This presentation delivers a broad overview why electric vehicles can be a solution for the climate change challange

1. 1

2. 2
Climate Change and Transport
The potential role of electric passenger vehicles
Markus Becker
Division IG I 5 “Environment, Traffic and Transport”
TU Berlin
27 October 2010

3. 3
Warm-up:
energy for transport
When using the energy contained in 5 litres of gasoline (42 kWh or
37,000 kcal) …
… how far can you travel on different means of transport ?

4. 4
Content
I. Challenges in (automotive) transport
II. Advantages of electric drives, coupling RE
III. National Development Plan for EV, related projects
IV. Conclusions

5. 5
Required GHG reduction
complying with a 2°C target

6. 6
How to reduce emissions
from passenger transport?
total emissions
transport
demand
[passenger km]
energy
intensity
[joule per pkm]
CO2
intensity
[CO2e per joule]
Simplified illustration for overall emissions, acc. to Creutzig/Edenhofer
= x x
approaches
Avoid traffic
e.g. reducing
needs for
mobility
and distances
through
integrated
planning
Shift traffic
+ efficiency
e.g. reducing
consumption
of vehicles and
support
modal shift
towards more
efficient modes
Switch fuel
e.g. using low
carbon fuels
such as
sustainable
biofuels or
renewable
electricity

7. 7
Where lies the bulk
of emissions?
75%
15%
9% 1%
Individual (road) Public (road & rail) Aviation others
EU-27 modal split
(pkm 2007, DG Energy and Transport)
…efficiency
Electric engines
are by far
more efficient
than combustion
engines.
…fuel switch
Electric drives
allow for a switch
from hydrocarbon
fuels to renewable
electricity.
+
normal
car
hybrid plug-in &
range-extended
fully
electric
combustion
electric
Electric vehicles both support…

8. 8
GHG path to meet 2°C
maximum global warming
Calculations:
McKinsey for BMU, 2010
CO2 emissions in Gt CO2e

9. 9
What could a 2°C target
mean for car traffic?
2050:
7 - 22t
CO2e p.a.
9 Billion
citizens
in 2050
0,7 - 2,4t
CO2e budget
p. capita/year
Share of
transport
constant
Similar
modal
split
emission
standards
of 14 to 43g/KM
>> requires a 68 to 93% share of electric driving in mileage, even if conventional cars are optimised

10. 10
1) S60: Scenario oil price 60 USD per barrel, S110: oil price 110 USD per barrel.
2) Source: McKinsey
What could the market
look like in 2020?
Global Sales
Global sales of
EV and PHEV up
to 7mn in 2020,
thereof 3 million
in Europe and
0,6 million in
Germany
ICEV (combustion v.)
Optimized ICEV
Mild Hybrid
Plug-In and battery
electric vehicle
Global market
volume of 470
billion euro p.a.
possible by
2020.
scenario S 110,
thereof € 110 bn
EV and PHEV

11. 11
A race for models
has begun
Mass production vehicles
as of August 2010
non-comprehensive
Source: RWE

12. 12
Content
I. Challenges in (automotive) transport
II. Advantages of electric drives, coupling RE
III. National Development Plan for EV, related projects
IV. Conclusions

13. 13
Advantages of
electric mobility
Climate Change
Reduction of CO2 emissions, worldwide by around
two thirds until 2050, by at least 80% in Germany
Scarcity of
fossil fuels
Supply will presumably last 30 to 40 years –
reserves mainly in politically unstable regions
Urbanisation
Changing requirements for users and increasing
necessity to limit local emissions
Technological
requirements
EV technologies available today, some
manufacturers have already started small-scale
production
Industrial
policy
Government support programmes, in particular
China: 11 billion euro within the upcoming decade;
likewise: US, EU, Japan
Customer demand
Significant number of early adopters already today
(despite high costs)

14. 14
CO2
[g/km]
Diesel fuel
from coal (CtL)
Upstream process
Car operation
e-vehicles
with RE
20103)
50
100
150
200
e-vehicles with
electricity mix
Germany 20103)
115
5
290
Efficient
diesel engine
2010 2)
126
1) Source: KBA, conventional fuels 2 ) consumption: 4 l/100 km, conventional fuels 3) electricity consumption:
18 kWh/100 km
106 106
 Largest CO2 reduction for electricity from renewable energies
Passenger cars,
new vehicles'
Germany 20071)
201
CO2 emissions
of different energy paths
170

15. 15
Renewable electric mobility!
Consumption
Pump storage
Run down power plant
- + e-vehicle
„The additional total demand in electric energy for
electric vehicles will be met by electricity from
renewable sources – according to the
determinations of the National Electromobility
Development Plan.“
Joint Declaration FedGov - Industry of 3 May 2010
 preferably: use of intermittent renewables
 thereafter: provision of further extensions
The use of renewable electricity for vehicles is
crucial to
 the climate protection effect
 the user acceptance
 the marketing of the car industry
1 million electric vehicles increase the
electricity demand by appr. 0.3 percent
mileage 10.000 km/a, 0.18 kWh/km consumption,
gross electricity consumption 617 TWh (2007)
Scheme: Electric vehicles can absorb
peak loads of green electricity

16. 16
Content
I. Challenges in (automotive) transport
II. Advantages of electric drives, coupling RE
III. National Development Plan for EV, related projects
IV. Conclusions

17. 17
 Electric mobility as part of the Integrated Energy and Climate Programme
(December 2007)
 Establishment of the interministerial steering group on electric mobility
(BMWi, BMVBS, BMU, BMBF)
 Support of first field trials in Berlin (June 2008)
 National strategy conference on electric mobility (November 2008)
 Economic stimulus programme II € 500 m until 2011 (January 2009)
 National Electromobility Development Plan (NEDP) (August 2009)
 Establishment of Federal Government Joint Unit for Electric Mobility
(February 2010)
 National platform on electric mobility (May 2010)
Development in Germany

18. 18
 Integrating e-mobility in a sustainable transport system
 Climate protection through expansion and grid integration of RE
 Maintaining and enhancing competitiveness by introducing
innovations throughout the entire value-added chain
(lead market electric mobility)
 Interlinking central actors (national platform)
 Interim goal: 1 million electric vehicles by 2020
[6 million in 2030 according to FedGov’s Energiekonzept]
Fundamental aims of NEDP

19. 19
BMWi  Energy research (e.g. electricity storage and grid integration)
 ICT for grid integration (e-energy)
 Transport research (e.g. drive components, field trials)
BMVBS  8 model regions
 Centre for battery testing
BMU  Field trials in passenger and commercial transport
 Recycling of lithium-ion traction batteries
 Market introduction of hybrid busses
 Grid integration and coupling with RE (e-energy)
BMBF  Development of production technologies for lithium-ion cells/
battery systems
 Competence network systems research electric mobility
 Development of research centres for electrochemistry
Key areas of support of ministries

20. 20
Main focus of projects
commissioned by BMU
€ 100 million funding until 2011
• determining the environmental and
emission impacts of electric and
plug-in-hybrid vehicles
• gaining knowledge about user
acceptance and real-time charging
behaviour
• proving controlled charging in
order to support grid integration of
renewable electricity
• developing and testing storage and
back-feed options for electricity
Image: theautochannel.com
Objective:
Commercialise the
„zero-emission vehicle“
as a sustainable innovation

21. 21
E-Energy model regions
• integration of electric vehicles
into a smart energy system
• time sensitive charging
• examination of back-feed
capability (vehicle to grid)
• developing and proving the
IT-infrastructure
• devicing business cases for
utilities and users
Involved regions
• Mannheim: company fleet of SAP, further partners
• Harz: individual users and rent-a-car, further partners
• 7 model regions in total, commissioned jointly with BMWi

22. 22
Mini-E Fleet Trial
• 50 electric BMW Mini in Berlin
• partner: BMW, Vattenfall i.a.
• 100 user testing the Mini-E for
6 months
• individual and commercial
participants
• objective: analysing acceptance
and proving controlled charging
Intermediate results
• high customer satisfaction, high reliability of the vehicles
• rare use of public charging spots provided
• mobility patterns hardly distinguishable from conventional cars

23. 23
Volkswagen TwinDrive
• development of a plug-in-EV,
platform: Golf
• fleet trial with 20 vehicles in the
Berlin conurbation
• objectives:
• determining energy consumption,
emissions and user acceptance
• proving controlled charging and
back-feed of current into the grid
Specifications
• e-drive: 85 kW, 40 - 50 km electric range, Vmax: 120 km/h
• combustion engine: 90 kW, Vmax:170 km/h

24. 24
Mercedes E-Vito
• fleet trial with 50 elektric light duty
vehicles in Berlin
• users: parcel and customer services
• ideal segment for deployment:
• short distance, high mileage
• uniform pattern of operation
• major environmental benefit in urban
areas
• low energy costs
Specifications
• 130km range, 80 km/h Vmax
• 900kg net load, no storage constraints
• regenerative breaking, zero local emissions

25. 25
Further projects
• development of recycling
procedures for Li-Ion-batteries,
installation of a pilot facility
• subsidy scheme for hybrid
buses
• proving inductive charging for
electric vehicles
• employment of range extended
vehicles
• fleet trial with heavy-duty
passenger e-cars (Porsche)
• examination of environmental
and economic benefits

26. 26
Regional distribution of
BMU projects
See www.pt-elektromobilitaet.de for more information.

27. 27
Content
I. Challenges in (automotive) transport
II. Advantages of electric drives, coupling RE
III. National Development Plan for EV, related projects
IV. Conclusions

28. 28
 Electric mobility is the future – independently of
developments in Germany
 Long-term climate protection goals make electrification
indispensable
 e-vehicles only sustainable with electricity from RE
 Symbiosis between RE and electric vehicles possible
 1st phase of NEDP important step
Most important findings

29. 29
Further steps
 Swift distribution of funds from economic stimulus
programme II
 1st report of National Platform for Electric Mobility Dec 2010
 International strategy conference presumably first half of
2011
 Steadily pursuing development of electric mobility
industry (in particular manufacturers and energy utilities)
research
politics
 specification of next phase of NEDP
 incentives for coupling e-vehicles to RE

30. 30
Thank you for your kind attention.
Contact
Markus Becker
BMU IG I 5
D-11055 Berlin
Mail: markus.becker@bmu.bund.de
In 1899, more electric vehicles than com-
bustion engine vehicles were produced.
Recommended reading
www.bmu.de/english/mobility/electric_mobility/doc/44821.php
www.ikt-em.de/en
www.pt-elektromobilitaet.de [German only]