Craig10e ch01 ppt_ops_final

Copyright © 2016, 2011, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Heritage of World Civilizations
Tenth Edition
Chapter 1
The Birth of
Civilization

A Carved or Etched Limestone Statue

Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1.1 Early Humans and Their Culture
• Describe the differences between Paleolithic societies,
Neolithic societies, and the early Bronze Age civilizations.
1.2 Early Civilizations in the Middle East to about 1000 B.C.E.
• Compare the early civilizations of Mesopotamia and
Ancient Egypt.
1.3 Ancient Near Eastern Empires
• Summarize the relationships among the ancient Near
Eastern empires and the key events in their history.

Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
1.4 Early Indian Civilization
• Summarize what is known and unknown about the Indus
civilization, and describe the origins, society, culture, and religion
of the Vedic Aryan civilization.
1.5 Early Chinese Civilization
• Discuss the evolution of early Chinese civilization from its
Neolithic origins to the period of the Eastern Zhou.
1.6 The Rise of Civilization in the Americas
• Describe food production in the Neolithic revolution in the
Americas, and summarize the succession of civilizations in
Mesoamerica and the Andes.

Introduction
• The first humanlike creatures appeared in
Africa 3 to 5 million years ago.
• Our own species, Homo sapiens, emerged
some 200,000 years ago.
• The first sedentary agriculture was adopted
some 10,000 years ago.
• About 5,000 years ago more complex societies
with cities, writing systems, and occupational
specializations begin to appear.

Global Perspective: Civilizations (1 of 2)
• From the time that modern humans first
appeared 100,000 years ago until 7000 B.C.E., few
changes occurred.
• From about 7000 B.C.E., innovations began.
Humans learned to till the soil, domesticate
animals, and make pots for the storage of food.
• The last millennium B.C.E. witnessed two major
developments: the emergence of the religious
and philosophical revolutions and the rise of the
Iron Age empires.

Global Perspective: Civilizations (2 of 2)
1. What were the processes behind the creation
of early civilizations?
2. What are the similarities among the world’s
earliest civilizations?
3. Why has the pace of change accelerated with
time?

1.1 Early Humans and Their Culture (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Describe the differences between
Paleolithic societies, Neolithic
societies, and the early Bronze Age
civilizations.

1.1 Early Humans and Their Culture (2 of 2)
• Culture is the sum total of the ways of living
built up by a group and passed on from one
generation to another.

1.1.1 The Paleolithic Age
• The Paleolithic Age dates from some 1 million
years ago to 10,000 B.C.E.
• People were hunters and gatherers but not
producers of food.
• People acquired language and developed
religions.
• The style of life and the level of technology
could support only sparsely settled society.

Map 1–1: Early Human Migrations

Wondjina

1.1.2 The Neolithic Age
• Ten thousand years ago, the first settled agriculture
emerged in the Middle East.
• The shift in agriculture required advances in stone tool
technology and gave rise to the Neolithic Age.
• Pottery and cloth from wool and flax were produced.
• Populations grew and became more sedentary.
• The dramatic changes in subsistence, settlement,
technology, and population of this time are known
collectively as the Neolithic Revolution.

Çatal Hüyük

1.1.3 The Bronze Age and
the Birth of Civilization
• New technologies such as smelting and the
manufacturing of metal tools and weapons
emerged.
• First large cities appeared in Mesopotamia.
• Social stratification became more pronounced.
• The key features of civilization emerged.
• The term Bronze Age refers to the period 3100–
1200 B.C.E. in the Near East and eastern
Mediterranean.

1.2 Early Civilizations in the Middle East to
about 1000 B.C.E. (1 OF 2)
Learning Objective:
Compare the early civilizations of
Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.

1.2 Early Civilizations in the Middle East to
about 1000 B.C.E. (2 OF 2)
• By 3000 B.C.E., centralized states were well
established in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
• Irrigation contributed to the ability to produce
a surplus in agriculture.

1.2.1 Mesopotamian Civilization (1 of 2)
• The Sumerians founded the oldest
Mesopotamian cities in the southern part of
the region during the fourth millennium B.C.E.
• Various empires, including the Akkadians and
Babylonians, dominated the region.
• A Babylonian king, Hammurabi, is know for
creating the fullest and best-preserved ancient
legal code.

1.2.1 Mesopotamian Civilization (2 of 2)
• The Sumerians invented the writing system
now known as cuneiform.
• They developed the concept of number.
Mathematics and a calendar followed.
• The Mesopotamians worshiped many gods
and goddesses in human form.
• They had a gloomy picture of the afterworld.
• Strict social divisions and slavery were
present.

Map 1–2: The Ancient Near East

Akkadian Victory Stele

Document: The Code of Hammurabi
• What do the passages suggest about the way
Mesopotamians viewed the role of marriage in society,
and the role of women in marriage?
• If you formed your society from passages 129, 137, and
138 alone, you might assume that women primarily
reared children and were confined to the home. What do
the other passages here reveal about other roles that
women played in this culture?
• What does this difference suggest about the importance
of evidence and the accidents of its survival in
understanding the lives of women in history?

A Closer Look: Babylonian World Map

Chronology: Key Events and People in
Mesopotamian History

1.2.2 Egyptian Civilization (1 of 3)
• Egyptian agriculture and commerce centered
on the Nile River.
• The 3,000-year span of Ancient Egyptian
history is divided into thirty-one royal
dynasties.
• The Old Kingdom (2700–2200 B.C.E.) was the
age of the pyramids; during this time, the
pharaohs dominated as kings and gods.

• The Middle Kingdom (2200–1630 B.C.E.) saw
the absolute power of the pharaohs fade.
• Egypt expanded more aggressively during this
period.
• The New Kingdom (1630–1075 B.C.E.) brought
Egypt to the height of its power.
• This was followed by a thousand-year period
of decline in Egypt.

• The Egyptians developed a writing system known
as hieroglyphics around 3000 B.C.E.
• They wrote many different types of literature.
• The many gods in the Egyptian pantheon are
difficult to categorize.
• Egyptians believed in an afterlife full of danger.
• Women’s roles were connected to the household,
but some royal women held considerable power.

Making Bread

Pyramids at Giza

Map 1–3: The Near East and Greece,
ca. 1400 B.C.E.

Chronology: Major Periods in Ancient
Egyptian History

Seated Egyptian Scribe

Document: Love Poems from
the New Kingdom
• How does the girl in the first poem
propose to escape the supervision of her
parents?
• What ails the young man in the second
poem?

Scene from the Book of the Dead

1.3 Ancient Near Eastern Empires
Learning Objective:
Summarize the relationships among
the ancient Near Eastern empires and
the key events in their history.

1.3.1 The Hittites
• By 1500 B.C.E., the Hittites had established a
strong, centralized government in present-day
Turkey.
• The Hittite kingdom had disappeared by 1200
B.C.E.
• Iron-smelting technology was discovered in
northern Anatolia.
• This led to the Iron Age after 1100 B.C.E.

1.3.2 The Kassites
• The Kassites established a dynasty at Babylon
that lasted 500 years.

1.3.3 The Mitannians
• The Mitannians developed chariot warfare
and horse training to a high degree.

1.3.4 The Assyrians
• The Assyrian people were originally from the
city of Asser.
• The first Assyrian Empire spread north and
west before collapsing at the end of the
second millennium.

Document: An Assyrian Woman Writes to
Her Husband, ca. 1800 B.C.E.
• What functions did this woman perform on
behalf of the family?
• How do you judge her real power in regard to
her husband?
• On what evidence do you base that
judgment?
• What does this document reveal about the
place of women in Assyrian society?

1.3.5 The Second Assyrian Empire
• By 665 B.C.E., the second Assyrian Empire
controlled all of Mesopotamia and much of
Asia Minor.
• The empire was carefully organized but too
large to govern efficiently.

Assyrian Palace Relief

1.3.6 The Neo-Babylonians
• Nebuchadnezzar of Babylonia takes over much
of the Assyrian Empire.
• An astronomical center in Babylon kept
detailed records of observations.
• The Persians conquered the empire in 539
B.C.E.

Chronology: Key Events in the History of
Ancient Near Eastern Empires

1.4 Early Indian Civilization (1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Summarize what is known and
unknown about the Indus civilization,
and describe the origins, society,
culture, and religion of the Vedic Aryan
civilization.

1.4 Early Indian Civilization (2 of 2)
• The first evidence of a settled, Neolithic way of
life in India dates from 5500 B.C.E.
• The Indus or Harappan civilization emerged in the
valley of the Indus River sometime after 2600
B.C.E. as the first civilization in India.
• The second, the Vedic Aryan civilization, followed
after 1700 B.C.E., named after the Aryans who
founded it and their holy texts, or Vedas.

1.4.1 The Indus Civilization (1 of 2)
• The Indus civilization existed from 2300 B.C.E.
to approximately 1700 B.C.E.
• It was a homogenous culture covering a wide
geographic area.
• Cities followed a common pattern, with a
complex system of sewers and drains.
• The Harappans practiced sedentary
agriculture, raised livestock, and engaged in
trade with Mesopotamia.

1.4.1 The Indus Civilization (2 of 2)
• The Indus culture produced fine bronze and
stone sculptures.
• The art of the Indus civilization is somewhat
limited compared to Egypt or Mesopotamia.
• Indus religious practices can be connected to
later practices in India.
• The civilization had disappeared by 1800 B.C.E.

Map 1–4: Indus and Vedic Aryan Cultures

Map 1–5: Mohenjo-Daro

Indus Stamp Seal

1.4.2 The Vedic Aryan Civilization
(1 of 2)
• Modern knowledge of Aryan civilization has
been preserved through the Vedas.
• The Aryans were part of a language group
known today as Indo-European.
• The Vedic Aryans were seminomadic warriors
from Asia who invaded India in tribal groups.
• Tribes were ruled by a chieftain or raja.
• Aryan mixing with other subcontinent people
created a new and distinct Indian culture.

1.4.2 The Vedic Aryan Civilization
(2 of 2)
• Late in the Vedic Age, other sacred writings
were created, including the Brahmanas, the
Mahabharata, and the Ramayana.
• Aryan society was patrilineal and highly
stratified into strict castes, or varnas.
• The priestly Brahman caste dominated, a
status supported by the Upanishads.
• Indra, the god of war, and Agni, the god of
fire, were leading deities.

Document: Hymn to Indra
• What are the main kinds of imagery used
for Indra and his actions in the hymn?
• What divine acts does the hymn ascribe
to Indra?

Chronology: Ancient India

1.5 Early Chinese Civilization
Learning Objective:
Discuss the evolution of early Chinese
civilization from its Neolithic origins to
the period of the Eastern Zhou.

1.5.1 Neolithic Origins
in the Yellow River Valley
• Agriculture began in China about 4000 B.C.E.
• China’s chief crop was millet, they had
domesticated animals, and they used stone
tools.

Map 1–6: Bronze Age China during the
Shang Dynasty, 1766–1050 B.C.E.

1.5.2 Early Bronze Age: The Shang
• Shang Dynasty (1766–1050 B.C.E.) was
characterized by city-states, the largest of
which was the Shang capital.
• Shang kings held political, economic, social,
and religious authority.
• The three most notable features of Shang
China were writing, bronzes, and the
appearance of social classes.

Oracle Bone

1.5.3 Late Bronze Age: The Western Zhou
• The Zhou conquered the Shang by 1050 B.C.E.
• Under the Zhou, the main features of Shang
life and rule continued, including city-states.
• The Zhou claimed the Mandate from Heaven,
a concept used by every subsequent Chinese
dynasty.

1.5.4 Iron Age: The Eastern Zhou
• This period began in 771 B.C.E. when the Zhou
capital was overrun by barbarians.
• Zhou rulers saw their power diminish.
• This era included the Spring and Autumn
period and the Warring States period.
• Agricultural lands and population increased,
commerce expanded, and a new kind of army
emerged.

Map 1–7: Early Iron Age Territorial States in
China during the Sixth Century B.C.E.

Overview: Chinese Writing (1 of 3)

Document: Human Sacrifice in Early China
• Today, we believe that it is honorable to
die in war for one’s nation.
• How is that different from dying to serve
one’s lord in the afterlife?

Chronology: Early China

(1 of 2)
Learning Objective:
Describe food production in the
Neolithic revolution in the Americas,
and summarize the succession of
civilizations in Mesoamerica and the
Andes.

(2 of 2)
• Sometime before 12,000 B.C.E., Asian migrations
on the Bering Sea land bridge brought humans to
the Americas.
• Earliest American immigrants lived by hunting,
fishing, and gathering.
• Maize cultivation began in Mexico around 4000
B.C.E.
• Mesoamerica and the Andean region produced
strong, long-lasting states with stratified social
structures.

Olmec Head

Chronology: Early Civilizations of
Mesoamerica

Map 1–8: Civilization in Mesoamerica and
the Andes

Chronology: Early Civilizations of the Andes

Craig10e ch01 ppt_ops_final

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Editor's Notes