The gravity of the current political situation of Brazil is demanding the re-founding of the Republic that is, at present, a mere piece of fiction. The political crisis that shakes Brazil result basically of the failure of the political model adopted in the Constituent Assembly of 1988. The failure of the political model in Brazil is set on the fact of presidentialism in force since 1889 to be generator of political and institutional crises such as those already occurred in the past which resulted in impeachments and coups d´état. In addition, the country's political system is contaminated by corruption as evidenced by the processes of the "Mensalão" that investigated crime of vote-buying of lawmakers by the Brazilian government. Representative democracy in Brazil also expresses clear signs of exhaustion to discourage popular participation in government decisions, reducing political activity to mere electoral processes that are periodically repeated in which the people elect their representatives who, with few exceptions, after elections come to defend the interests of economic groups in opposition to the interests of those who elected them.

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BRAZIL WILL NOT OVERCOME CURRENT CRISIS WITHOUT THE
REFOUNDATION OF THE REPUBLIC
Fernando Alcoforado *
Republic is a form of state organization whose term comes from the Latin res publica
that means "public thing", "thing of the people". A republican government is one that
emphasizes the common interest, in the interest of the community, as opposed to private
interests and private business. In the history of the Republic in Brazil since 1889, when
occurred its proclamation through a coup d´état, these principles have not been
respected. Private interests and private business have prevailed over the common
interest throughout the history of Brazil. This has been recently more evident with the
corruption scandals in every Brazilian state structure.
The current republican system in Brazil is actually a democracy only for the rich and
corrupt. In this system, elections are a farce because they are controlled by the by
owners of capital that make win mostly the candidates in the service of big business as
demonstrated by “Operação Lava Jato” that investigate corruption in government
structure. This is a game of marked cards because national and international economic
groups boost the major parties financing their millionaire elections. Businesses and
banks elect their "countertops" at various levels of the legislative power that approve
laws in favor of economic power holders on the basis of vote-buying and "lobbies" and
still get millionaires State contracts. The assault on public coffers by politicians and
parties and the occupation of public office of the government machinery at the service
of the ruling parties have become commonplace in Brazilian political life.
Political corruption is part of the structure of modern capitalism, especially in peripheral
countries such as Brazil. Not that corruption has arisen and is exclusive of capitalism,
but it is an important adjunct for your support. Certainly, for capitalism to develop fully
need more of corruption than the competition in the so-called "free market". Thieves of
white collars are of many different types. Some are bourgeois or petty-bourgeois and
others come from lower social strata that see in their participation in governments a
means to increase their personal wealth as evidenced by “Operação Lava Jato”. In
Brazil, there are very few politicians who are driven by public interest. Some are
discreet and unobtrusive. Other boasts shamelessly the result of his crimes as shown by
the behavior of politicians as Lula, Renan Calheiros, Eduardo Cunha, Fernando Collor,
among others.
In Brazil, the state has always been a space of maintenance or expansion of fortunes of
politicians and his cronies. Many politicians who grow socially with politics are
tempted to imitate the patterns of the rich corrupting as is the cases of former union
members as Lula and Jaques Wagner, who, in exercising their electoral mandates,
abdicate to defend effectively the interests of disadvantaged social classes from which
they come from. The pursuit of social mobility entices them to thievery as seems to
prove their conditions of, respectively, the defendant and investigated by “Operação
Lava Jato”. Some people do not deceive anyone. Practically they say for what came and
because they want to be in the civil service. An objective fact is that capitalism is
capable, in its voracity to transform powder of character. In Brazil, this is happening
before our eyes with the presence in parliament of 70% of its members being
investigated for corruption crime.

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Capitalism, as a mode of production and social formation, has always lived this
contradiction, that is, works on irrational bases in the ceaseless pursuit of profit at any
price, at the time that presents wide human possibility of the use of reason, never known
in other periods of history thanks to technical progress. Not even the socialist
experience of the twentieth century in the former Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe,
that came to incorporate one in three humans of planet Earth, was able to overcome the
corruption that there was installed in the upper echelons of the ruling power even
because the socialist revolution has been betrayed with the implementation of state
capitalism as currently occurs in China.
It is no exaggeration to say that throughout the capitalist world, the largest socially
desires shared are the enrichment and consumption. In all countries, social corruption
(crime, prostitution, etc.) and state corruption (bribery, public funds deviations, etc.)
grow exponentially. The risk is that corruption reaches high levels reaching to the point
that these societies in different countries lose their direction encouraging social disorder.
Hence the importance of the movement that already occurs in Brazil to mobilize the
population in order to develop a critical awareness and action that contribute to the
adoption of effective forms of social, political and cultural control on the government at
all levels.
Many people defend the thesis that there is a evil human nature generative of crime,
violence in general and corruption. This is a distorted view of reality. The man is the
product of the social conditions in which they live. It is false to claim that corruption is
part of human nature and, therefore, it is impossible to be stopped. Capitalism is
contributing to its emergence. In the world of men and women there is enough space to
choose different paths. For this to happen, civil society in each country have to work to
change the reality in which we live in Brazil and worldwide.
The gravity of the current political situation of Brazil is demanding the re-founding of
the Republic that is, at present, a mere piece of fiction. The political crisis that shakes
Brazil result basically of the failure of the political model adopted in the Constituent
Assembly of 1988. The failure of the political model in Brazil is set on the fact of
presidentialism in force since 1889 to be generator of political and institutional crises
such as those already occurred in the past which resulted in impeachments and coups
d´état. In addition, the country's political system is contaminated by corruption as
evidenced by the processes of the "Mensalão" that investigated crime of vote-buying of
lawmakers by the Brazilian government. Representative democracy in Brazil also
expresses clear signs of exhaustion to discourage popular participation in government
decisions, reducing political activity to mere electoral processes that are periodically
repeated in which the people elect their representatives who, with few exceptions, after
elections come to defend the interests of economic groups in opposition to the interests
of those who elected them.
The ethical and moral crisis manifests itself at all levels of government that is evidenced
by successive corruption scandals that occurs every day that goes by and that has
become endemic throughout the country. Brazil is facing a process of ethical and moral
collapse in political and institutional level never seen in the history of the country. To
restructure the political and economic system of Brazil, there must be the immediate
convocation of a new national Constituent Assembly to reorder the national political
and economic life on a new basis. The Constituent Assembly Exclusive to be called to
reorder the national life would aim: 1) to carry out the reform of the country's political

3. 3
system with the institutionalization of the district vote and reducing the number of
parliamentarians and their stewardships in federal parliaments, state and municipal
among other measures; 2) to promote the reform of the State and Public Administration
on a new basis; 3) to ban political parties and parliamentarians committed to corruption;
4) to form new political parties after the new Constituent; and, 5) to call new general
elections in the country, among other measures. The Exclusive Constituent Assembly to
be convened should institute also parliamentarism and decide the end of the Senate with
the institutionalization of the unicameral system.
* Fernando Alcoforado, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor of Territorial
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, a university professor and
consultant in strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is
the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova
(Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado.
Universidade de Barcelona, http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e
Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX
e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of
the Economic and Social Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe
Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora, Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e
combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011),
Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012),
Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2015) and As Grandes Revoluções Científicas, Econômicas e Sociais que Mudaram o Mundo
(Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2016) .