The gravity of the current political situation of Brazil is demanding the re-founding of the Republic who is, at present, a mere piece of fiction. The political crisis that shakes the Brazil follows basically the failure of the political model adopted in the Constituent Assembly of 1988. The failure of the political model in Brazil is set on the fact of presidentialism in force since 1889 to be generator of political and institutional crises such as those already they occurred in the past which resulted in impeachments and coups d´état. In addition, the country's political system is contaminated by corruption as evidenced by the processes of "mensalão" and “Lava Jato” Operation that investigated, respectively, crimes of corruption in Parliament and in state companies. Representative democracy in Brazil also expresses clear signs of exhaustion to discourage popular participation in government decisions, reducing political activity to mere electoral processes that are periodically repeated in which the people elect their representatives who, with few exceptions, after elections come to defend the interests of economic groups in opposition to the interests of those who elected them.

1. 1
REFOUND REPUBLIC IN BRAZIL TO OVERCOME CURRENT CRISIS
Fernando Alcoforado *
Republic is a form of state organization whose term comes from the Latin res publica
that means "public thing", "thing of the people". A republican government is one that
emphasizes the common interest, in the interest of the community, as opposed to private
interests and private business. In the history of the Republic in Brazil since 1889, when
of its proclamation through a coup, these principles have not been respected. Private
interests and private business have prevailed over the common interest throughout the
history of Brazil. This has been recently more evident with the corruption scandals in
every Brazilian State structure.
The current republican system in Brazil is actually a democracy only for the rich and
corrupt. In this system, elections are a farce because they are controlled by the capital
owners that make mainly win the candidates in the service of big business as
demonstrated by “Lava Jato” Operation. This is a game of marked cards because
national and international economic groups drive the major parties financing their
millionaires elections. Businesses and banks elect their "parliamentary countertops" at
various levels of the legislature approving laws in favor of powerful on the basis of
vote-buying and "lobbies" and even obtains the state millionaires contracts. The assault
on public coffers by politicians and parties and the use of the government machinery at
the service of the ruling parties have become commonplace in Brazilian political life.
Political corruption is part of the structure of modern capitalism, especially in peripheral
countries such as Brazil. Not that corruption has arisen and is exclusive of capitalism,
but it is an important adjunct to support this. Certainly, so that capitalism can develop
fully need more corruption than the competition in the so-called "free market". Thieves
white collars are of many different types. Some are bourgeois or petty-bourgeois and
others come from lower social strata who see in their participation in governments a
means to increase their personal wealth as evidenced by “Lava Jato” Operation. In
Brazil, there are very few politicians who are driven by public interest. Some are
discreet and unobtrusive. Other boast shamelessly the result of his crimes as shown
nothing Republican recordings involving political conversations as Delcídio do Amaral,
Lula and more recently Romero Jucá, Planning minister of Temer government.
In Brazil, the State has always been a space of maintenance or expansion of political
fortunes and his accomplices. Many who rose socially with politics are tempted to
imitate the patterns of the rich corrupting as is the case of former union members as
Lula and Jaques Wagner, who, in exercising their electoral mandates, abdicate to defend
effectively the interests of disadvantaged social classes where they come from. The
pursuit of social mobility seduces to thievery as seems to prove their conditions of
investigated for corruption crime by “Lava Jato” Operation. Some do not deceive
anyone. Practically say for what they came and why they want to be in the civil service.
An concrete fact is that capitalism is capable, in its voracity to do to turn powder of
character of the people. In Brazil, this is happening before our eyes with the presence in
parliament of 70% of its members being investigated for corruption crime.
Capitalism, as a mode of production and social formation, has always lived this
contradiction, that is, works on irrational bases in the incessant pursuit of profit at any
price, at the time that it has wide human possibility of the use of reason, never known in
other period of history thanks to technical progress. Even the socialist experiment of the

2. 2
twentieth century in the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, that came to
incorporate one in three humans of planet Earth, wasn´t able to overcome the corruption
that there was installed in the upper echelons of the ruling power up because the
socialist revolution has been betrayed with the of the implementation of state capitalism
as currently occurs in China.
It is no exaggeration to say that throughout the capitalist world, the largest desires
socially shared are the enrichment and consumption. In all countries, social corruption
(crime, prostitution, etc.) and state (bribery of public funds deviations, etc.) grow
exponentially. The risk is that corruption reaches high levels reaching the point that
these societies in different countries lose their direction encouraging social disorder.
Hence the importance of the movement that already occurs in Brazil to mobilize the
population in order to develop a critical awareness and action that contribute to the
adoption of effective forms of social, political and cultural control on the government at
all levels.
Many defend the thesis that there is a evil human nature generative of crime, violence in
general and corruption. This is a distorted view of reality. The man is the product of the
social conditions in which they live. It is false to claim that corruption is part of human
nature and, therefore, it is impossible to be stopped. Capitalism is contributing to its
emergence. In the world of men and women there is enough space to choose different
paths. For this to happen, civil society in each country has to work to change the reality
in which we live in Brazil and worldwide.
The gravity of the current political situation of Brazil is demanding the re-founding of
the Republic who is, at present, a mere piece of fiction. The political crisis that shakes
the Brazil follows basically the failure of the political model adopted in the Constituent
Assembly of 1988. The failure of the political model in Brazil is set on the fact of
presidentialism in force since 1889 to be generator of political and institutional crises
such as those already they occurred in the past which resulted in impeachments and
coups d´état. In addition, the country's political system is contaminated by corruption as
evidenced by the processes of "mensalão" and “Lava Jato” Operation that investigated,
respectively, crimes of corruption in Parliament and in state companies. Representative
democracy in Brazil also expresses clear signs of exhaustion to discourage popular
participation in government decisions, reducing political activity to mere electoral
processes that are periodically repeated in which the people elect their representatives
who, with few exceptions, after elections come to defend the interests of economic
groups in opposition to the interests of those who elected them.
The ethical and moral crisis manifests itself at all levels of government that is evidenced
by successive corruption scandals that occurs every day that goes by and that has
become endemic throughout the country. Brazil is facing a process of ethical and moral
collapse in political and institutional level never seen in the history of the country. To
restructure the political and economic system of Brazil, there must be the immediate
convocation of a new national Constituent Assembly to reorder the national political
and economic life on a new basis with the replacement of model neoliberal, which
makes Brazil dependent on national and international financial capital and undermines
national interests since 1990, by the national developmentalist model that would make
the country take over the reins of her destiny. This will only come to an end with the
existence in Brazil of a government that is able to unite the nation around a common

3. 3
economic, political and social project and have competent people in the nation's
command.
The Constituent Assembly Exclusive to be called to reorder the national life would aim:
1) to carry out the reform of the country's political system with the institutionalization
of the district vote and reducing the number of parliamentarians and their stewardships
in federal parliaments, state and municipal among other measures; 2) promote the
reform of the State and Public Administration on a new basis; 3) ban political parties
and parliamentarians committed to corruption; 4) To form new political parties after the
new Constituent; and, 5) call new general elections in the country, among other
measures. The Constituent Assembly Exclusive to be convened should institute also
parliamentarism and decide by the end of the Senate with the institutionalization of the
unicameral system.
* Fernando Alcoforado, member of the Bahia Academy of Education, engineer and doctor of Territorial
Planning and Regional Development from the University of Barcelona, a university professor and
consultant in strategic planning, business planning, regional planning and planning of energy systems, is
the author of Globalização (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1997), De Collor a FHC- O Brasil e a Nova
(Des)ordem Mundial (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 1998), Um Projeto para o Brasil (Editora Nobel, São
Paulo, 2000), Os condicionantes do desenvolvimento do Estado da Bahia (Tese de doutorado.
Universidade de Barcelona, http://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/1944, 2003), Globalização e
Desenvolvimento (Editora Nobel, São Paulo, 2006), Bahia- Desenvolvimento do Século XVI ao Século XX
e Objetivos Estratégicos na Era Contemporânea (EGBA, Salvador, 2008), The Necessary Conditions of
the Economic and Social Development-The Case of the State of Bahia (VDM Verlag Dr. Muller
Aktiengesellschaft & Co. KG, Saarbrücken, Germany, 2010), Aquecimento Global e Catástrofe
Planetária (P&A Gráfica e Editora, Salvador, 2010), Amazônia Sustentável- Para o progresso do Brasil e
combate ao aquecimento global (Viena- Editora e Gráfica, Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo, São Paulo, 2011),
Os Fatores Condicionantes do Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social (Editora CRV, Curitiba, 2012) and
Energia no Mundo e no Brasil- Energia e Mudança Climática Catastrófica no Século XXI (Editora CRV,
Curitiba, 2015).