with the content of RHA declining. Both
RHA and NC have characteristics of adsorption. The main content of RHA are fixed carbon and
SiO2. Fixed carbon has similar properties with AC,

Osmosis Lab Report
According to the textbook Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, osmosis can be defined as "the
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, from a hypotonic fluid toward a
hypertonic fluid." (Starr C, 2014) Osmosis is very useful and can be used to produce energy (Loeb
S, 1976), purify waste water (Garcia–Castello E.M, 2009) and desalinate water. (McCutcheon J.R,
2006) This experiment investigates the effect of the concentration of sugars dissolved in water on
the rate of osmosis. The rate of osmosis increases as the concentration of the dissolved sugars in the
solution increases. By increasing the concentration of the dissolved sugars within the solution, the
water potential begins to increase in one area, causing osmosis to take place in order to balance out
the concentration of water. Materials & Method
Create sugar solutions with varying sugar concentrations (5%,10%,15%,20%,25% and 30%).
Received a piece of membrane from a demmy and kept it wet. The membrane was used to cover the
mouth of the funnel and use and secured it in place with an elastic band. Folded the membrane over
the first elastic band and secured it with another elastic band. It was made sure that no contents were
leaked out of the funnel mouth and that funnel mouth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Theoretically, the rate of osmosis will increase as the concentration of the dissolved sugars
increases, therefore the practical was done correctly as this relationship is seen between the two
variables. The results within Table 1 were not always constant as the time differed from a few
seconds to several minutes within a group and between the three replicates. This may have created
outliers within the data, causing shifts in the accuracy of the information and overall results of the
experiment as the graph was based on the average amount of time within a

The hypothesis was not supported because the higher the concentration of NaCl solution, the lower
the rate of osmosis as the water ions are attracted to the NaCl ions against the concentration
gradient. As shown in table 1.0 the mass of the egg changes each time it is placed in a certain
concentrated solution. The reason for this change in mass is the process of osmosis through the egg's
semi–permeable membrane. The water within the egg cell's vacuole can expand or shrink depending
on the amount of water within it, contributing to the egg mass. Water ions are attracted to Sodium
Chloride ions, therefore the higher external concentration of NaCl the less water that will be inside
the egg's vacuoles. If the egg is placed in a high NaCl concentration, for example the 10% solution
then it will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another measure to the accuracy of the results is the R2, the values being 0.963 and 0.964 which are
very close to 1 therefore meaning the points are very close to the line of best fit. The validity is not
very high as throughout both attempts of the practical, one being from 10% to 0% and 0% to 10%
the results slightly varied when they should be almost identical in rate of osmosis, for example
during the 0% to 10% attempt when the egg was submerged in 5% concentration it had a positive
rate of osmosis therefore the egg still gained mass whereas for the 10% to 0% attempt when the egg
was placed in the 5% concentration the egg had a positive rate of osmosis therefore gaining weight
making the results not very valid as this should not have occurred but could have because of a
outlier or

Hypertonic Acid And Osmosis Experiment
Osmosis is the transfer of water molecules from places where there is a lot of water molecules to
places there are not many water molecules. When the cell is selectively permeable it allows certain
substances in and out of the cell. There are three terms for the amount of solute in a cell isotonic,
hypotonic, and hypertonic. Isotonic means there is a balance of solute inside and outside of the cell.
Hypotonic is when there is lower concentration of solute in the cell than the concentration outside of
the cell. Hypertonic means there is a more solute in the cell than outside of the cell. The molecules
want to reach equilibrium, or balance out the amount of water inside and outside the cell. In this
alcohol investigation, the purpose was to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is true because in Osmosis the water wants to go to the place where there is a small amount of
water to balance out the concentrations. The cup, when it was filled with 30% and 70% alcohol, had
the water inside the cell leave to go balance out the lowered concentration of water. Notice in the
graph below, when there was 0% alcohol in the cup the weight increased. Unlike the trials for 30%
and 70% alcohol the cell gained weight because it did not have to go dilute another substance, so the
water did not have to leave the cell to maintain equilibrium. All of this means that when there is
another substance, the concentration of water changes causing osmosis to occur balancing out the
concentrations. This evidence supports the claim because once the alcohol entered the cup it
changed the concentration of water on the outside, making the water leave the cell to balance out
both concentrations. Again, osmosis is when the water from a high concentration goes to a low
water concentration. During the trials with 30% the substance mixture outside of the cell was
hypotonic, meaning that the concentration of solutes, or a substance that dissolves in another, was
lower than the concentration of solvents, the substance that dissolves. In the trial with 70% alcohol
in the cup, the situation is flipped and the outside of the cell is hypertonic, meaning there is a high
concentration of solute and a low concentration of solvent. In this case the solute is the alcohol and
the water is the solvent. Looking at others arguments, other groups support the claim stated at the
very start of this argument. Other groups all had something along the lines of "when there is an
increasing amount of alcohol the amount of water in the cell

The Effect of Increasing the Concentration of Dettol...
THE EFFECT OF INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF DETTOL ANTISEPTIC LIQUID
ON THE GROWTH OF E.COLI
Background:
Escherichia coli are rod shaped, gram negative bacteria often found in the gut of humans and other
warm–blooded mammals (Jacques & Ngo, 2004). It is transmitted primarily through faecal
contaminated food and water. Most strains of E. coli are not harmful to humans, however some
strains are pathogenic and can cause symptoms including diarrhoea (Unknown, 2012).
The active ingredient in Dettol Antiseptic Liquid is 4.8% chloroxylenol, a chemical that inhibits the
growth of a large range of microorganisms including gram negative bacteria. It can be used to
cleanse flesh wounds or disinfect surfaces. Chloroxylenol destroys the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The tweezers were then sterilized by dipping them in methanol and passing them through the flame.
They were then held and allowed to cool for 30 seconds. 6. The disks in the 0.00% solution were
transferred to an agar plate held next to the blue flame using the sterilized tweezers. Excess
disinfectant was removed from the disks by wiping on the side of the well of the spotting tile. When
the 5 disks were positioned (refer to Figure 1 below) the lid was replaced and sticky taped down. A
label was added indicating the concentration of disinfectant. 7. This process (Step 6) was repeated
for each concentration of Dettol. 8. The agar plates were then incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. 9.
After the 48 hour time period the inhibition of the Escherichia coli bacteria around the disinfectant
disks was measured. A ruler was used to measure the clearing from the edge of the disk to the
perimeter of the clearing. Irregularities in the clearing were not included in the area of clearing.
10. Observations including the regularity of the perimeter and signs of contamination were also
recorded.
[pic]
Data Collection and Processing
Table 1: The area of inhibited growth of E.coli at increasing Dettol concentrations shown by the
distance of clearing from the soaked disk
|Concentration % ±0.25ml |Distance of Clearing ±1mm |

Lab Report On Osmosis
In this lab, we performed two experiments to understand the process of osmosis and its relationship
with solute concentration, and how water potential is affected by temperature. In the first part of our
lab (there was no hypothesis for this experiment), where we used dialysis tubing to model osmosis
and its relationship to solute concentrations, we observed how the percent change in mass increased
as the solute concentration of the solution did. The percent change in mass was positive, meaning
that the dialysis tubing had gained mass after being submerged in the distilled water solution. This
means that the dialysis tubing gained water, which was the result of osmosis. The water diffused
from outside the tubing, through the semipermeable membrane, into the tubing in all of the cases.
Because we know that water diffuses from high water concentration to low water concentration, we
know that the sucrose solutions in the dialysis tubing had less water concentration than the distilled
water surrounding the tubing. Furthermore, the molarity of the sucrose solutions inside the tubing
increased from 0.2M to 1.0M, which means that the sucrose (solute) concentration was increasing,
so the water concentration was decreasing. This explains why the percent change in mass increased
as the molarity increased; more water was flowing into the tubing as the water concentration got
lower and solute concentration got higher. In other words, the water was flowing from a hypotonic
solution to a

Exercise 1
Activity 1:
1. Did any solutes move through the 20 MWCO membrane? Why or Why not?
2. Did Na+Cl– move through the 50 MWCO membrane?
Activity 2:
1. Are the solutes moving with or against their concentration gradient in facilitated diffusion?
2. What happened to the rate of facilitated diffusion when the number of carrier proteins was
increased?
3. In the simulation you added Na+Cl– to test its effect on glucose diffusion. Explain why there was
no effect.
Activity 3:
1. Which membrane resulted in the greatest pressure with Na+Cl– as the solute? Why?
2. Explain what happens to the osmotic pressure with increasing solute concentration.
3. If the solutes are allowed to diffuse, is osmotic pressure generated?
4. If the solute ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do you think urea will diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? Your answer : c. No, not at all.
Predict Question 2: Recall that glucose is a monosaccharide, albumin is a protein with 607 amino
acids, and the average molecular weight of a single amino acid is 135 g/mole. Which of the
following will be able to diffuse through the 200 MWCO membrane? Your answer : c. glucose only
Stop & Think Questions: The reason sodium chloride didn't diffuse left to right is that You
correctly answered: c. the membrane pore size was too small. Glucose is a six–carbon sugar.
Albumin is a protein with 607 amino acids. The average molecular weight of a single amino acid is
135 g/mole. There is no reason to run these solutes at the 20 MWCO because You correctly
answered: d. glucose and albumin are both too large to pass.
The rate of diffusion for urea You correctly answered: b. is slower than that for sodium because urea
is a larger molecule.
Experiment Data: Solute Na+ ClUrea Na+ ClNa+ ClNa+ ClUrea Glucose Albumin MWCO 20 20
50 50 100 100 200 200 Solute Concentration 9.00 9.00 9.00 18.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00 Average
Diffusion Rate 0.0000 0.0000 0.0150 0.0300 0.0150 0.0094 0.0040 0.0000
Post–lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.
1. The effect of increasing the concentration of sodium chloride from 9 mM to 18 mM in the left
beaker was to You correctly answered: b. increase the rate of diffusion.
2. Describe the difference

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