Gene Cards Assignment

Gene Cards Assignment
Moreno Diego Gene Cards Assignment 09–26–17 Gene: BAP1 1. What type of mutation it is (loss
of function, gain of function–look up ANY terms up in your book if you don't know what they
mean! The BAP1 gene belongs to the ubiquitin hydrolase subfamily of deubiquitinating enzymes. It
is a recessive mutant gene. 2. Does it act in a dominant or recessive manner? Bap1 acts as consistent
recessive cancer susceptibility gene. 3. What is the affect of the mutation on the cell cycle? BAP1 is
a recessive mutant gene with a mild growth defect. The growth defect spread in heterozygous
mutants. BAP1 enhances the phenotypes and according to environmental factors it can modulate
mutant combinations. 4. Can it be inherited? (predisposition). Yes,
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QSAR Pharmacophore Model Hypo1 Essay
The validated 3D QSAR pharmacophore model Hypo1 was used as a 3D structural query for
retrieving potent compounds from NCI database and Maybridge database having 238819 molecules
and 2000 molecules respectively .A total of 8833 compounds were showing good mapping with
Hypo1 using fast and flexible search method. Out of 8833 compounds 8530 compounds were from
NCI and 333 compounds were from Maybridge database. Out of these 8833 molecules, selected
only 2033 molecules were selected having their IC50<1 µM for study. These hit compounds were
further screened by using Lipinski's rule of five, to evaluate them drug similarity, and a total of 1613
molecules passed this evaluative process. These 1613 molecules were further subsequent for ...
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Amino group of Compound NSC_211930 formed the hydrogen bonding with Ala162 a hinge region
amino acid. While the amide group formed the hydrogen bond with Asp223. Lys111 involved in
cation–pi interaction. Compound NSC_24871 formed the hydrogen bond interaction with
Lys111,Ser160 and Ala 162. The phenyl ring of compound is sandwiched in between the phenyl
rings of Tyr161 and Phe93 and they formed the pi–pi interaction. Tyr161 formed pi–pi interactions
with phenyl ring of Compound_218342. While the carboxyl group involved in formation of two
hydrogen bond with Lys111and Phe94.Phenolic oxygen was involved in formation of hydrogen
bond with Ser162 & Ala162 amino acids. In all cases Try 161 involved in forming pi–pi interaction
with the phenyl ring of the compounds. 2D representation of molecular docking results of all three
compounds were shown in the Figure 7. Lys111 formed two hydrogen bonds with the two different
oxygen atom of phenyl groups of the Compound NSC_24871.Apart of this one phenolic oxygen
formed the two hydrogen bonds with the two hinge regions amino acids i.e. Ser160 & Ala162.
These three compounds were retrieved from two databases (NCI& Maybridge) showed good
interactions with important amino acids in the active stites.Among all three compounds, Compound
NSC_218342 retrieved from the NCI database have exposed

Does Poly-Glutamate Concentration Effect Hydrophobic...
(1) The attached graph from the assignment guide sheet demonstrates the conformation of poly–
glutamate and poly–lysine in terms of their rate of specific rotation in relation to pH. In terms of
poly–glutamate, which consists of multiple acidic amino acid glutamates, there is rapid change in
conformation when pH has increased from 3 to 5. This amino acid becomes deprotonated when the
pH increases, in which the concentration of hydrogen ion decreases correspondingly. For poly–
lysine, which is the multiple basic amino acid lysines, there is rapid change in conformation when
pH has decreased from 11.5 to 9.5. The decrease in pH indicates the increase in hydrogen ion
concentration, and the lysines' side groups will be protonated. These deprotonation ... Show more
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The main reason why pineapple needs to be cooked when added to gelatin is its proteases will
disrupt gelatin setting. This functional class of enzyme – proteases – promotes the formation of
peptide bonds. This is done through hydrolysis reaction between amino acids; as a consequence,
proteins become its consisted amino acids. The activity of proteases will interfere gelatin setting,
which in other words, it will prevent the formation of collagen chains. Collagen triple–helix chains
are unable to form since the enzyme will degrade each collagen strands into amino acids. Cooking
pineapple by applying a large amount of thermal energy will denature enzymes contained in this
fruit, including proteases. This denaturation will prevent proteases from its activity, and will not
interfere with gelatin from

Biogenic Amines
Biogenic amines formation in food is objectionable due to their ability to have a direct or indirect
effect on the human vascular and nervous systems. Toxicological effects such as hypertension,
headache, diarrhea, rash and localized inflammation may be developed due to biogenic amines and
when ingested in extreme amounts, cardiac palpitation, intracerebral haemorrhage and even death in
very severe cases (Rawles et al., 1996). Biogenic amines are considered precursors of carcinogenic
amines such as N–nitrasosamines, and they also used as indicators of food decomposition (Mietz
and Karmas, 1978). Histamine represents the major and the main cause of scombroid (histamine)
poisoning, and the other biogenic amine such as tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine, acts as
potentiates of histamine toxicity (Taylor, 1988; AlBulushi et al., 2009; Joshi and Bhoir, 2011). ...
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In humans the highest histamine concentrations are found in the skin, lung and stomach, with
smaller amounts in the brain and heart, histamine is made and stored within white blood cells. When
the immune system is activated in response to foreign material entering the body, histamine is the
first defense chemical or correctly inflammatory mediator, released in the process called
inflammation i.e. the clinical evidence that the immune system is responding (Joneja and Carmona,

New Horizons For Ninhydrin : Colorimetric Determination Of...
For the past several decades, ninhydrin has been used in the development of fingerprints from
surfaces. The fingerprints revealed by ninhydrin have been used to compare against other known
fingerprints, whether from the person of interest or a database, which can lead to a match on a
victim or a suspect on a case. But what about the fingerprints that do not have a match in a
database? Can that print be of any use to forensic scientists? In the journal article, "New Horizons
for Ninhydrin: Colorimetric Determination of Gender from Fingerprints" the researchers attempt to
determine if a fingerprint can yield more than just a picture that can be used for comparison.
Crime scenes can have hundreds of fingerprints. Some will able to be used ... Show more content on
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Each individual gave five right thumb prints. Another advantage of this experimental design was
that these fingerprints were not collected on the same day, even for the same individual. The purpose
of this was to show that amino acids within a person can vary marginally day to day, but there is a
noticeable difference between men and women. Also, the prints were deposited on the exact same
surfaces which ensures a controlled environment. This would allow for more accurate testing
without the presence of unwanted variables. The surfaces included a door knob, a desk, a chair, a
bench, and a computer. All fingerprints were removed with polyethylene film. The experimental
design had a few disadvantages as well. Firstly, the fingerprints were not tested on many different
surfaces. The surfaces that were tested were all hard and non–porous. Also, the fingerprints were all
placed knowingly which created an artificial setting. The participants knew that these prints would
be tested so they were placed onto the surface as perfectly as possible. The prints were not smudged
and they did not come in contact with any other substance before or during the placement. Next, the
amount of participants was quite low. Fifty total fingerprints from ten individuals will not provide a
great range of samples for comparison. Also, the experiment only used the right thumb print from
each

Energetically Synthesizing Solutes
All halophiles must maintain their cytoplasm isoosmotic with their surrounding medium. Salt
tolerance requires that compatible solutes accumulate in the cytosol and organelles where these
function in osmotic adjustment and osmoprotection (Rhodes and Hanson, 1993). Some compatible
osmolytes are essential elemental ions, such as K+, but the majority are organic solutesBiological
membranes are permeable to water, and active energy dependent inward transport of water to
compensate for water lost by osmotic processes is energetically not feasible. Moreover, cells that
keep a turgor need even to maintain their intracellular osmotic pressure higher than that of their
environment.
There are two fundamentally different strategies used by halophilic microorganisms to balance their
cytoplasm osmotically with their medium (Galinski and Trüper, 1994; Zahran, 1997). (1)
Accumulation of molar concentrations of potassium and chloride. This strategy requires extensive
adaptation of the intracellular enzymatic machinery to the presence of salt, as the proteins should
maintain their proper conformation and activity at near–saturating salt concentrations. The proteome
of such organisms is highly acidic, and most proteins denature when suspended in low salt. It is
called the'high–salt–in strategy'. They maintain osmotically equivalent internal concentrations by
accumulating high concentrations of potassium chloride. Potassium ions enter the cell passively via
a uniporter. Sodium ions are

The 's Cultural And Sociological Values
Ecstacy.MDA. Nutmeg. A ubiquitous spice that can be found in kitchens worldwide, nutmeg has
been harnessed in cooking, rituals, and a multitude of different ways across multiple cultures for
millennia (Baxamusa, 2011). Its most common use in near day–to–day cooking is something that is
not given a lot of thought to, but with Drug culture becoming increasingly prevalent in younger
demographics, nutmeg has become a cheap and easily sourced alternative (Shafer, 2010). Through
analysis of its chemical components, its structures and properties, in comparison to other illicit drugs
such as MDMA (Ecstasy) and MDA (3, 4–Methylenedioxyamphetamine), credence can be given to
the relationship between its popularity rise in youth culture, and its ... Show more content on
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Exotic and Aromatic, nutmeg became monopolized by the Dutch in the early 1600's after the
massacring the islands native population (AUBREY, 2012). Here the first plantations of the spice
were established and all other sources which could pose a threat to the economic assets of the Dutch
were eradicated. Prior to this, it had been considered a rare commodity predominantly throughout
Europe, Asia and the Middle East, where its earliest uses were traced back for Indian medicinal
purposes around 700 B.C.E (Nagano, 2009). Nutmeg was sought by the rich, for its potency to
induce hallucination ‒ which can now be related to the prevailing substances that are found in its
oils. These oils are what give basis to nutmegs association with madness.
The links between nutmeg and madness, or rather the symptoms of being in an altered physical and
mental state, correlates to the molecular composition of nutmeg's oils. Specifically, nutmeg consists
of numerous psychoactive compounds that have been found in its fixed oils (24 – 40%), known also
as the butter as well as in the volatile oils (5–15%) of the total sample (Nagano, 2009). The most
influential and common compounds as the cause for these effects being: Myristicin (13.57%),
Safrole (4.28%) and Elemicin (1.42%). Estimated to account for 20% of the oils within nutmeg
(Muchtaridi, Subarnas, Apriyantono, & Mustarichie, 2010), each of these molecules

Bioorthogonal Reaction Lab Report
5. Bioorthogonal Click reactions
Click chemistry has wide applications in biotechnology and chemical biology. For use of such
reactions in the above disciplines of science, such click reactions need to be bioorthogonal. A
bioorthogonal reaction is one which takes place without interfering with native biochemical
processes. These type of reactions take place without interfering with components of the living
system. The term bioorthogonal chemistry was coined by scientist Carolyn Bertozzi in 2003
(Wikipedia)
Bioorthogonal click chemistry can be used to visulaize protein expression, track protein localization,
measure protein activity and identify protein interactions within living systems.(Singh et al., 2016)
Types of reactions that fit this definition are as follows
5.1 Condensations of Ketones and Aldehydes with Heteroatom–bound Amines
Historically, the first bio–orthogonal ligations involved ketone–aldehyde condensation reactions.
While ketones and aldehydes can form reversible imine adducts with many amines found in
biological systems, this process is thermodynamically unfavourable in water.
This led to the use of hydrazides and aminooxy reagents, often called 'α–effect amines' because the
heteroatom–bound amine is much more nucleophilic than simple amines and thus shifts the
equilibrium dramatically to the hydrazone and oxime products, respectively. ( book)
Although ketones and aldehydes are absent from the cell surface and from macromolecules within

P-Glycoprotein Inhibitor
P–glycoprotein Inhibitor Improvement: Verapamil
There are plenty of drugs that are targeting P–glycoprotein (p–gp), which is typically located in
intestinal epithelial cells where drugs absorption occurring. The p–gp controls in and out of most of
foreign substrates from the blood stream. It contributes to balancing out the concentration of drugs
in the blood vain through reuptake process, especially efflux pump in this case. Therefore, this
protein has been called as multidrug resistance because it is able to excrete the drugs into the lumen.
Accordingly, the p–gp inhibitor has an important role for the drug bioavailability and transportation.
As the p–gp inhibitor works in the vivo, the reuptake of drug will be decreasing which means
decreasing the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Keisuke Yusa and Takashi Tsuruo, AACR[online], 1989, 49, 5002 – 5006
2. Manuel G., Lluis M. MIR, Stephane Orlowski, EJB, 1996, 244, 664 – 673
3. Sean Ekins, et al, ASPET[online], 2002, 61, 974 –

Caffeine And Amine Lab Report
In this experiment, I was unable to complete the tests that would suggest isolation success. If the
melting point of the experimental caffeine was tested, the experimental melting point would need to
be 238o Celsius to be successfully isolated. A melting point lower than this would suggest that the
isolate was impure. If a TLC plate was performed on the crude caffeine and the isolate, the crude
would have multiple retention factor values while the isolate, if isolated successfully, should only
have one retention factor. If an IR spectrum was performed, the spectrum should only show
functional groups in caffeine such as amides and amines, and should not include functional groups
like phenyls or esters. If the IR spectrum includes functional ... Show more content on
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This is different from "just making tea" because the goal is to make the liquid for the centrifuge
tubes as concentrated as possible. When making tea for enjoyment and consumption, the tea is in a
larger amount of water and is usually only steeped for three to five minutes. Tea for enjoyment is not
intended to be extremely concentrated (in fact, most people would dilute the tea if it is too strong).
In this experiment, potassium carbonate acts as a base. Potassium carbonate would dissociate into
potassium ions (K+) and carbonate ions (CO3 2–). Carbonate ions would undergo acid–base
reactions with the tannins, which then allows the tannins to be water soluble. However, this makes
the tannins far less soluble in the organic layer, allowing it to separate from that layer after
centrifuging. Because caffeine has dipoles, and thus is polar, it is likely to dissolve in methylene
chloride because it is also polar. This means that methylene chloride and caffeine would be in the
same layer after centrifuging, separating from the inorganic layer. Water in the mixture exists in the
inorganic layer and is used to isolate the caffeine from the tannins from the tea

Synthesis Of Aniline Lab Report
The synthesis required that the starting materials contain an aniline and aldehyde in order to produce
an imine, which is a primary amine. Using p–chlorobenzaldehyde and p–bromoaniline along with
the addition of dichloromethane and, in some cases, a water trapping reagent, the group was able to
synthesize 4–bromo–N–[4–(chlorophenyl)methylene]–benzenamine. Three different reactions using
the same reactants but different water trapping agents were employed in order to determine which
trapping agent, either molecular sieves or sodium sulfate, would remove the most water and leave
the purest product. Upon completion of TLC, melting point analysis, as well as IR spectrum, and 1H
NMR analysis, it was determined that the reaction using the molecular sieves produced the purest
substance. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that the molecular sieves would produce the greatest
percent yield of pure product since it is the only water trapping agent that can also separate out non–
water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of methanol to dissolve any lingering impurities following the drying phase helped
conclude that the molecular sieves produced the greatest amount of pure product followed by
sodium sulfate with the monitor reaction containing no water trapping reagent having the least
amount.
Introduction
The nucleophilic addition reaction of an aldehyde with an amine gave rise to an imine with the
addition of heat or an acid or base catalyst being used to speed up the product separation or removal
of water to complete the reaction. The amine acted as a nucleophile and attached itself to the
aldehyde, or carbonyl group. Imines, known as azomethines or Schiff bases, are compounds that are
represented by the general formula R3R2C=NR1.1 Schiff bases can be formed from aldehydes or
ketones but an amine is always required to complete the reaction. When it comes to biological roles,
imines are crucial intermediates for both enzymatic and pharmaceutical interest but

Joining Macromolecules In An Organ's Body
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are all essential macromolecules for basic
biological functions within an organism's body, and other everyday applications. They are used in
chemical reactions to achieve many results, such as energy storage, DNA coding, waste
management, and a number of other uses. However, most of the chemical reactions involving
macromolecules rely heavily on the shape and structure of the molecule; such as the amount of
monomers in the macromolecule. The process of joining macromolecule monomers together is a
chemical reaction called dehydration synthesis, or also known as a condensation reaction. The
functional groups of a macromolecule are reacted together to form various types of bonds, and
produce water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ecologically speaking, the plant life is heavily dependent on dehydration synthesis. The cell wall of
a plant is entirely composed of a carbohydrate– cellulose– that was constructed with dehydration
synthesis and other nutrients. The cell walls are the leading reason for plants', and trees' stiffness. To
further expand upon this idea, a maple tree is able to grow tall, partially due to the stiff cell wall.
The importance of healthy and strong plant life to the environment should not go unnoticed. More
importantly the contributions of dehydration synthesis are indirectly and directly responsible for the
above applications, and drive several biological systems. Medically speaking, the absence of
proteins has been linked to several health disorders such as Alzheimer's and Creutzfeldt–Jakob
disease. The importance of properly constructed proteins is the difference between a healthy
functioning brain and a disease that could result in death or other extreme negative side

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Silylation
Advantages
i. Derivatives of alkylation are very stable ii. Some of these reactions can be done in aqueous
solutions iii. Alkylation reagents are widely available iv. They are wither strong basic or acidic in
nature.
Disadvantages
1. They are only limited to acid hydroxyl groups and amines
2. The reagents used are mostly toxic
Alkylating agents and how they act.
a. Boron trichloride in methanol or chloroethanol: an acidic hydrogen group undergoes esterification
in the presence of boron trichloride an ester derivative. Acid BCl3
RCOOH + ClCH2CH2OH → RCOOCH2CH2Cl + H2O
b. Tetra–butyl–ammonium hydroxide (TBH): forms butyl ester with derivative or carboxylic acid
that improves the retention time in the gas chromatography column. TBH ... Show more content on
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Reagents are sensitive to moisture
III. They also have odor and can be hazardous
IV. Acidic by–product is formed by the reagents which can damage the columns during Gas
chromatography Acylating reagents used and their mechanism of action;
Reagents used in acylation are mostly halogenated or contain halogen compounds in their structures.
I. Fluorinated anhydrides react with amines, phenols, and alcohols to give highly volatile and stable
derivative of the prior analyte to be used. Acid receptor or amines are needed to enhance the
reaction.
II. Penta–fluoro–benzoyl Chloride can be used for stoically hindered functional groups. It is can also
be used in the derivatization of secondary amines which are highly sensitive and alcohols. An acid
by–product e.g. hydrochloric acid is formed during the process but can be neutralized with the use
of sodium hydroxide. Chiral derivatization in Gas Chromatography
Special reagents are required for the derivatization of chiral compounds which are superimposable
and grouped as enantiomers. The reaction of purely chiral reagents with enantiomeric compounds
will proceed to the formation of a racemic mixture that is two derivative enantiomers of one
compound and is separated using gas Chromatography to give separate diastereomers for each
enantiomer. Chiral derivatization is in high demand due to research on chiral

Artificial Sweeteners Should Be Banned
Artificial sweeteners should be banned because of their harmful effects
Kaleb Kassaye
Nova Southeastern University
[Comp 1050 EV2: Kevin Dvorak] The use of artificial sweeteners in beverages and food has been
on a steady rise since 1969, the year it was authorized in the United States of America. The
popularity of artificial sweeteners has been on a rise because of the benefit that it is a zero calorie
sweetener .Even though artificial sweeteners have some great benefits many scientists believe that it
causes adverse effects such as cancer, weight gain and depression. I strongly believe that consumers
are not aware of the side effects of artificial sweeteners hence the increase in consumption since
1969.
Through extensive research, scientists have concluded that artificial sweeteners are carcinogenic; a
cancer causing agent. Scientific research has revealed that cyclamate in combination with saccharin,
the two main ingredients in artificial sweeteners, caused bladder cancer in laboratory rats. Though
test where not done on humans scientist believe that the long–term effect of using artificial
sweeteners would lead to the same complications in humans. Amino acids are biologically important
organic compounds composed of amine and carboxylic acid functional groups. The human body
needs amino acids to thrive. It is documented that ingestion of high amounts of artificial amino acids
found in artificial sweeteners can have adverse effects on the human body such as cancer.

2-11 Chemistry Synthesis Lab Report
2– Synthesis of thiolated triethyl chitosan (TEC–Cys) 2–1 synthesis of quaternized ammonium of
chitosan (TEC) Triethyl chitosan (TEC) was synthesized as previously described byAvadi et al. [8,
15]with minor modification. Briefly,2 g of chitosan was dispersed in 50 ml of NMP at room
temperature while being stirred magnetically. Then in a reflux condition 15 mL ethyl iodide was
added stepwise every 1 h. Sodium hydroxide and sodium iodide were not applied in this process in
order to decrease O– methylation of chitosan. After 24 hours by adding acetone,TEC precipitant was
produced. Finally, for purification of TEC and ion exchange of I toCl,dialysis against 10 % NaCl
solution was carried out for 24 hours. Then, purified quaternized ammonium of chitosan was
precipitated by acetone and characterized by 1H–NMR using D2O as solvent. 2–2 Synthesis of
thiolated quaternized ammonium of chitosan(TEC–Cys) The chemical structure of TEC–Cys is
illustrated in figure 1.The covalent attachment of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Briefly, 0.5 mg of TEC was dissolved in 500 μL of 0.5 M phosphate buffer pH 8.0. Then 500 μL of
0.03 % (m/v) of DTNB dissolved in 0.5 M phosphate buffer pH 8.0 was added. After incubation at
room temperature for 2 hours, the thiol group was determined by using spectrophotometer (Optizen
2120UV Plus) at 405 nm wavelengths. 3– Formation of disulfide bond A 3% (m/v) solution of TEC–
Cys was hydrated in 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and incubated at 37±5˚C under shaking. At
predetermined time intervals, 200 µL of hydrated conjugates were withdrawn and 50 µL of 1M HCl
was added to stop further reactions. The amount of remaining thiol groups was determined using
Ellman's reagent [15]. 4– Preparation of nanoparticles In this work, insulin nanoparticles were
prepared by PEC method[4, 16,

G-protein-coupled receptors, also called GPCRs, form the...
G–protein–coupled receptors, also called GPCRs, form the largest receptor family among cell
surface proteins 1. This receptor family is large in size and very diverse, especially in mammalian
genomes 2. In simple terms, GPCRs are used for cellular communication 1. These receptors still
need extensive research since they are such a large, diverse group. More so, continued research can
benefit humans when it comes to pharmaceuticals. GPCRs are key when it comes to cells converting
external signals into the correct intracellular signals 1. There is more than 800 GPCRs within the
human genome. They are responsible for many of our everyday experiences. For example: some our
senses (taste, vision, and smell), "fight–or–flight" responses ... Show more content on
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Pheromones are molecules released to convey social or sexual cues, done through individuals of the
same species 5. A hormone is a chemical carried via blood to another part of the body (not where it
was synthesized) where it can affect cellular activity 3. With a wide range of ligands that can be
used in the initial step we can see why so many things in our everyday experiences are controlled by
GPCRs. There are hundreds of different GPCRs that control a range of functions within the body.
An example of a GPCR is rhodopsin and protease–activated receptors (PARs). Rhodopsin, a 7
transmembrane (7TM), activates the retinol molecule that is covalently linked in the TM cavity 1.
Rhodopsin does this by changing the configuration to activate the receptor; it changes from cis to
trans 1. PAR is a family of 4 GPCRs that activate important signaling pathways 7. PARs activate
signaling pathways that deal with the following: survival, morphology, release of neurotransmitters,
and activity of ion channels 7. GPCRs are essential in numerous processes through the body (i.e.
immunological function and normal cell growth) 1. Therefore, pharmaceutical drugs are known to
target these G–protein–coupled receptors and this is expected to increase with our knowledge of
GPCRs. Cimetidine is one GPCR drug that blocks the action of Beta–adrenergic receptors (βARs)
and H2 histamine

Aspartate Aminotransferase
The hindrance of serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferases (SALT and SAST) by anandamide
in vitro was contemplated. The outcomes demonstrated that both SALT and SAST were intensely
restrained by anandamide and the enzymes regained their strength by dialysis, showing that the
inhibitory impact of anandamide is reversible. The hindrance of both SALT and SAST by
anandamide was observed to be moderate and demonstrated the normal for a first request response
up to 30 minutes. The rate constants portraying this inhibition, in particular: the binding constant
(KB) (90 µM and 255 µM for SALT and SAST individually) and bimolecular inhibition constant ki
(533 and 571 (M. min)–1 for SALT and SAST respectively) were resolved. kcat (rate ... Show more
(12)
The aim of this work is to study the effect of anandamide on the activities of SALT and SAST as
these two enzymes are of great value as liver function tests.
Kinetic measurements were carried out to evaluate its inhibitory power, such as bimolecular
inhibition constant, affinity constant, amidation rate as well as the type of inhibition of SALT and
SAST by anandamide.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Chemicals were purchased from Aldrich chem. Co. England. Fresh human serum (obtained from
Medical Research Institute Blood Bank) was used as source of the enzymes. The enzymes SALT
and SAST activities were assayed by the method of Reitman and Frankel.(13) In this method; the
keto acid formed were measured colourimetricaly after combination with 2,4–dinitrophenyl
hydrazine, then the hydrazone formed was measured at 530

Multistep Synthesis Essay
Results:
Limiting Reactant: Eq 1 Limiting reactant = Benzoin
Theoretical yield of Benzil:
Eq 2
Theoretical Yield Benzil | 0.296 g | Mass of Crude Benzil | 0.188 g | Mass of Final Benzil | 0.127 g |
% Yield | 43% | % Recovery | 66% |
Table 1: Mass of crude/final Benzil, % yield, and % recovery
Percent Yield: % Yield = (Final product/Theoretical product) x 100 Eq 3 = (0.127 g/0.296 g) x 100 =
43% yield
Percent Recovery % Recovery = (Final product/Crude product) x 100 Eq 4 = (0.127 g/0.188 g) x
100 = 66% recovery
Theoretical Yield Benzilic Acid:
Eq 5
Theoretical Yield Benzilic Acid | 0.109 g | Final Benzilic Acid | 0.060g | ... Show more content on
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The percent yield, calculated using the theoretical and final amount of benzil, was 43% (see Eq 3).
The percent recovery, calculated using the crude and final amount of benzil, was 66% (Eq 4). The
melting points of crude and final benzil were 82.5 – 85.6C and 94.2C respectively (Table 3). The
literature value for pure benzil is 95C and the final crystallized benzil temperature value is very
close to the literature value. This testifies the purity of the experimental benzil. The melting point
value of the crude was much lower and the range was much wider due to the impurities. For further
conformation of the purity of experimental benzil, the infrared spectroscopy was observed. . The
following functional groups were determined on the infrared spectroscopy according to their
corresponding wavenumbers: aromatic, sp2 C–H bonds, and C=O/carbonyl group (Table 4). Benzil
incorporates all of the above functional groups. The melting and infrared spectroscopy confirmed
that the final product created was Benzil.

In the following reaction, benzil was rearranged to from benzilic acid by reacting it with potassium
hydroxide in ethanol. 0.100 benzil was utilized and the theoretical yield of benzilic acid was 0.109
grams (see Eq 5). The final yield and weight of benzilic acid was 0.60 grams. The final yield and
theoretical yield were used to calculate the percent yield, 55% (similar to Eq 3). The melting point
of benzilic acid was 148.3C and the literature value for

A Novel Local And Global Similarity Based Feature...
A Novel Local and Global Similarity based Feature
Extraction Approach for Protein Classification
Abstract–In this article, a novel approach is proposed based on local and global similarity for
extracting features from protein sequences. The proposed approach extract only 6 features
corresponding to each protein sequence. These features are computed by globally considering the
probabilities of occurrences of the amino acids in different position of the sequences which locally
belongs to the six exchange groups [1]. Then, these features are used as an inputs for Neural
Network learning algorithm named as Boolean–Like Training Algorithm (BLTA) [2]. The
BLTA classifier is used to classify the protein sequences obtained from the Protein Information
Resource (PIR) maintained by the
National Biomedical Research Foundation (NBREF–PIR) [3]. To investigate the efficacy of
proposed feature extraction approach, the experimentation is performed on two superfamilies,
namely
Ras and Globin. Across tenfold cross validation, the highest
Classification Accuracy and Computational Time achieved by proposed approach is 94.323.52 and
6.54(s) respectively in comparison to the Classification Accuracies achieved by other approaches
[4], [5] and [6] are 85.420.55, 67.518.38, 51.410.27 with Computational Time 7.11(s),
10.13(s), 63.98(s) respectively.
The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach extract the minimum relevant
features for each protein sequence.
Therefore, it

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Warfarin
Warfarin, (Coumadin) is the most commonly prescribed oral anticoagulant for patients. It was
originally used for rat poisoning in mid 1900's. It was later discovered safe for humans to digest, to
reduce blood clots from forming in the blood or arteries. Vitamin K plays a major role for blood
clotting The drug inhibits the enzyme vitamin K epoxide reductase and interferes with blood
coagulation. Patients prescribed with this drug is advised to consume less food that are rich in
vitamin K because it reduces the effects of Warfarin. Warfarin,(Coumadin) has a chemical formula
of C19H15NaO4. The expanded structure formula for this drug is more detailed compared to the
skeletal structural formula. Every single atom and bond connected are shown in the formula. The
drug Warfarin,(Coumadin) has nineteen carbons attached with hydrogens, which are only attached if
the carbon does not have four bonds connected to it, four oxygens along with one derivative which
is Na. The molar mass, (which is the sum of the masses in grams of all the elements within the
compound) for this compound is 330.3g = 1 mole C19H15NaO4.
To prepare 50.0 mL of 5.30 x 10–2 M solution from Warfarin and water one needs exactly .875
grams (which is calculated by converting the 50.0mL to liters and multiplying the liters with the
molarity over one liter to cancel out the liters. Then the molarity from that answer gets multiplied to
the grams of the drug over one mole which gives the answer .875) of the drug on a

Essay Preparation of 4-Bromoaniline
Preparation of 4–bromoaniline
Introduction
Aromatic compounds tend to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitutions rather than addition
reactions. Substitution of a new group for a hydrogen atom takes place via a resonance–stabilized
carbocation. As the benzene ring is quite electron–rich, it almost always behaves as a nucleophile in
a reaction which means the substitution on benzene occurs by the addition of an electrophile.
Substituted benzenes tend to react at predictable positions. Alkyl groups and other electron–donating
substituents enhance substitution and direct it toward the ortho and para positions. Electron–
withdrawing substituents slow the substitution and direct it toward the meta positions.
Aromatic compounds also undergo ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Aniline 93.1 10 0.107 Yes
Ethanoic anhydride 102.1 12 0.118 No
Glacial ethanoic acid 60.1 25 0.416 No
No. moles produced by aniline = 0.107 moles
Theoretical mass of N–phenylethanamide = n*MR = 0.107 × 135 = 14.44g
Percentage yield = actual yield (g)/theoretical yield (g) × 100 = (11.9/14.44) × 100 = 82%
For preparation of N–(4–bromophenyl) ethanamide:
Product RMM Volume used/ g Volume used/ mL Moles used Limiting reagent?
N–phenylethanamide 135.2 5 0.0370 No
Bromine 159.8 2.1 0.0131 Yes
No. moles produced by bromine = 0.0131 moles
Theoretical mass of N–(4–bromophenyl) ethanamide = n*MR = 0.0131 × 159.8 = 2.10 g
For preparation of 4–bromoaniline:
Product RMM Volume used/ g Volume used/ mL Moles used Limiting reagent?
N–(4–bromophenyl) ethanamide 214.1 5 0.0234 Yes
Hydrochloric acid 36 50 5.00 No
No. moles produced by N–(4–bromophenyl) ethanamide = 0.0234 moles
Theoretical mass of 4–bromoaniline= n*MR = 0.0234 × 214.1 = 5.01 g

Discussion
The preparation of N–phenylethanamide from aniline was the first step of the experiment.

Benzene-Linked Amine
In an attempt to meet climate emissions goals, scientists are obtaining and using carbon dioxide
emitted by power plants and other sources. In theory, carbon dioxide is easy to capture. This is
because it is acidic, and it reacts effortlessly with simple bases like amines. In practice, however,
amine scrubbing, the method used by some power plants to capture carbon dioxide for cleaning flue
gases, is defeated because it encloses the greenhouse gas in water–based solutions. An abundance of
energy is required to heat these great amounts of water in order to release the carbon dioxide that
was captured and to renew the amines.
To address this problem, Fuyuhiko Inagaki along with his research team at Kanazawa University
disclose a group of amines that absorb carbon dioxide but not water, possibly decreasing the amount
of energy that is needed to run the scrubbing process. Inagaki and his colleagues, who are all
medicinal chemists, created the amines while trying to produce a dry stream of carbon dioxide from
air for use as a constituent for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They tested the carbon dioxide absorption ability of many types of benzene–linked amines, ranging
from simple benzylamine to xylylenediamines. Then the group exposed the best–performing amines
to open air for two weeks to figure out the amount of water absorbed relative to carbon dioxide. The
researchers concluded that the xylylenediamines were the most promising: They absorbed absolutely
no water. In comparison, monoethanolamine, the typical compound used in the process of amine
scrubbing, absorbed three molecules of water for every molecule of carbon. The xylylenediamine
carbon dioxide product precipitated as a white solid that had no water when the research group
dissolved the best–performing xylylenediamine in water and exposed the solution to

The Preparation of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) with Thin...
Experiment 3: The preparation of acetaminophen (paracetamol) with thin layer chromatography
(TLC) to monitor the reaction.
Abstract:
This experiment is to demonstrate the preparation of paracetamol and its properties. Reflux and
filtration of 4–aminophenol and acetic anhydride formed the crude sample. Further analysis of dry
white crystals were used to give quantitative measurements and a percentage yield of 46% was
obtained. The overall conclusion is that the acetic anhydride reacted with the –NH2 group.
Materials and Methods:
1. We weighed out (on a top–pan balance) 4–aminophenol (about 11.0g) in a weighing boat and
transfer the powder to a 250cm3 round–bottomed flask (RBF) using a powder funnel. 2. Then
recorded the amount ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
–Sample + Ethanol= Colourless solution
FeCl3 was then added to this solution and a positive colour change was seen, as it turned green
–Sample + Ethanol + FeCl3 = Dark Green solution
This was then repeated using Salicyclic Acid instead of the sample to give a reference material as it
will give a positive test for a phenol.
–Salicyclic Acid + Ethanol = Colourless solution
–Salicyclic Acid + Ethanol + FeCl3 =Purple solution
The positive colour change from colourless to dark green of the sample means that the phenol group
is present in the sample. Therefore indicating that the acetic anhydride has reacted with the amino
group.
3. Determine the melting point and record the infrared spectrum of the dry solid.
Melting Point:

The melting point of sample obtained is: 1680C
Literature Value: [1]: 169–1720C
Fig 1.1–Infrared Spectra of Paracetamol:
The infrared spectrum of paracetamol shows the appearance of a new peak at 1561 – 1650cm–1 this
represents the carbonyl group from the acetic anhydride, meaning that paracetamol has been formed.
The –OH peak is still present at 3109 – 3319cm–1 this shows that the phenol group is still attached
to paracetamol. From the infrared spectra you can also see that the –NH2 group has disappeared.
This is as it has been selectively acetylated by acetic anhydride to form paracetamol.
4. TLC Plate analysis and Rf values of important spots.
Fig 1.2–Thin Layer Chromatography of Student samples 1 and

The And Pka Values Of Nucleobases
NUCLEOSIDE TAUTOMERISM AND pKa VALUES
The nucleophilicity of nucleobases (Figure 2.1.1) is dictated by the pKa of the amino and amido
functions and their tautomeric forms. Table 2.1.1 lists the pKa values of nucleobases. The amide–
like nitrogens (N3 of uridine and N1 of guanosine) are acidic in character, whereas the ring
nitrogens are basic. Therefore, at strongly alkaline pH, the proton at N3 of uridine and thymidine
and that at N1 of guanosine are removed. Under acidic conditions (at pH ~3), the sites of
protonation are N1 of adenosine and N3 of cytidine. At more acidic pH, the N7 of guanosine and
adenosine and the O4 of uridine are protonated. Thus, all the bases remain mostly uncharged in the
physiological range of pH 5 to 9 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Quite clearly, protecting groups and the protocols for their installation and removal should be
designed to avoid various side reactions.
Nucleobases undergo substitution reactions with electrophilic reagents. For example, both N– and
O–alkylation of the imide and lactam groups occur with alkylating agents. The N7 position of
purines is also a potential site for electrophilic attack (Figure 2.1.5). Because of these competing
reactions, simple alkylation of exocyclic amino function is not a viable protection strategy for
nucleobases. On the other hand, it is possible to chemoselectively acylate the exocyclic amino
group. Thus, acyl–type protecting groups are widely used for the protection of the exocyclic amino
groups of nucleosides (Figure 2.1.7).
The imide/lactam NH of thymidine, uridine (pKa, 9.38), and guanosine (pKa, 9.42) is weakly acidic
and can deprotonate under basic conditions. The resulting nucleophilic anion can react with a variety
of reagents such as activated phosphates, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), mesitylene sulfonyl
chloride, 1–(mesitylene–2–sulfonyl)–3–nitro–1,2,4–triazole (MSNT), acid chlorides,
phosphitylating reagents, and electrophilic reagents that are employed during coupling reactions.
These side reactions result in nucleobase–derived N– and O–products.
Nucleosides also react with a variety of nucleophilic reagents. For example,

Synthesis of Acetaminophen Essay
Synthesis of Acetaminophen
Lab Report
Bijal Patel, 20467049
Partner: Poojan Parikh
T.A.'s: Long Pu
CHEM 123L, Section: 006, Rm: ESC 149
Tuesday February 4, 2013, 2:30pm–5:20pm
Experiment Done: Tuesday January 22, 2013
Introduction
Acetaminophen was first introduced in 1955 (Richman, 2004). It is an over–the–counter drug that
relieves pain and reduced fevers. Acetaminophen is considered an alternate to aspirin since it does
not irritate the stomach (Richman, 2004). It also has very low toxicity is it is used properly.
Acetaminophen is cheap and easily obtainable from any pharmacy.
Acetaminophen is created when the amine group of p–aminophenol is acetylated by acetic
anhydride. This creates an amide functional group and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
There were very few, if any, errors made during this lab.
Questions
1. a) If 20 mL of water were added for every 1g of crude product then crystallization would occur in
less quantity or not occur at all. As the solution is dissolved, heated, and later cooled, the impurities
of the solution remain in the solution. As more solvent is added, more of the product will remain in
the solution rather than crystallizing; hence, a much lower yield would be obtained.
b) If 5mL of water were added for every 1g of crude product then one of two things would happen;
the solid would not dissolve or the impurities would still be present within the product. The solvent
is used to dissolve all the impurities of the crude product and if less solvent is available, the
impurities would remain within the product.
c) If room temperature solvent was used rather than cold solvent then more of the product will
remain in the solution. As temperature increases, solubility also increases in most cases, which

would keep some of the product dissolved resulting in a lower yield.
2. a) An organic compound is any compound that contains carbon, generally, are large chains of
carbon that are covalently bonded. They can be gaseous, liquid or a solid (Seager; Slabaug, 2004).
b) An amine is an organic compound/functional group that is derived by replacing one or more of its
hydrogen atoms in ammonia

Acetaldeunge Lab Report
For example the wave numbers of v (C=O) absorptions for the following compounds:
Formaldehyde (HCHO) 1750 cm–1.
Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO) 1745 cm–1.
Acetone (CH3COCH3) 1715 cm–1.
Introduction of an electronegative group causes –I effect which results in the bond order to increase.
Hence the force constant increases and the wave number of absorption rises. MESOMERIC
EFFECT It is responsible for lengthening or the weakening of a bond thus causing lowering of
absorption frequency. Since nitrogen atom is less electronegative than oxygen atom, the electron
pair on nitrogen atom in amide is more labile and hence it participates more in conjugation.
Due to this greater degree of conjugation, the C=O absorption frequency is much less in amides as
compared to that in esters.
FIELD EFFECT In ortho substituted compounds, the lone pair of electrons on two atoms influences
each other through space interactions and changes the vibrational frequencies of both the groups.
This effect is called field effect. Interpretation of spectra–
1. N–H stretching vibrations (secondary amine) Secondary amines show a single weak band in the
3350 – 3310 cm–1 region. These bands are shifted to longer wavelengths than primary amines due
to hydrogen bonding. The position, intensity and the breadth of the band indicates whether the group
is free, exhibit intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
2. C–H stretching vibrations (Aromatic/Aliphatic) Aromatic C–H stretching bands occur between
3100 and 3000 cm–1. Weak combination and overtone bands appear in the 2000–1650 cm–1 region.
The absorption due to C–H stretch from methyl or methylene groups occur in the region of 3000–
2840 cm–1
3. Ring stretching vibrations (C=C C=N stretching vibrations) Ring stretching vibrations occur in
the general region between 1600 and 1300 cm–1. The relative intensities and the band pattern
depend on the substitution pattern and the nature of the substituent. 4 C–N stretching vibrations
(secondary amines) – Aromatic amines display strong C–N stretching absorption in the 1342–1266
cm–1 region.

The Importance Of Creatine
Creatine is an organic molecule that is found in the human body as well as other vertebrate animal's
tissue (Creatine). It is considered an amino acid. Creatine is made naturally in the liver or can be
taken as a supplement (Creatine). Creatine has shown that when taken as a supplement it has many
benefits to the human body.
Structure and Properties: The formula for creatine is; C4H9N3O2 (Creatine). The structure is: By
looking at the structure of creatine and the bonds present, we can understand a lot of the properties.
The melting point of creatine is 255 degrees Celsius (Creatine). This is a relatively high boiling
point for a molecule. The high boiling point is due to the hydrogen bonds present between the
oxygen and hydrogen and the nitrogen and hydrogen. Hydrogen bonds are very strong and not easily
broken. Hydrogen bonds increase strength with numbers, this causes the melting point to be higher
in a molecule with more than one area where hydrogen bonding is present. Hydrogen bonding can
occur with the oxygen and the nitrogen in the molecule.
Shapes:
The shapes are determined by the bonds and the lone pairs on the atom. The bonds and lone pairs
cause the molecule to bend into different shapes dependent on the number of bonds and lone pairs.
They bend into a specific shape with different angle degrees.
Chirality:
Chirality refers to the mirror image of a molecule (Chirality and Stereoisomers). To identify a

Differentiation Of Cyclic Tertiary Amine Cathinone...
Differentiation of Cyclic Tertiary Amine Cathinone Derivatives by
Product Ion Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Younis Abiedalla1, 2, Karim Abdel–Hay1, 3, Jack DeRuiter1 and C. Randall Clark1*
(1) Department of Drug Discovery and Development,
Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University,
Auburn, AL 36849, USA
(2) Department of Medicinal Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy,
Omar Al–Mukhtar University,
El–Beida, Libya
(3) Dept. of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University,
Alexandria, 21521, Egypt
*Corresponding author
Professor C. Randall Clark, Ph. D. clarkcr@auburn.edu phone 334–844–8326 fax 334–844–8331
Differentiation of Cyclic Tertiary Amine Cathinone Derivatives by
Product Ion Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Abstract
Rationale
A number of synthetic cathinones (aminoketones, ?bath salts?) are tertiary amines containing a
cyclic amino group, most commonly pyrrolidine. These totally synthetic compounds can be
prepared in a number of regioisomeric designer modification and many of these can yield isomeric
major EI–MS fragment ions.
Methods
A series of regioisomeric cyclic tertiary amines were prepared and evaluated in EI–MS and MS/MS
product ion experiments. The cyclic amines azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine and azepane were

incorporated into a series of aminoketones related to the cathinone derivative drug of abuse known
as MDPV. Deuterium labeling in both the cyclic amine and alkyl side chain allowed for the

Writing Assignment Analysis
Writing Assignment 1
1. When this work was done, how many countries were involved in the collaboration? What were
these countries?
Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, USA, Denmark, UK
2. Whom should you contact if you have questions about this work?
K.L.C. (campbelk@cc.umanitoba.ca) or A.C. (alan.cooper@adelaide.edu.au)
3. How many pieces of work are cited in these three paragraphs?
10.
4. Compared to citation #7, what specifically does citation #8 tell the reader?
That it has sebaceous glands, and the citation gives the present address of the source of this
information.
5. What is the difference between word–for–word and paraphrasing plagiarism?
Word–for–word plagiarism copying the exact words of the author without quoting or citation.
Paraphrasing is taking the author's idea and putting it in your own words without giving credit to the
author (citation).
6. What is the difference between information and ideas? What is considered common knowledge?
A piece of information is not common knowledge and must have a source. Ideas could be anything
from conclusions to a list of steps in a process and must be cited if provided by a source. Common
knowledge is facts and theories that are familiar to the readers and does not need citations.
7. Which of these (information, ideas, common knowledge) need a cited source in ... Show more
2010, 536–537). Studies have found genetic sequence difference where some amino acids have been
changed but they failed to find a link to those phenotypical changes. The study has studied the
amino acid changes from the hemoglobin of this species and have found that account for their new
adaptations to the cold Arctic habitat. They discovered three substitutions in the amino acid of the
wooly mammoth β/δ
globin chain which are T12A, A86S and

Aluminum Contamination Due to Firework Industry
Soil sample analysis
The amount of aluminium present in the explosive (firework industry) contaminated soil sample was
estimated as 3.649 mg/L using atomic absorption spectrophotometer.
Aluminium resistance and species identification
The strain isolated from the firework industry was able to survive metal concentration as high as 100
mg/L aluminium in LB agar. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequencing, it was identified as Bacillus
safensis and submitted in Genbank database with accession number KC569464 (Fig. 1). Batch
biosorption studies
Effect of pH
The pH of the media is considered to be one of the most important environmental factors affecting
the biosorption process. Moreover, it affects the solubility of metals and ionization state of
functional groups which includes carboxyl, phosphate and amino groups of cell wall (Wang and Sun
2013). The effect of pH on the biosorption of aluminium is presented in Fig. 2a. Results show that
the amount of aluminium ion uptake increased (10 – 92 mg/L) by rise in pH values (2.0 – 6.0) and
the maximum removal efficiency was observed at pH 6. At low pH (less than 4.0) heavy metal
removal was inhibited, as a result of positive charge density on metal binding due to a high
concentration of protons in solution. With an increase in pH, the negative charge density on the cell
surface increases due to deprotonation of the metal binding sites and thus increases biosorption (Say
et al. 2001). At alkaline pH, more Al appears in a

T-Tapp Safety Case Study
Is T–Tapp Safe? Not only is this system safe for anyone of all ages and sizes to use, it is also very
simple as well. T–Tapp Side Effects As with any exercise program that involves movement, sore
muscles, pain and inflammation may occur but reduces with time. [cite url =
https://www.consumerhealthdigest.com/bodybuilding/t–tapp.html] T–Tapp Lawsuits The first
question most people ask is if this is a scam, but there hasn't been any mention of a scam or lawsuit
at this time. T–Tapp Pros and Cons Pros It only takes 15 minutes to do You can do the entire
workout in a small area You do not need any special equipment just shoes with good support and
loose fitted, comfortable clothing A healthy way to lose weight Cons No refund if ... Show more
Offering a wide variety of instruction, perfect for beginners and advanced student alike leaving you
feeling younger, fit, and in shape! Disk Three – Power Yoga for Every Body Become stronger and
more flexible while increasing energy, relieving stress and getting into shape with Yoga Journal, that
includes over twenty routines to help you progress and learn the healing art of yoga. Just select the
routine of your choice any day of the week and this extensive and comprehensive DVD program
will adapt to meet your needs with practices ranging from 20 to 120 minutes. This amazing power of
flow yoga is accessible to everyone from beginner to advanced practitioner. It helps to relieve stress
and tension, increase flexibility, and get you in shape while emphasizing on breathing awareness and
alignment. Led by renowned instructor Barbara Benagh who explores asana with her slow flow
renowned method of vinyasa, which are poses that flow together. This set includes Building
practices of Strength Balance Relaxation Stress Relief AM and PM

Segmented Polyurethanes Can Be Represented By Three Basic...
Segmented polyurethanes can be represented by three basic components in the following general
form: P–(D(CD)n–P)n
Where P is the polyol, D is the diisocyanate and C is the chain extender. Polyol, or the so–called soft
segment, is an oligomeric macromonomer comprising a soft flexible chain terminated by hydroxyl
(–OH) groups. The chain extender is usually a small molecule with either hydroxyl, or amine end
groups. The diisocyanate is a low molecular weight compound that can react with either the polyol
or chain extender, leading to the interesting segmented structure. In linear polyurethanes, the three
components have a functionality of two. If a branched or crosslinked material is desired,
multifunctional polyols, isocyanates, and sometimes chain extenders can be incorporated into the
formulation. Due to the statistical nature of the copolymerization, polyurethanes have both a
distribution in total molecular weight and adistribution in the hard segment sequence length, those
copolymer sequences denoted as D(CD)n, that follow essentially a most probable distribution.
The principle chemical reaction involved in the synthesis of polyurethanes is the urethane–forming
reaction, i.e., the reaction between isocyanate and hydroxyl groups.
Because this is a nucleophilic addition reaction, it is catalyzed by basic compounds such as tertiary
amines and by metal compounds such as organotin. Urethane formation is actually an equilibrium
reaction; the presence of catalyst therefore

Synthesis Lab Report
Synthesis Most ADCs contain a complex arrangement of functional groups, both on the protein and
the conjugated drug molecule. These functional groups vary in bond energy, electronegativity,
hydrophobicity, and charge. Below in figure 2, the simplified general layout of a typical ADC can be
seen. Covalently linking the drug molecule directly to the antibody polypeptide chain, although
intuitive, is not the most efficient method of synthesis. It is difficult to attach the drug molecule to a
specific region on the antibody, frequently the molecule will attach at incorrect locations that
significantly alter the immunoaffinity of the antibody. Furthermore, chemotherapeutic agents can be
expensive to synthesize. Thus, any aberrant antibody that is discarded can be very costly. A simple,
yet effective, solution to this problem involves the use of a linker molecule. In most cases it is more
conducive if the bond between the payload and the linker molecule is weak, or cleavable, allowing
for quick release. However, depending on the cell type, this lability is not always desired. We will
discuss both methods of attachment in the following section. Linker Technology Linkers can be
cleavable or non–cleavable, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example if a drug was attached via a C–N bond directly to the antibody chain the energy
required to break that bond would be roughly 330 kJ/mol. This bond strength implies that the drug
will be stable enough to travel through the bloodstream without being degraded. As degradation in
the bloodstream would release the drug into healthy tissue and cause undesired damage. The
conundrum arises when the linker must be stable enough to travel through the bloodstream, yet be
relatively severable when the desired cell is reached. A clever solution to this conundrum is the use
of linker molecules with varying levels of cleavability. A schematic of the layout of Trastuzumab
Emtansine can be seen below in Figure

Alkite Synthesis
On 1/7, the Alky started to only process FCCU BB and no longer process Coker BB. Alkylation
chemistry neither likes contaminants nor diluents. Contaminants are direct acid consumers. The
more contaminants in the feed, the more often the unit will be at an acid constraint. Diluents do not
reaction in alkylation chemistry but they take up space and decrease the effective area for isobutane
and olefin to contact. With less contact, side reactions like polymerization are more likely to occur;
polymerization reactions are a direct acid consumer.
Comparing the FCCU and Coker BB, Coker BB contains far more contaminants and diluents than
FCCU BB (see Table 2, pg.4).
By lowering the amount of contaminants and diluents, acid consumption was reduced ... Show more
The best way to decrease acid residence time is by lowering the level in the settlers. PAR has
abnormally high settler levels (45–60% vs. typical 15–20%). The acid consumption impact of
running at the appropriate levels in the settler is –0.15 lb/gal or 1.3 MM$/yr in savings (1.1 MM$/yr
at cooling constraint and 1.3 MM$/yr at acid constraint). Process Support recommends maintaining
a level of 15–20% in C and A settler and a level of 40% in B settler. B settler should be run higher
than C or A because of risk of sending lighter hydrocarbons to the spent acid tank.
3. Emulsion recycle
Emulsion recycle minimizes undesirable side reactions, such as polymerization, in the acid settler by
keeping the olefins and alkyl sulfates (esters) in contact with isobutane. This results in improved
Alkylate quality with reduced acid consumption. Process Support recommends opening all emulsion
recycle valves 100%.
In general, maximum acid recycle rates and minimum acid residence time promote better Alkylate
product quality, and decrease the potential for polymerization. Net effect of implementing these
steps is $5.3 MM$/yr due to reduced acid consumption and lower endpoint.
Operations began lowering settler levels and opening acid recycle valves in February. Progress on
this effort will be reported in the next bi–monthly

What Is Amlodipine Impurity?
Amlodipine Impurity–D 3–ethyl 5–methyl 2–((2–aminoethoxy)methyl)–4–(2–chlorophenyl)–6–
methylpyridine–3,5–dicarboxylate
Amlodipine Impurity–E diethyl 2–((2–aminoethoxy)methyl)–4–(2–chlorophenyl)–1,4–dihydro–6–
Amlodipine Impurity–F dimethyl 2–((2–aminoethoxy)methyl)–4–(2–chlorophenyl)–1,4–dihydro–6–
Amlodipine Impurity–I 3–ethyl 5–methyl 2–((2–aminoethoxy)methyl)–4–(4–chlorophenyl)–1,4–
dihydro–6–methylpyridine–3,5–dicarboxylate
Aripiprazole n–oxide 7–{4–[4–(2,3–dichlorophenyl)piperazin–1–yl]butoxy–n–oxide}–3,4–
dihydroquinolin–2(1H)–one.
Aspartane Impurity–A 2–(5–benzyl–3,6–dioxopiperazin–2–yl)acetic acid.
Atenolol Impurity–A 2–(4–hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
Atenolol Impurity–B 2–(4–((oxiran–2–yl)methoxy)phenyl)acetamide ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Memantine 1–chloro–3,5–Dimethyl Adamantane 1–chloro–3,5–dimethyladamantane
Memantine 1–Hydroxy–3,5–Dimethyl Admanatane 3,5–dimethyladamantan–1–ol.
Memantine Impurity–D 1–Methyl Adamanatane
Memantine Impurity–E 1,3,5–Trimethyl adamentine
Memantine N–Formyl memantine 1–formyl memantine
Memantine 1–hydroxy 3,5–dimethyl adamantane 1–hydroxy 3,5–dimethyl adamantane
Metamizole Acetyl metamizole N–(2,5–dihydro–2,3–dimethyl–5–oxo–1–phenyl–1H–pyrazol–4–
yl)acetamide
Metamizole Impurity–A N–(2,5–dihydro–2,3–dimethyl–5–oxo–1–phenyl–1H–pyrazol–4–
yl)formamide
Metamizole Impurity–C

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Diazonuim Salts
Introduction:
Diazonuim salts are unsaturated compounds which have a trible bond.
There was a scientist his name was Griess, this scientist gave Diazo name to diazonuim salts as he
thought that two hydrogen atoms in the benzene ring will be replaced by two atoms of nitrogen.
Diazonuim salts divided into two types of salts:
Aromatic diazonuim salts and alephatic ( non– aromatic) diazonuim salts.
Non aromatic salts are less important than aromatic.
Under normal conditions, diazonuim salt is highly unstable.
Dizonuim salts have some properites such as shock–sensitive, decompose violenthly when heating
and they can conduct electricity, for this reason they are considered one of the electrolyte
compounds.
There are a lot of types of diazonuim ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a type of reaction in which Nitrogen atom doesn't realese from the salt. This type of
reaction is called reduction reaction, it done by using SNCl2 or Na2So3 to give hydrasin derivatives.
There is another type of diazonuim salts reactions which lead to the formation of azo dyes
compounds, this reaction is done by adding some compounds to the salt such as, aromatic amines,
compounds which have keton group in its structure like aceton, compounds which have OH group
like phenol or naphthalen and hetrocyclic compounds in two steps:
– Step 1:
Formation of diazonuim salt.
– Step 2:
React diazonuim salt with coupling component which may be phenol or any type of aromatic
amines so, a stable azo dye will be formed.
Azo dyes compounds have different structures as most of them contain only one azo group, but they
may contain two or three or more azo groups.
Another methods of reactions
. SN1 reaction.
. sandmeyer reaction.
. gattermann reaction.
. baltz–schiemann reaction.
1– SN1 reaction:
On heating, diazonuim salts decompose into nitrogen and aryl cation which is could be attacked by
any nucleophile due to its

Geckos Research Paper
SOUMYA RANJAN SAHOO 711CH1025 NIT, ROURKELA SYNTHETIC GECKO ADHESIVE
ATTACHMENTS Patent Number: US20120107570 A1 Publication Date: Mar3, 2012 Inventors:
Russell Frederick Ross, Ronald S. Fearing, Brian G. Bush ABSTRACT: The study of the
mechanism of the controlled adhesion of geckos is necessary for the design and fabrication of bio–
inspired dry and reversible adhesive surfaces. The maximum performances in gecko–inspired
devices are depended on Distributing loads between patches. The adhesive material is formed when
a substantially planar substrate is molded to define the setae. In this initial condition, the setae are
positioned in the plane of the substrate. The substrate is checked by physical manipulation (e.g.,
folded, bent, corrugated, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To structure the sticky material, a generously planar substrate may be at first formed to characterize
the setae. In this starting setup, the setae are situated significantly in the plane of the substrate. The
substrate is then controlled (e.g., pivoted, collapsed, bowed, folded, and so forth.) so that the setae
get to be stretched out in an ostensibly heading from the plane of arrangement. Besides everything
else, this gives a threedimensional material having improved cement properties. Usefully, the
development procedure can be a relative straightforward and modest two steps methodology
including a first trim venture of a planar substrate emulated by a control procedure to broaden the
manufactured setae from the plane. A mixture of diverse creation methods may be utilized to at first
structure the planar substrate that characterizes setae. Case in point, surface micro–machining of
shaped substrates may be utilized as a part of conjunction with lithographic covers to characterize
the stalk and spatulae of every seta. Gecko–like sticky material can likewise be utilized to join
flapless retentive articles, for example, clean napkins and pantiliners to the underpants. In such
cases,

Benzocaine And 9-Fluorenone Lab Report
In order to isolate benzoic acid, benzocaine and 9–fluorenone, each component needed to be
separated from one another. All three compounds began together in one culture tube, dissolved in
methylene chloride and formed into a homogenous mixture. In this culture tube, two milliliters of
aqueous three molar hydrochloric acid was added, which immediately formed two layers, the top
acidic aqueous layer was clear in color and contained benzocaine, and the bottom organic formed
was yellow and contained benzoic acid and 9–fluorenone. Benzocaine's amino group is protonated
by the aqueous layer hydronium. This protonation forms the conjugate acid of benzocaine,
benzocaine hydrochloride. Thus, the conjugate acid, benzocaine hydrochloride is a salt in which is
soluble in water and furthermore can be isolated from the organic mixture. When testing out the pH
levels in benzocaine, the pH test strip was dark blue in color, indicating a pH level of around 5 to 7.
When isolating benzoic acid, two milliliters of aqueous three molar sodium hydroxide was added,
which deprotonates the carboxylic group in benzoic acid, forming its conjugate base, sodium
benzoate. As with benzocaine hydrochloride, sodium benzoate is a water soluble ionic salt in the
aqueous layer that can then be separated from the bottom organic layer containing the 9–fluorenone.
The pH test strip was a vibrant red for benzoic acid, indicating a pH of 2. Now the 9–fluorenone is
left, deionized water is added to remove any excess

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