Life Sciences Grade 12 Investigative Research

Life Sciences Grade 12 Investigative Research
LIFE SCIENCES GRADE 12 INVESTIGATIVE RESEARCH TASK 2016
Jordan Soares
INTRODUCTION
A wetland can be described as the place where land meets water. Wetlands can be permanent or
seasonal (Reddam's wetland is seasonal). Wetlands are different to other ecosystems because they
support aquatic flora and fauna. There are different types of wetlands including marshes, swamps,
bogs and fens.
Ecological status refers to the state in which a specific ecosystem is. The testing of a wetland's
ecological status refers to determining the health of the wetland with careful consideration of the
ecosystem involved. This can be determined by looking at the following: physical factors such as
temperature, water depth, hydrology and structure; biological factors such as birds, animals and
vegetation; chemical factors such as pH levels, turbidity and oxygen.
A healthy wetland is able to benefit its own ecosystem as well as the ecosystems surrounding the
wetland. A healthy wetland is able to support the flora and fauna within the ecosystem and still fulfil
its main function dependent on what type of wetland it is.
Aim:
To determine the ecological status of the Reddam House wetland.
Hypothesis:
The Reddam House wetland is healthy.
LITERATURE REVIEW
http://whiteswetlands.blogspot.co.za/2010/04/what–makes–healthy–wetland.html
The properties of what makes a wetland healthy which can be determined by observing what can be
seen as normal for a
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01assign11 Stain
Assign 1.1: Victoria 's Ugly Stain
Introduction:
The purpose of this assignment is to give you an opportunity to apply some of the critical reading
strategies you have evaluated.
Resources:
Go to Writing on the Run! to review the "Writing Process." You may also want to review your
English 11 Introduction Assignment for a tutorial on how to write a paragraph.
Instructions:
Complete the assignment by following the steps outlined below.
STEP A: Read the article "Victoria's Ugly Stain"; then answer questions by filling in the table that
follows.
Victoria's Ugly Stain
Victoria's sewage treatment is at third–world standards. Some BC politicians and other interest
groups claim that the 34 billion litres of raw sewage spewing into the Strait ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
How can you tell?
This argument is based on a fact that sewage carrying fecal coliform bacteria rises to the ocean
surface.
Choose four important words used in the article, and indicate whether each word is neutral or
emotionally charged. (Respond in point form.)
Ecosystem neutral / emotional
Contaminates neutral / emotional
Opposed neutral / emotional
Swage neutral / emotional
What important information is missing in this article?
One thing that the article was missing is all effects that this topic has on the environment.

Explain why this article is biased.
The article is biased because it's all about why it's wrong there is nothing that supports another
position.
STEP B: In a 250–word paragraph, summarize the techniques (e.g., tone, word choice, selected
facts) the author uses to persuade the reader to share his or her point of view. Provide three
examples of these techniques.
The article Victoria's ugly stain is about the sewage treatment in Victoria. Over the past few years,
Victoria population has placed over 34 billion litres of sewage into lakes and oceans. At this
moment, it's not effecting environment, but it can hazardous to environment in future years. It can
also become dangerous for living beings such as aquatic life and animals in forests. For example,
writer talks about the metals found in the human waste such as copper, mercury and lead are
contaminating ocean water. Also toxic byproducts from motor oil and vehicle

Description Of Aquatic Ecosystems : The Aquatic Ecosystem
Description of Aquatic Ecosystems
The aquatic ecosystem is a vital part of the Earth's vigorous process and is indispensable for a
sustainable Earth and its inhabitants. There are different types of aquatic ecosystems 1) fresh water
ecosystems, such as rivers, lakes and ponds 2) Saltwater ecosystems, such as oceans, inlets and
bays, and 3) wetlands (both fresh and saltwater), which serve as a filtration systems between dry
land and bodies of water. Because wetlands serve as filtration systems, they help by diminishing
pollution and providing nutrients to plants and wildlife, as well as a providing a safe haven. Living
organisms that inhabit these aquatic ecosystems fully rely on the viability and health of the
ecosystems.
Watersheds are a large part of an ecosystem that "is the land where all of the water that is under it or
drains off of it goes into the same place" (EPA. 2012). For example, when water evaporates and
turns into precipitation, the water collected on the ground either runs off into a nearby river or
stream, or is absorbed by the Earth's surface; below the Earth's surface (and surface sources of
water), you will more than likely discover an aquifer. The filtration process from the time the
precipitation hits the Earth's surface and travels to the aquifer can take years depending on the depth
of the aquifer. By the time the water reaches the aquifer, without any other impeding variables, the
water will be pure enough for consummation. We depend on these

Essay On Fish Food
According from (Edwards et al, 1985) 8 feeding method were figured utilizing possibly composted
alternately dried water hyacinth, Eichornia crassipes joined under a routine pelleted tilapia bolster in
an straightforward relocation procedure: 100. 75, 50 Furthermore 25% composted water hyacinth:
100, 75 what's more 25% dried water hyacinth; and a control diet for 0% uprooting of the routine
encourage. The test eating methodologies were nourished done copy medicines to Oreochromis
niloticus to an arrangement for 16 open air 4–m3 tanks supplied with eight fish/tank for 84 days.
Handy development Also encourage usage efficiencies were acquired for eating methodologies
holding dependent upon 75% composted water hyacinth with no noteworthy ... Show more content
A 3 weeks feed trial was made to assess the evident edibility Coefficients (ADCs) from claiming dry
matter, protein, terrible energy, nitrogen, rough lipid Also fiber from claiming Water hyacinth (WH),
Echhornia crassipes supper consolidated Previously, pelleted test encourages (0, 10, 15, 20 Also
25%, dry matter basis) for red tilapia fingerlings. (E.A.T. Mubarak et al, 2011) Eichhornia crassipes
is an obtrusive weed referred to with out–compete local plants and negatively influence microbes
including phytophthora infestans. The spread Also populace thickness about e. Crassipes will a
chance to be favoring by worldwide warming. That point here might have been to distinguish
exacerbates that underlie those impacts with respect to microbes. Those whole plant from claiming
e. Crassipes might have been gathered from el Zomor canal, waterway nile (Egypt), washed clean,
after that air dried. Plant tissue might have been concentrated three times for methanol also
fractionated toward dainty layer chromatography (TLC). Those rough methanolic extricate Also five
portions starting with tlc (A–E) were tried for antimicrobial (bacteria Furthermore fungal)
Furthermore anti–algal exercises (green microalgae and cyanobacteria) utilizing paper circle
dissemination bioassay. Those rough extricate and in addition every one five tlc portions exhibited
antibacterial exercises against both the Gram certain bacteria; bacillus subtilis Also streptococcus
faecalis;

Disadvantages Of Eutrophication
1. Introduction:
In the following research paper, the parameters of how eutrophication develops will be discussed to
acquire an understanding of this phenomenon. In addition, preventative and control methods will be
looked at in order to devise a plan of action against eutrophication.
In an aquatic ecosystem most of the nutrients are well balanced with the biodiversity of organisms.
[FIND DISCOURSE MARKER TO ADD TWO SENTENCES] These aquatic ecosystems become
disrupted when eutrophication (the presence of excessive and unwanted nutrients), occurs. Nutrients
from agricultural, industrial and urban areas enter a drainage basin (streams, rivers, lakes, dams and
ultimately, the ocean) by means of run–off and groundwater. Certain organisms; for example,
phytoplankton and algae, benefit from these nutrients which causes them to reproduce faster and
amalgamate, forming a dense layer on the surface of the water. As a result, sunlight and oxygen
cannot enter the water, causing extremely high carbon dioxide concentration levels and very low
oxygen concentration levels. Due to a lack of oxygen, aerobic organisms experience hypoxia or
suffocation and die.
According to Setmire et al., (2000) there is a misconception when it comes to the toxicity of a body
of water and eutrophication. The increase of toxins and eutrophication in water affects the quality of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Natural eutrophication occurs when a body of water builds up nutrients over a long period of time,
enabling it to sustain and support multiple living organisms. Algae then starts to form, damaging the
ecosystem and decreasing the quality of the water. Cultural eutrophication; on the other hand, is
caused purely by external human interference; such as, domestic and industrial waste being dumped
into rivers of lakes and uprooting trees making the soil dry and loose, causing an excess of nutrients
being run–off into drainage

Alaska 's State Turtle Is The Largest Of Four Species Of...
Have you ever heard of a Western–painted Turtle? Well if you are from Colorado you should know
what they are! Western–painted turtles are Colorado's state turtle. How did that come about? Well in
2007 Jay Baichis 4th grade class came together because they wanted these colorful turtles to be our
state turtles. Why? Because these beautiful turtles are found by many lakes, ponds, and water bays
around Colorado. They have bright beautiful colors just like Colorado. The Western Painted Turtle
became our state turtle a year later after the 4th graders went through all the legal ways and the
process to make it happen. The 4th graders had gone to governor Ritter on March 18, 2008 and told
him why the turtles should be our state turtle, and Ritter had signed the HB 08–1017. Now let's get
into more detail about our state reptile.
The Western Painted Turtle is the largest of four species of turtles. They can grow up to about 8
inches and the males are generally smaller than the females. Their shells are nice and smooth and
are about 250mm long. They are called painted turtles because their lower shell is a bright red with
yellow and olive green colored designs spread through their shells. They have yellow lines on each
side of their neck that are about the same size that go all the way to their head. They are cold
blooded animals so they cannot control their body temperature. They have to go under the mud or
sand to keep themselves warm. Western Painted Turtles are aquatic reptiles so

How Acid Rain Affects the Aquatic Ecosystem Essay
How Acid Rain Affects the Aquatic Ecosystem
Abstract This paper shows that acid rain is a reality. It is destroying our freshwater ecosystems and
must be stopped in order to save them. If the problem is not fixed soon the aquatic ecosystems will
be destroyed.
Table of Contents
1. What is acid rain?
2. Acidification of Freshwater
3. Effects of Freshwater Acidification
4. Where is Affected the most?
5. What is being done to fix it?
6. Conclusion
7. References
What is acid rain?
Acid rain is polluted rain, snow, or fog. The burning of fossil fuels, base metal smelting, and fuel
combustion in vehicles emits sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) (FAQ Acid Rain).
These gases enter the atmosphere ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These types of soil and bedrock do not contain carbonates to neutralize the acid. Limestone
catchments contain large amounts of carbonates and thus neutralize acid very effectively (Acid Rain
and The Aquatic). In addition to the acidification of lakes, acid rain can strip toxic metals from the
catchment and contaminate the lake. These metals include aluminum, manganese, iron, zinc, copper,
nickel, vanadium, lead, and mercury (Buchdahl). These metals can be very toxic for fish as well as
humans. Aluminum concentrations as low as 0.05 mg 1–1 can kill fish and macro invertebrate fauna.
Lower levels of aluminum may not kill but can severely impair growth and reproductive ability, and
hinder respiratory ability of fish (Acid Rain and The Aquatic). Aluminum has been shown to cause
Alzheimer's and mercury can cause brain damage in humans. The tissue of fish absorbs mercury so
it can not be cooked or filleted out. Even at very small input rates, mercury biomagnifies from the
bottom to the top of the food chain (Krabbenhoft).
back to top

Effects of Freshwater Acidification
At the beginning of lake acidification, the biomass remains largely unchanged, but the diversity
drops considerably (Buchdahl). As the number of one species or group of species changes because
of the acidification, the entire ecosystem of the water body is affected through the predator–prey
relationship (FAQ Acid Rain).

Duckweed Are Magnificent Aquatic Plants
Duckweed are flowering aquatic plants which float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow–
moving bodies of fresh water and wetlands (Sheh–May 2004). Botanists classify them as a separate
family, Lemnaceae. These plants are simple in structure by lacking a visible stem or leaves. The
larger part of each plant is a small prearranged "thallus" or "frond" structure that is only a few cells
thick. These contain air pockets made of a spongey tissue called aerenchyma that allows the plant to
float on top of or just beneath the surface of the water (Sculthorpe 1984). Reproduction is done
primarily by asexual budding. This occurs at the base of the frond where the meristem is enclosed.
In plant physiology, Relative Growth Rate (RGR) is a measure used to calculate how fast a plant
grows. It is considered to be the most widely used way of approximating plant growth, but has been
criticized as calculations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We hypothesized that at Miracle–Gro concentration 1, this solution will be the most effective
towards the rate of growth because at pure solution, the concentration is so high that the effect will
occur sooner than those of lower concentrations, and speed up the life span to expiry of all the plants
in the single solution concentration. Because we accept as true, that pure concentration will have the
highest rate of growth, we can eliminate this concentration from our second question. We have come
up with the presumption that at the concentration of 0.1 solution will allow the plants to be the most
successful for the longest period because concentrations less than 0.1 would not appear to have any
effect. There would be limiting nutrients within the solution and therefore would have a yield due to
the lack of Miracle–Gro

Balancing Ecosystems Essay examples
Concerned Citizen
City Council of Glimmerville
Date: 09/21/2014
To whom it may concern:
First let me start off by introducing myself my name is Nicole Santa Isabel I live on the Big Island
of Hawaii. Currently a student for the University of Phoenix taking a course in environmental
science when I came across Glimmerville and its concerns with Grass Carp. Sparksville's aquatic
ecosystem is also having issues with balancing the ecosystem. This letter is to bring some light and
maybe provided some solutions to any issues Glimmerville may be facing.
Grass Carp is an herbivorous fresh water fish and was introduced originally from England. These
fishes as we all know are famous for feeding on aquatic plants and in some cases have damaged a ...
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This type of plant nearly took over every area choking the wildlife and aquatic plants providing no
area for other plants or animals to produce.
Our invasive and native species impact our eco systems dramatically. Although they seem to be
harmless from rapid breeding and overpopulation. Taking over the surrounding areas so that other
species are not able to survive. Aggressive species is another way to impact the ecosystems by
endangering other species that live in the same habitat.
Monitoring our wildlife will protect our succession in preventing ecosystem changes. Such as the
damage from invasive species on a natural habitat. Invasive species will unintentionally take over
the habitat to the point that other species will not be able to survive. For example an unknown vine
that rapidly takes over a neighboring plant to the point of extinction. This intern can change the
whole flow of energy in the ecosystem by soil chemistry.
Here are four tips as a solution to the grass carp situation. First try to eliminate reproduction by
possibly separating the male from the females and monitoring the reproduction amounts. The
advantage for monitoring reproduction of grass carps is to be able to maintain the way they
reproduce. Disadvantage is it's not always a 100 percent chance. Second solution to try limiting the
food supply if they primarily eat the seaweeds be sure to not provided

The Culture Of Consumerist Art
Consumerist culture is something that humans are constantly surrounded by, from the ornate gifts
and toys displayed in stores and window fronts to common household items thoroughly advertised.
It has become so normal that flashy ads and fancy billboard signs are something that has become
expected to see in the daily activities of life. Consumerist art is built around the familiar imagery of
product advertisements and everyday consumption practices, while also being deeply rooted in
current social context. Above all, consumerist art mirrors values of the dominant culture and makes
comments and address issues with the world (1). This type of art is unique in that it so profoundly
relies on current social activities to define itself. Additionally, this allows for extreme variety in how
artists address them and what issues they chose to represent.
Consumerism is generally accepted to be how individuals interact with the acquisition of products
and how they connect with the ever–expanding world of goods and services. In the current trend,
companies believe that the amount of things someone posses determines their well–being and
success as an individual. Thusly, advertisement reflects this, continuing the cycle of how prevalent
the consumer environment is in our culture and world (4). Fabrice Monteiro, an artist based in the
fields of portraiture, photojournalism, and fashion photography (3), is one of the many who tries to
address this product–centric world through their art

Underwater Invader : A Small Group Of Aquatic Plants That...
Underwater Invader: Cabomba caroliniana According to the Department of Ecology for the state of
Washington, the Cabomba genus is a small group of aquatic plants that have invaded several
different countries. "The genus Cabomba is in the family Cabombaceae in the major group
Angiosperms" (The Plant List, 2013). There are five species of Cabomba: aquatic, furcate, haynesii,
palaeformis, and caroliniana (The Plant List, 2013). The most local to our community being the
Cabomba caroliniana. This plant is also known for its more common names such as fanwort, fish
grass, Carolina water shield, green Cabomba, and Washington grass (Wisconsin Department of
Natural Resources, 2015). Cabomba caroliniana is easily recognizable by its "finely [divided]
underwater leaves that are feathery or fan–like" (Schooler, Julien, & Walsh 2006). The leaves are
olive green and are separated into two types; submerged or floating (Non–native Invasive
Freshwater Plants, n.d.). Additionally, the leaves are five centimeters long and emit mucus, which
covers the submerged part of the plant (Cabomba caroliniana USGS, n.d.). The floating leaves are
smaller and have a more diamond shaped (Cabomba caroliniana USGS, n.d.). They also are fewer
than the submerged leaves (Center For Aquatic and Invasive Plants, 2016). Floating on the surface
of the water are small white flowers, usually two centimeters in diameter, "that are composed of
three white petals and three white sepals" (Schooler, Julien, & Walsh, 2006).

The Effect Of Human Activity On The Abundance Of...
The Effect of Human Activity on the Abundance of Freshwater Microorganisms
Fatima Cubillas Flores
Biology Honors Period 5
Dr. Frank
21 November 2016
It is an undoubted fact that humans can impact the quality of water, and there has also been an
immense increase in the need for water for survival in today's society. Water is used for many
purposes such as in manufactured goods, for the growth of food, for mere drinking, and for the
production and use of energy (Gleick). The National Research Council of the National Academy of
Sciences in the U.S.A. suggests that humans get an average of one–and–a–half milliliters of water
per calorie of food.. Bathing is suggested to need an average of 70 litres of water for every human
being a day. 11.5 liters of water is on average used for food preparation a day; from this it becomes
clear that freshwater sources are very important to the survival of the human race (Gleick). Water is
so important to the survival of all organisms that as human activity increases in sources of
freshwater, it calls to attention: How does human activity affect the abundance of microorganisms
and water quality of the water?
The presence and variety of microorganisms in water accounts for most of the indicators of water
quality. The presence of Coliform is a big indicator of fecal contamination in freshwater sources.
Coliform bacteria is an organism that is naturally present in the human digestive tract; these tend to
be rare and

Analysis Of Abbey's Desert Solitaire
Abbey's, Desert Solitaire, consistently displays incredible verbal and physical imagery throughout
the novel. Visualize a crystal–clear stream in the forest. Watch as it speeds and dribbles it's way
through nature, swerving past each tree. See the liquid jump for joy over the ageless rocks. Listens
to the harmonious and synchronized beat; the arteries of the forest. Bend your head down, and drink
from it. Every nerve on your tongue is shocked by the cold. The aroma of the forest is most
powerful. Take this experience with you, remembering, "Wilderness is not a luxury but a necessity
of the human spirit, and as vital to our lives as water and good bread (Abbey)." As a huge advocate
for the environment, Edward Abbey and many others support the fight for clean water. In the United
States, as well as worldwide, unpolluted water should not be an expectation, yet should feel like an
overwhelming privilege. The current water pollution in many American cities is serious to the extent
of illness, injury, and death. Using a small city like Flint, Michigan, as a massive advocate for clean
water change represents how a little goes a long way. Flint, Michigan, continues to struggle with the
public health crisis that unfolded as pollutant measures in the cities tap water spiked to alarming
levels. Now the scientists and engineers who helped uncover the crisis have tested galvanized iron
pipes extracted from the first affected house. They confirmed that the lead that had gathered from

How Does Duckweed Grow
Duckweed (lemnaceae) is a plant the reproduces by duplicating itself. It's remarkable because it can
survive in extreme environments with temperate climates with the exception of frozen poles and dry
deserts, explains naturina.per.sg. It is a prime example of exponential growth because as
naturina.per.sg reports it can double in as a few as 2 days. This is possible because under ideal
conditions it has all the nutrients to spark growth. NPK Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium are
nutrients essential to the growth of plants. Duckweed holds the remarkable ability to clean a variety
of levels of polluted water. Research conducted by R A Leng in duckweed's potential for a high –
protein resource explains that duckweed was able to remove contaminants

Effects Of Environmental Pollution On The Environment
Abstract
Pollutants are impacting aquatic organisms disposed by daily human activities and natural
occurrences. An extensive amount of pollutants such as pesticides, heavy metals, and hydrocarbons
can result in direct significant damage, e.g. death. However lower levels of these harmful substances
can be stored in an organism and increase as it continues and follows up the food chain, a process
called biomagnification or bioaccumulation, having the greatest effect on the top predator of that
food chain. A common result of the pollutants can lead to stress, changing of the immune system,
inhibit lysozyme activity, damage gills, metabolism, and growth. Other factors include an excessive
amount of nutrients in the environment. Nitrogen can make its way into aquatic ecosystems when
there is an increase in nitrous oxide in the air, allowing eutrophication. Algae and bacteria feed off
the nitrogen, so a high number of these organisms appear and use oxygen around them as the feed,
causing hypoxic zones, or dead zones. Acidification, an increase in the ecosystem's pH acidity from
acid rain, which occurs from an increase in CO2 from air pollution. Aquatic organisms have a range
of tolerance, and water with high acidic pH will lead the organism out of the range of tolerance,
resulting in stress of the organism, and eventually death. Further studies are being pursuited to see
larger impacts of globalized pollution on aquatic species and their ecosystems.
Keywords: Pollutants,

Red Eared Slider Research Paper
The Red Eared Slider is one of the most common Mid–South East Coast. They can be found in
marshes, ponds, and slow moving bodies of water. Other species of turtles include: Eastern Box
Turtle, Common Snapping Turtles, Eastern Painted Turtle, Red Bellied, Bog Turtle, Spotted Turtle,
Musk Turtle, Eastern Mud Turtle, Northern Diamondback, and Wood Turtle. The Red Eared Slider
is named for the distinctive red streak on each side of its face and is primarily aquatic and will
emerge from the water for basking. Even though Red Eared Sliders don't have ears, they feel by
vibration. In fact, they carry part of the skeleton on their back, which makes them on of the most
interesting reptile. According to Monmouth County Parks, "As with other reptiles, ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
To warm up, they bask in the sun. In winter, all reptiles in our area must hibernate to survive the
cold." This explains the uncommon sighting of most turtles this time of the season. But as soon as
the weather warms up, the turtles start to come out to bask for warmth. When we were on our class
trip to Prospect Park in Brooklyn, we encountered a dead turtle. The lifeless shell was flipped over
and cracked. It almost appeared as it was frozen. As discussed as a class, what we were observing
was in fact a turtle trying to bask in the sun on a warm spring day and the weather turn for the worst
the following day, leaving the turtle to suffer. Another example of a turtle encounter was last
summer in central park. On a warm sunny day, I went on a boat ride in the central park pond. On the
nearby rocks, there were numerous turtles basking in the sun and cooled off by diving into the water.
With my fascination of turtles, I made the person rowing with me row closer to get an up close look.
Some people may wonder how these turtles get here? Most of the time, they are brought into an area
as pets and then released by owners. This causes stress on the animal and its

How Does Water Hyacinth Affect The Sustainability Of Water?
International Baccalaureate
Environmental Systems and Societies
Internal Assessment
To examine the the likelihood of survival of a water hyacinth in an environment that has high
amounts of zinc, copper, phosphorus.
Mikaela gjx437
Riverview Highschool
Word Count: 1982 Aim: The aim of this lab is to examine how the affect of high concentrations of
zinc, copper, and phosphorus have on water hyacinth. This lab also intends to stimulate this as a
non–point source form of water pollution in this highly invasive and sustainable plant.
Research Question And Justification
How does the exposure of high volumes of phosphorus, zinc, and copper affect the sustainability of
the plant? If it does survive the exposure to the stimulation of non–point ... Show more content on
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Water hyacinths can be used as buffering agents, and with the presence of other plants int he
experiment can be a sure sign of how successful or how unsuccessful these plants can be used as
buffers.
Procedure
Put on gloves, and start in an area that will have a balance of sunlight and shade for water hyacinths.
Make note how green and how well the foliage is forming and if there are any signs of the plant
dying or being malnourished.
Measure out freshwater, equating enough for all three plants, especially when the plant is submerged
in the water. Measure how much each plant weighs, and how wide and tall the plant is.
Gently submerge the plants into individual containers, as we are testing the effectiveness of each
metal. It is okay if these plants are completely submerged in water, as they will balance out. Don't
force the plants to squeeze into these containers, if need be, find larger containers. The amount of
water should be around 6 oz, place the plant in and then top off with about 5.2 ounces of freshwater
so the plant is

Description Of The Coypu ( Myocastor Coypus )
INTRODUCTION: The Coypu (Myocastor coypus) is a large, robust, semi–aquatic rat like rodent
and a casual observer may misidentify a Coypu as a beaver or a muskrat, especially when it is
swimming. However, this superficial resemblance ends when a more detailed study of the animal is
made (LeBlanc. 2005). The average size of the head and body is 52cm with the length of the tail
being an additional 37cm. The body is highly arched with a large almost triangular head. The
Incisors are large with an orange pigmented surface. The Coypu's pelage contains two types of fur;
soft dense under–fur and long coarse guard hairs, varying in colour from yellowish–brown to
reddish–brown. The under–fur is dark grey and is thicker on the abdomen (Gosling. 1981). The legs
are short, with the hind feet being significantly longer than the forefeet, and possess five digits; the
first four are connected by webbing and the fifth is free. The forefeet have four long, flexible digits
with no webbing and a vestigial thumb. Because of their dexterous forepaws, coypu can excavate
soil to construct sometimes complex burrow systems within riparian areas and handle very small
food items (Woods et al. 1992; D'Elia, 1999). The tail is long and rounded with a scaly texture and
scantily haired (D'Elia. 1999). In addition to having webbed hind feet, coypu have several other
adaptations conducive to their semi–aquatic lifestyle. The eyes, ears, and nostrils of coypu are set
high on their heads. Furthermore,

High Park Fire Case Study
1.Introduction On June 9, 2012 the High Park Fire took place about 15 miles west of Fort Collins,
Colorado. Itwas started by a lightning strike and fueled by high winds and dry vegetation, the fire
grew to be the third–largest fire in Colorado history. Residents were instructed to take precautions if
they could see or smell smoke, and a Fort Collins hospital reported an increase in emergency room
visits related to smoke inhalation. Much of the fuel for the High Park Fire came from stands of trees
that have been killed by beetles (BAER Report, 2012). This paper will discuss methods of remote
sensing and field activities based on the Bureau of Land Management's (BLM) Assessment,
Inventory, and Monitoring (AIM) Strategy. This strategy will allow ... Show more content on
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Statistically Valid Sampling Framework For the core indicators and methods to provide defensible
resource information at multiple scales a georeferenced, statistically valid sampling framework is
necessary. This sampling framework consists of a low–intensity grid that can be intensified for local
monitoring needs or supplemented with other probability–based samples, all of which can be used to
train remote imagery. An unbiased, statistically valid sampling framework will permit locally
collected data to be combined with regional– or national–level data to improve estimates at larger
scales. Further, the framework will provide the ability to defensibly answer resource questions about
large tracts of land, with relatively few sample locations, and allow for sample–site relocation if an
original site is disturbed (Toevs et al. 2011). Sample locations should be established according to a
probabilistic sample design by dividing the total area into sample plots. Sample plots are chosen in a
quantity to adequately represent the area being High Park Inventory and Monitoring 8 surveyed and
randomly distributed across the study area stratified by increasing, and decreasing by randomly
selected numbers along the grid. In a manner that ensures every plot has an equal likelihood of being

Ecological State Of Reddam House Wetland Essay
BIOLOGY PROJECT Ecological State of Reddam House Wetland Daanyaal Abdool Grade 12 Mr.
Smee Introduction: Wetlands play a major role in the ecosystem as the provides habitats for animals
as well as purify water and our wetland at Reddam House acts as a purification for water that passes
it as well as a habitat for many birds and insects. Within this task we were required to determine the
ecological state of the Reddam House wetland, which I presume is at a good standard. I decided to
test the ecological status of the wetland by gathering samples from the wetland and testing it for
various aspects in the water and the plants that are found within the area. Literature review:
http://www.environmental+science+.org/bird–environmental–indicators (Refer to appendix 1 for
article) In this article it speaks about many different types of indicators that one could see in order to
determine the ecological state of the wetland by my factors such as the biodiversity, pollution levels,
the fauna and flora in the wetland. This relates to our wetland as we have a large biodiversity in our
wetland with little pollution as well as plants such as reeds growing which indicate a healthy
wetland. We also occasionally see a large variety of birds in our wetland therefore another indicator
that our wetland is healthy. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why–are–wetlands–so–
important–to–preserve/ (Refer to appendix 2 for article) This article touches on the importance of

Description Of Aquatic Ecosystems : An Aquatic Ecosystem
Description of Aquatic Ecosystems
An aquatic ecosystem is a vital part of the Earth's vigorous process and is indispensable for a
sustainable Earth and its inhabitants. With aquatic ecosystems we have three different types: 1)
Lentic, which is a slow moving body of water such as a pond, lake or pool; 2) Lotic, which is a
faster moving body of water such as rivers, streams and oceans; and 3) wetlands, which serve as a
filtration system between land and water, cutting down on pollution and providing nutrients to plants
and wildlife, as well as a safe haven. Aquatic ecosystems are considered to be nature's filtration
systems and they inhabit living organisms that depend on their viability. Watersheds are a part of an
ecosystem, and we depend on these watersheds for water to drink, for the water to evaporate then
become precipitation and water the plants, refill the rivers, lakes, and oceans. The Earth's
ecosystems are in great danger if policy, procedures and ways of thinking do not immediately
change. We are vital to the survival of ecosystems, and ecosystems are vital for our survival.
Ecosystem Services
There are all kinds of services that ecosystems provide. In the presentations from Module 3, services
listed are:
Resource provision – water and food
Cultural and recreational activities
Regulating environmental processes – regulating climatic conditions, wastewater treatment, and
erosion control
Supporting roles for nutrient and hydrologic cycles, soil formation

Water Resource Management ( Wrm )
Introduction: Water is extremely vital for all forms of life, from microorganisms to humans to
ecosystems alike. Water is a key factor in driving economic and social development within
countries, impacting agriculture, energy, sanitation and health, gender equality etc (World Bank,
2014). For these reasons humans have invested an abundant amount of time, labor, and money into
perfecting water infrastructures in an effort to provide water services for populations worldwide.
Water resource management (WRM) goal is to manage and allocate water resources in a manner that
satisfies the demand of domestic, agricultural and industrial water sectors. Often left out of the
equation is the water demand needed for ecosystem sustainability. WRM ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ecosystem Services: Aquatic ecosystems play a pivotal role for living organisms, providing life–
supporting services, along with valuable goods and services for society. Aquatic ecosystems are able
to decrease flood damages by storing season floodwaters. They supply humans with water for
domestic, agricultural, and industrial sectors and aid in recharging groundwater supplies, which is an
essential source of potable water. Furthermore, the recharging of groundwater aids in drought
mitigation. Freshwater ecosystems play a similar role to water treatment plants in that they filter out
pollutants and purify water. They support a variety of plant and animal life, which ultimately creates
a robust food chain, supporting human and wildlife consumption. Wetlands reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by storing carbon dioxide rather than releasing it into the atmosphere. As mentioned
above, ecosystems help mitigate water–related disasters. Aquatic ecosystems provide nutrients to
estuaries, river deltas, and maintain soil fertility. Additionally, by delivering freshwater, freshwater
ecosystems are able to maintain salinity balances within estuaries (Postel, 2008; SRWP, 2007; GWP,
n.d.).
Water Demand for Ecosystem/Environmental Flow Requirements: Aquatic ecosystems rely on water
to survive and if the amount of water they rely on dwindles, the ecosystem becomes negatively
impacted and the services they provide will

What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Aquatic Plants
Aquatic plants
Aquatic plants possess an excellent ability to assimilate nutrient and to create favorable conditions
for microbial decomposition of organic matter. Compared to the conventional waste water treatment
system, Macrophyte based waste water treatment systems have several potential advantages (Hans
Brix and Hans– Henrik Schierup, Ambio.Stockholm, 1989):
Operating cost is low
Low energy requirements
Often can be established at the site where the waste water is produced
More flexible and less susceptible to shock loading
Shallow, eutrophic aquatic ecosystems stocked with macrophytes are among the most productive in
the world (Schierup, H–H, 1978). Nutritional requirements of aquatic plants are essentially same as
terrestrial plants, but they have adapted their metabolism to the aquatic environment. Most aquatic
plants have high water ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is intolerant of high salinity but moves readily in water. It is difficult to control this plant since
they are one of the world's most productive plants–– they have the eighth fastest growth rate of the
top ten weeds (Metcalf and Eddy, 1991). The plants primarily grow horizontally until they reach
boundaries, but once crowding begins vertical growth becomes dominant. They have spongy
petioles which are filled with many air spaces, and provide some of the buoyancy of the plant. They
have feather like leaves and are unbranched. They vary in length according to the growth conditions
and the frequency of harvest, but they are not affected by crowding. In low nutrient natural waters,
the water hyacinth plants tend to be only a few centimeters high, but the roots can extend up to a
meter into the water. Under high nutrient conditions the roots will only extend about ten centimeters
into the water, but the plant shoots will be over a meter in length since crowding is also

Nutrient Pollution In Chesapeake Bay
If you live on the Eastern coast, you probably have heard of the Chesapeake Bay. The Bay is located
on the eastern coast of Maryland and is almost 200 miles long and ranges from 4 to 30 miles wide.
Holding almost 18 trillion gallons of water, the bay is home to more than 3,600 different species of
plants and animals. It is well known for its blue crab and huge fish. Since the Chesapeake Bay is
connected to the Atlantic Ocean and many small rivers, which drain into the bay, the water in the
Chesapeake is a mixture of saltwater and freshwater. This mixture allows a large variety of aquatic
animals to live in harmony. The Chesapeake may be in trouble though, due to nutrition pollution.
(ChesapeakeBay.net)
Nutrient pollution is the "process where too many nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, are
added to bodies of water and can act like fertilizer, causing excessive growth of algae."
(Oceanservice.noaa.gov) Also referred to as eutrophication, this increase in algae growth can be a
major problem because it eventually leads to dead zones in the Bay. Dead zones, also known as
hypoxia, are extremely harmful to the Chesapeake's overall health. Hypoxia is a reduction in oxygen
present in the water. (Wikipedia) If oxygen levels get low enough it can cause marine life to either
die or leave the area. Excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water causes algae to
grow faster than ecosystems can handle. "Significant increases in algae harm water quality, food
resources,

Essay On Baldwin Swamp
Baldwin swamp is an urban wetland, located in the heart of Bundaberg, providing a habitat to a
range of organisms. The environment is rich in biodiversity; with more than 150 species of birds,
variety of vegetation/plants as wells as creatures and mammals ranging from tiny aquatic wrigglers
to bats, which have recently inhabited the area. Wetlands can be swamps, boys and or areas next to
creeks. The Baldwin swamp can be best described as a network of ponds/swamps that channels into
landscapes of grassland. This area has a significant ecological impact as the relationships among the
organisms in relation to their food webs is vital to their survival. Abiotic factors such as humidity,
soil, pollution, Ph levels, temperature, dissolved oxygen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore there was a recorded 8 birds, 1 dove, 5 magpie goose and 2 pacific black duck, 3 weeks
after the floods. By 2017 the total of 8 birds, 3 species have now increased to a total of 25 birds, 6
species in 4 years. Though this being said many of the birds are 'new' to the area such as the 15
Cotton pygmy Geese and 4 recorded Dusky Moorhen. 6 bird species were seen/recorded in 2017,
these being the 2 Black cormorant, 1 pacific black duck, Cotton pygmy, Dusky moorhen, little egret
and willie wagtail. Other bird species such as the magpie goose which had a number of 41 recorded
in 2009, 5 in 2013 and now 0. This indicates that the diversity of birds and population has decreased
as a result of their habitat loss and or an a adequate supply of food.
The macroinvertebrates graph (figure 2) represents the diversity of species inhabiting the Baldwin
Swamp. In 2009 the Baldwin swamp was flourishing with a large diversity of species. A total of 33
macroinvertebrates, 8 species were recorded. At this time the baldwin swamp was healthy, abundant
in life and the ecosystem and food webs were unaffected by the floods. Whereas 3 weeks after the
floods swept through there were little to no range of species of macroinvertebrates. There were a
recorded amount of 2 Damselfly Nymph and 1 waterboat man. A theory to why these two

Aquatic Plants Survive Better By Themselves Or With The...
AQUATIC PLANT SURVIVAL Do aquatic plants survive better by themselves or with the presence
of fish? Introduction Aquatic plants are plants that, overtime, have adapted to living submerged in
water, whether it be saltwater or freshwater. These plants are also referred to as hydrophytes or
macrophytes. All aquatic plants can only grow in water or soil that is always saturated with water
and commonly associated with wetlands. (Cook, 1974) Some principal factors in controlling the
distribution of the plants include duration of flooding, depth, nutrients and salinity. Water dwelling
vascular plants can be divided into ferns or angiosperms (including both monocots and dicots).
(Hutchison & Edmondson, 1957) When the aquatic plants in a water way ... Show more content on
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Hypothesis If the survival of aquatic plants is related to the contents of the water, then by having
fish in with the aquatic plants will increase the plants chance of survival. Materials  3X 1000mL
beakers  Water  6X guppies (fish)  6 aquatic plants (Elodea)  Fish tank light Chemicals No
chemicals were used during this experiment. Risk Assessment See Appendices 1. Method 1. 6X
guppies (fish) were purchased or collected from a local pond, lake or stream. 2. A bunch of Elodea
was purchased from pet store as well. 3. 6X 1000mL beakers were thoroughly wash and outsides
were dried. 4. 900mL of water was placed in each beaker. 5. Each strand of Elodea was washed in a
beaker of clean water to prevent the contamination of each plant and its previous environment. 6. 1
strand was placed in each beaker in a spiral shape around the outside of the beaker. 7. Beakers were
labelled 1–6. 8. Beakers 1–3 were filled with 2 guppies. 9. Beaker 4–6 were left with just Elodea.
10. Fish were feed every Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday and Friday for ?? weeks. 11. Temperatures
were taken every Monday, Wednesday and Friday for ?? weeks. 12. Beakers were air–rated every
Wednesday for ?? weeks. 13. After ?? weeks, the remaining fish and weeds was returned to the
larger fish tank. 14. A starch test was completed on the leaves of each Elodea strand from each
beaker. 15. INSERT INSTRUCTION FROM STRARCH TEST HERE. (FOLDER FOR
BIOLOGY) 16. Results

The Increasing Threat from Mercury in Our Aquatic Environment
Mercury contamination in aquatic environments is becoming an increasing threat to both wildlife
and humans (Peterson S. A., 2007). Organisms in the aquatic environment, particularly fish,
bioaccumulate methylmercury from contaminated water and food, but predominately from food
(Peterson S. A., 2007). Mercury in the atmosphere exists in three inorganic forms: gaseous
elemental mercury (GEM: Hg0), oxidized mercury typically called reactive gaseous mercury (RGM:
Hg2+), and particulate mercury (Hgp) (Hyun–Deok Choi, 2008). Once emitted, mercury can be
transformed from one species to another via photoreduction, reactions with halides, and other
oxidation/reduction reactions (Hyun–Deok Choi, 2008). Methylmercury is the bioavailable form of
mercury, with well–documented adverse effects (Rimmer, 2010). Methylated mercury is known to
cause adverse effects to wildlife and aquatic organisms. Methylmercury can have neurotoxic,
immunotoxic, and developmental effects on fish, birds, and mammals; top consumers may be at
elevated risk (Weir, 2010). Methylmercury is synthesized from inorganic mercury (Hg II) by aquatic
bacteria at oxic/anoxic boundaries such as sediment–water interface of lakes and rivers (Hurley JP,
1995). The degree to which an aquatic system is impacted by methylmercury contamination is a
function of a number of factors, including the rate of supply of atmospherically derived Hg (II), the
net rate of mercury methylation by aquatic, the efficiency of transport and

The Use Of Heavy Metal Contaminants From Effluent...
BEHAVIOUR OF WETLAND SPECIES, BACOPA MONNIERI IN HEAVY METAL, LEAD (Pb)
CONTAMINATED EFFLUENT
1Dineshkumar M, 2Sivalingam A
1Research Scholar, 2Associate Professor,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Coimbatore Institute of Technology,
Coimbatore – 641 014. kdineshd@gmail.com Abstract
Treatments of heavy metal contaminants from effluent discharged by industries are more complex
than designing the treatment process. Bacopa Monnieri is one of the wetland plant used for the
removal of heavy metal, lead (Pb) from the aquatic medium. Effluent was collected from the Lead
acid battery waste treatment plant. It is standardized to 5, 10 and 15ppm to observe the uptake by
plant. Effluent was categorized as Direct Effluent (DE), DE+Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
(EDTA) and DE+Cow Dung Manure (CDM), where EDTA and CDM were used as a chelating
agent to influence in accumulation rate and degradation rate. Concentration of Pb in soil, plant (root
and shoots), and effluent had been done to calculate the degradation of Pb, Translocation factor (TF)
and Bioconcentration factor (BCF). This experiment shows tremendous differences in wetland plant
unlike the researches done in past. Results of the experiment were discussed below.
Introduction
Increasing modernization in urban and rural areas led to tremendous growth in industrial activities.
Untreated and partially treated effluents from industries and hospitals were discharged into the
aquatic environment. Due to these activities

Role And Importance Of The Ecological Roles Of Marine Mammals
Ecological Roles of Marine Mammals In the recent past, extensive researches have been carried out
to determine the role of marine animals in the ecosystem. According to the World Ocean Assessment
Team (2017), sea mammals feed at various tropic altitudes, ranging from fresh marine ecosystems to
open–ocean ecosystems, and they are also present in almost all latitudes. This paper seeks to
examine the ecological roles and significance of the marine creatures in the aquatic ecosystems.
Stabilizing the Ecosystem The first ecological role played by sea mammals is stabilizing the marine
ecosystem. For instance, whales assist in regulating the movement of food by supporting a stable
food chain and making it certain that some various species do not overpopulate the aquatic
ecosystem. Estes, Doak, Springer, and Williams (2009) state that the blue whale can eat
approximately 40 million krill per day and it has a big impact on the stabilization of the aquatic
ecosystem. If the marine mammals become extinct, the food chain would be destabilized, and some
animals would overpopulate the ecosystem. Overpopulation has a detrimental effect on both the
aquatic and terrestrial animals (Young & Reales, 2016). This is based on the fact that overpopulation
leads to quick depletion of resources in the aquatic environment. According to Parsons and Bauer
(2013), the ecological exchanges that involve the sea animals and their target kill can be intricate.
Based on the organization of the feeding

Aquatic Ecology : The Science Of Ecology
Aquatic ecology is the science of ecology which concentrates on the study of aquatic ecosystems.
This field can be broken out into two divisions: freshwater and marine ecology. Understanding
aquatic ecosystems is critical since water is the building block to the survival of all life on earth.
Aquatic ecology includes the study of aquatic environments including oceans, lakes, ponds,
wetlands, rivers, and streams. Every organism needs energy to live, grow and reproduce. In aquatic
ecology, biologists classify organisms as to how they obtain energy and food. Sunlight is the
primary source of energy used by organisms on the earth 's surface. There are two types of
organisms, autotrophs, and heterotrophs. Autotrophs can produce their food ... Show more content
As a result of this, understanding the basics of freshwater ecosystems can lead to better managing of
human influences on these systems. Pollution is one of these impacts. Pollution effects are many and
wide–ranging. There are excessive levels of pollution causing a lot of damage to human, animals,
rainforests and water. Pollution of all types has an impact on the environment. We can define
pollution as contamination of air, land and water by releasing harmful materials. The contamination
is due to many different reasons, but mostly under the control of humans. Air pollution occurs when
gasses, dust particles, fumes (or smoke) or odor enter into the atmosphere and make it harmful to
humans, animals, and plants. The air becomes contaminated and distorts the natural balance and
causes harm to living things. Land pollution is the destruction of land, directly or indirectly due to
human activities and their abuse of land resources. It happens when waste is disposed of improperly
or can occur when humans throw chemicals such as pesticides, insecticides, and fertilizers into the
land during farming. Mining activities have also contributed to the destruction of the earth 's surface.
Water pollution is the contamination of water mostly by human activities. Water pollution occurs
when pollutants are released directly or indirectly into the water without intervention to

The Water Quality Of Freshwater Systems
Introduction The goal of this lab is to test the water quality of freshwater systems around the Roxana
area to determine if the local petroleum plant is causing a decrease in water purity. Literature review
To believe that human development has not increased our impact on the world we live in is a blind
mans assumption. In fact, scientists are able to detect even the incredibly small actions we have on
the world around us (National Geographic Freshwater 101: Pollution). New technology allows us to
see that our pollution is causing a great deal of damage, especially in aquatic ecosystems.
Freshwater ecosystems are often the receiving end of our pollution because they are abundant and
water will quickly wash our byproducts away. However, to say these byproducts do not affect other
locations is false. Often times, runoff of human sewage and waste will find its way to freshwater
ecosystems and harm the wildlife that resides there. Even humans can feel the affects of our own
waste. Pollution is just as likely to work its way into our drinking water as it is a nearby pond. And
in some parts of the world, there are no regulations to make sure that people are not consuming this
tainted water (National Geographic Freshwater 101: Pollution). There are many ways pollutants can
harm an ecosystem, but how they actually harm it is an unknown to many people. In a freshwater
ecosystem, the pH level of the water can greatly affect living organisms within the ecosystem. There

Waterlily Handicrafts Website
WATERLILY HANDICRAFTS WEBSITE
____________________________
Software Engineering Project presented to the Faculty
Of the College of Computer Studies
Tarlac State University
Tarlac City
____________________________
In Partial Fulfillments
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
____________________________
By:
Vincent Joseph E. Dumaliang
John Paul S. Cachero Gino D. Fernando March 2013
Executive Summary
Researchers: John Paul S. Cachero Vincent Josheph E. Dumaliang Gino D. Fernando
Institution: Tarlac State University
Course: Bachelor of Science in Information Technology
INTRODUCTION
The advantage of this study is that the target users ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Program is in coordination with the Provincial Government of Tarlac which also gives the
needed promotional and advertising campaign with the national agency, the Department of Trade
and Industry who assist the weavers for needed training and development. It started from 12
housewives to 25 women and youths and then to 50 within a year. Handcrafting eventually became a

constructive activity for people who were once dawdling outside their homes playing cards and
getting drunk the every day.
Some weavers take their work at home with the whole family joining the making of the water lily
handicrafts. While others chooses to work at the Paniqui Livelihood Center were materials are
readily available. A household would earn roughly around three hundred pesos (Php 300) weekly
during slack season and about six hundred pesos (Php 600) weekly during peak season.
Before it became a livelihood program last August 2008, the conceptions for these water lilies are
pests to the community as it hampers the flow of water in rivers and creeks during heavy rains
causing flooding in the area. It is projected that by the fourth year of operation the total income for
the workers from handcrafting activities could increase roughly 3 times by the year 2012.
Purpose and Description
The purpose of the study is to provide a website to the community of Paniqui, Tarlac for the
Waterlily Handicrafts

Duckweed Research Paper
Duckweed is a simple, small aquatic flowering plant that grows in colonies, which form dense
coverings on water surfaces. They are one of the most vigorously growing plants on Earth. There are
many types of duckweed, but throughout this experiment the Lemna trisulca type of duckweed was
used. Each leaf of the duckweed plant is called a frond and a colony is called a Microcosm. The
fronds are a vibrant, green color when they are living, but they are white when they are dead.
Duckweed is an important plant because it grows rapidly in ideal conditions. It floats on water
surfaces, making it easy to harvest. In addition, the tissue is soft so it can be processed simply. It
could be used as a food source for animals in the future, as the ... Show more content on
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The data collected shows that over time, the duckweed will die if it is placed in soap water. The
duckweed growth decreases by a small amount in D.I. water, as well. Both the number of fronds and
the total frond area decreases or falls to zero after a period of time, when duckweed is grown in soap
contaminated water. Overall, the frond number and total frond area for duckweed grown in D.I.
water falls slightly. This data supports the alternative hypothesis that if the duckweed is placed in
water contaminated with soap, then the growth and number of duckweed fronds will decrease. This
decrease in growth from contamination occurs because duckweed needs the proper nutrients to grow
and prosper. In addition, duckweed will die in soap contaminated water because it is not adept to
grow in such conditions. The duckweed grew slowly or not at all in the D.I. water because they may
not have received enough sunlight over the time period. The window may not have let the necessary
amounts of light in for the plants to survive. Another reason for the decrease in growth of the
duckweed in D.I. water could be that the initial colonies were not strong enough to survive on their
own. They may have been damaged before they were placed into the

Lab Report On The Effect Of Water Temperature On Fish Growth
Leah Espenhahn February 16, 2015 Period 4 The Effect of Water Temperature on the Growth Rate
of Bluegills Introduction In this experiment, the effect of water temperature, from 2 to 44℃, on the
rate of growth of male bluegill frys will be studied. This is an important thing to study because Earth
is warming, so it would be good to learn what this increase in temperature does to fish growth rates.
This is also important because fish are a major food source and there is great overfishing,s so if it
was learned the best temperature for the rate of growth of bluegills, bluegill farms could more easily
grow bluegills in the shortest amount of time and not rely on the environment to produce them, thus
reducing overfishing. Wetlands include ecosystems such as swamps, bogs, and marshes. They are
extremely important, providing flood protection by acting as a sponge, holding and slowly releasing
any water runoff that comes in contact with them. This includes holding flood waters, preventing
floods from occurring. Also, wetland plants will trap soil with their roots and can absorb the energy
of waves thereby preventing shoreline erosion. They naturally improve water quality by filtering
water runoff, and some groundwater, saving millions of dollars of waste water treatment. It has been
estimated that wetlands provide shellfishing and fishing companies with 15 billion dollars worth of
catch (EPA, "Wetlands and People"), including bluegills. Not only do wetlands supply all these

Cumberland Slider Autobiography
The Cumberland slider turtle is my favorite animal, I'll tell you all about where it lives and what it
lives in.
The Cumberland slider can be found in the South East part of the United States. They could be
found in Illinois, Georgia, and Alabama. They could be found in those states because of many
people trading them. If you see a lot of rocks near a river, they'll be hanging around there.
They will be seen in quiet waters that feature mud at the bottom. They will also be found near the
Cumberland Valley in Pennsylvania and Maryland. They could rarely be found in Tennessee and
Kentucky. They could be found in rivers that feature mud at the bottom because they could hibernate
there.
They could also be found in rivers and drainages. You could ... Show more content on
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They are known for being active. They are known for being active because turtles are usually slow
and it's fun to watch them as they move and slide into the water and onto the rocks. Your turtle is
going to move a lot when they get comfortable with their tank, so you won't just see them not
moving, they will always move. They will be hanging around the rocks you put in the tank with
them because, to them rocks mean "comfortable" to them.
They are also known for being fun to watch. As you see your turtle they will be on the rock a lot,
and if you see your turtle just sitting on the rock then that's called "basking". As the turtles get used
to their tank, they will slide on the rock you put into your tank.
They get their name "slider" because they slide onto rocks and into the water. They slide into the
water or onto rocks because they are either scared or afraid. Sometimes when they slide onto rocks
that's a sign that they might start basking.
As you buy a turtle you don't know what size tank, or how to do the filtration for the tank, or you
don't know where to clean it all and where not to clean it, well let me tell

How Does Phosphate Affect the Growth of Aquatic Plants?
High School Department
General Science
How Does Phosphate Affect the Growth of Aquatic Plants?
(A Problem Proposal)
I. Introduction Aquatic plants are an important component of lake systems. These plants may be
totally submerged beneath the lake surface, floating, or growing along the shoreline. They provide
food and shelter for bugs, fish and other organisms, prevent shoreline erosion, filter pollutants from
adjacent shoreline activities, and provide oxygen to the surrounding environment. Any conditions
that harm such a balanced environment can potentially destroy thousands of organisms that live
there. Since phosphates are common pollutants of lakes, in this project I ... Show more content on
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Characteristics of hydrophytes include: a thin cuticle (primarily prevent water loss), thus most
hydrophytes have no need for cuticles; stomata that are open most of time because water is abundant
and therefore there is no need for it to be retained in the plant. This means that guard cells on the
stomata are generally inactive. An increased number of stomata that can be on either side of leaves;
a less rigid structure (water pressure supports them); flat leaves on surface plants for floatation; air
sacs for floatation; smaller roots (water can diffuse directly into leaves); feathery roots (no need to
support the plant); specialized roots able to take in oxygen.
What are the importances of phosphates?
It is the main constituent of energy rich compounds like ADP (Adenosine diphosphate), ATP
(Adenosine triphosphate), GTP (Guanine tri phosphate) etc. It's a major constituent of cell
membrane, nucleic acid, cellular energy transfer systems. Phosphates are essential for metabolic
reactions releasing energy. It is required for encoding of the information in genes (as it is the
component of nucleotides and nucleic acids).
Are phosphates natural? Phosphate rock is mined from the earth. The rock is crushed and purified to
form phosphoric acid, which may be reacted with caustic soda of lime to produce purified phosphate
salts. Are phosphates essential to life? Yes. Phosphates are nutrients and are

U-High Stream Quality
This lab investigates the question, What is the water quality of the U–High stream based on water
invertebrates found? Water quality can be determined by multiple factors such as clarity, pH,
dissolved oxygen, and levels of pollution. Clarity is the amount of sediment in the stream, higher
amounts of sediment is unhealthy for water quality. pH measures the acidity or basicness of the
stream, a healthy stream has a pH between 6.0–9.0. Dissolved oxygen is the level of oxygen in the
water, this is necessary for the survival of organisms, higher measurements means better water
quality. Finally different types of pollution can affect water quality such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
Too much of either chemical can cause eutrophication which leads

Information Systems And Aquatic Sciences
¬GIS and Aquatic Sciences Abstract This report reviews the usefulness and applications Geographic
Information Systems have in the world of aquatic sciences. GIS uses a variety of tools, sensors and
satellites to monitor and mitigate issues in multiple fields of aquatic science. Scientist track
movement patterns of fish, growth rate of submersed aquatic vegetation and much more relatable
data and determine locations of concern. 'agencies like the US Geological Survey (USGS), US Fish
and Wildlife Service and many other federal agencies use GIS to aid in their conservation efforts.
Introduction Maps are used everywhere and show a large variety of information on many different
subjects. GIS (Geographic information systems) is a key ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They are essential to wetland communities since they provide food and habitat for the wildlife and
regulate the water chemistry. Given the importance of their impact on the environment, it is essential
that they be monitored and managed. Also along with the good they do, Macrophytes can also
hinder human activity by clogging reservoirs, reducing water availability, and obstructing boat
propellers, reducing access to the shoreline. Monitoring and managing aquatic macrophytes can be a
challenge. mapping wetlands are found in diverse geographic areas ranging from small streams to
large open water environments. Not only does the size and shape make things difficult, but the type
and spatial distribution of wetlands can change dramatically from season to season. To make it
easier ecologist employ GIS and digital data based technologies for cumulative impact assessment,
spatial resource modelling and landscape pattern evaluation. A great example for the use of how GIS
can be used for the monitoring of macrophytes would be the management of Lake Marion, South
Carolina. Lake Marion is a large reservoir that has been of ecological studies to improve the lakes
water quality and natural wildlife while still being used by humans for recreational purposes and to
supply hydroelectric power. There has been an excessive amount of macrophyte growth found in the
lake and long term impacts should be

Carmp: Aquatic Ecosystem Analysis
In the late 1870s the invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was introduced to the North American
aquatic ecosystems, which was once native to the Caspian Sea (Bajer 2009 in Balon 1995). Carp are
a benthic fish, and as an adult they can have a high fecundity (Weber and Brown 2015). The
populations of carp in North America are dramatically high, and with the many the watersheds
connected to one another this provides a pathway for introduction into new waters (Bajer and
Sorensen 2010). One of the problems that occurs when they forage or spawn is that they can uproot
aquatic macrophytes (Badiou and Goldsborough in Lougheed et al 1998). In result, it will increase
the turbidity of the water and release nutrients into the water column from the sediments (Badiou
and Goldsborough in Breukelaar et al 1994). The common carp has altered the ecosystem.
We begin looking at the impacts of carp at the beginning of their lifecycle during their larval stages
when they have not reached one year old. During this time it was found that the young carp were in
high abundance and are planktivorous, thus feeding on zooplankton within ... Show more content on
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As seen in Figure 1. during the removal of carp in Lake Susan the amount of vegetation had
increased by 40% (Bajer and Sorensen 2015). The importance of having vegetation in lakes
especially around the littoral zone is vital for providing a habitat for other aquatic and semi aquatic
species like amphibians and invertebrates (Radomski et al 2010). It was surprising to learn that
removal of carp in a deep lake that can stratify, did not affect the concentration levels of
phosphorous. While it improved the turbidity of the water, becoming more clear, and allowing for
more light to enter the lake needed for submersed vegetation to growth (Bajer and Sorensen

Life Sciences Grade 12 Investigative Research

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Life Sciences Grade 12 Investigative Research