Government Funded Versus Privately Funded Human Life

Government Funded Versus Privately Funded Human Life
Introduction to Government Funded Versus Privately Funded Human Spaceflight
Getting into space isn 't easy. It required the world 's largest superpowers and billions of dollars of
research and development to create the first rockets capable of carrying human beings into space.
Approximately 60 years later, we find ourselves still struggling to reach LEO (low–Earth Orbit)
without breaking the bank. With the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011, the United States has
lost its only dedicated vehicle capable sending astronauts and payloads into orbit. Relying on the
Russian Soyuz vehicle for our missions, the price of sending people into space has continued to be
astronomical. America needs a new line of cheaper rockets to fit the demand of future missions, and
what role the government should play in this expensive development process is a complicated
debate which affects many people. We 're paying too much to go to space. NASA typically contracts
out launch vehicles from private companies for their launch needs, and historically they have almost
always gone to the United Launch Alliance (a joint venture between Lockheed and Boeing). Up
until recently, they have been one of the only organizations capable of sending cargo to both low–
Earth orbit and geosynchronous orbit (an orbit which matches the trajectory of the craft with the
rotation of the Earth). As a result, a monopoly has been created, and the price of sending anything
into space costs a ridiculous amount of money.
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The Pros And Cons Of Evaluating NASA
You are the same age as the universe, because matter can never be created or destroyed. NASA will
be fifty eight years old tomorrow, October 1, 2016. Since the start of the NASA program, in October
of 1958, we have had many different projects to explore and discover more about what is around our
world. Many criteria that can be used to evaluate NASA, and these criteria are past tragedies, past
successes, theories for travel, type of transportation, funding, popularity, reputation, long term
impact, short term impact, and scientific discoveries. NASA has had three major past tragedies that
still linger over the program today. The first major tragedy for NASA came at a fragile time. During
the start of the Apollo program three astronauts who were scheduled to be sent into orbit on Apollo
One died from a fire. This fire started from an electrical failure in their simulation practice pod as
the three men, Virgil I. Grissom, Edward H. White II, Roger B. Chaffee, were inclosed in the pure–
oxygen chamber. Then, during the eighties when NASA was sending space shuttles into orbit and no
longer going to the moon, the space shuttle challenger launched from its ... Show more content on
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During the 60's short term impacts of NASA surrounded the moon exploration programs. Such
impacts were both negative and positive. With these missions being the first real interactions
between humans and zero gravity space there was many discoveries, most discoveries were very
basic. Some negative short term impacts was the fear of the Russians and communism that was
created. This fear fueled the NASA programs for years. Funding was easy to get since taxes were
increased with the nationwide fear of going to war. More short term impacts that astronauts soon
found were the slight increase in height after being in a zero gravity environment. Other similar
short term impacts were found by trial and error and some from

California Science Center Assignment
Extra Credit Assignment
For this assignment I suppose to visit the California Science Center specially the space shuttle.
When I arrived there, I was bust and I told my self that I want to go to the space shuttle then I leave
directly. However, the 's information, I notice that physics discover a big part in the life.
What is the Space Shuttle? The Space Shuttle was a somewhat reusable low Earth orbital rocket
framework worked by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Its official
project name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 arrangement for an
arrangement of reusable shuttle of which it was the main thing financed for development. The first
of four orbital experimental runs happened in 1981, prompting operational flights starting in 1982.
They were utilized on a sum of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, propelled from the Kennedy Space
Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions dispatched various satellites, interplanetary tests, and
the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); led science tests in circle; and partook in development and
overhauling of the International Space Station. The Shuttle armada's aggregate mission time was
1322 days, 19 hours, 21 minutes and 23 seconds.
When I was in the California Science Center, I asked about how does the space shuttle works? Then
after a looking around and some searching, I found ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each of the four orbiters in the armada – Columbia, Challenger, Discovery and Atlantis – were
flown. Be that as it may, 1 minute, 13 seconds after liftoff – amid the 25th dispatch – on Jan. 28,
1986, the Space Shuttle blasted. The orbiter Challenger was obliterated and its team of seven
murdered. The mishap had an extensive effect on the Space Shuttle program. Launchings were
suspended for over 2 years, while proposals of a Presidential Commission which researched the
mishap were executed, alongside changes called for by NASA

Columbia Space Shuttle Research Paper
Investigation:
In 1972, NASA after several attempts started the Space Shuttle Program for space exploration,
commercial purposes, and national security tasks and it started developing Columbia as one of the
first shuttles in the program. In early of 1981s, Columbia completed its first space mission. On
January 2003, Columbia Space Shuttle was ready for STS–107 mission and its 28th flight. The
mission was to transport two teams of scientists (7 astronauts in total) to conduct over 80
experiments in 16 days with 12–hour shift time.
Day 1
NASA launched Columbia Space Shuttle after long trouble free preparation on January 16th, 2003,
from Kennedy Space Center in Florida (KSC). However, 81.6 seconds later apiece of insulating
foam came off from

End of the Space Shuttle Program: An American Financial...
NASA's Shuttle Program also known as the Space Transportation System, was the first winged
manned spacecraft operation to have achieved orbit and land, also the first to use reusable
spacecrafts and make multiple flights into various orbits. Although the shuttle program took
America to a heighten achievement of orbital transportation, recent closure of the program has
baffled many Americans and left questions about the future of the American space missions. The
closure of the program by the Obama administration is a short–term allocation of government funds
that should be better understood as a strategic move to improve the future stability of the American
economy. The budget cuts are part of having a balanced budget that will recuperate ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Shuttle program was formally launched on January 5th, 1972 but the first flight took place on
April 12, 1981, with the Columbia Shuttle and the STS–1 (mission 1), the first shuttle orbital flight.
The space shuttle program finished with its last mission, STS–135 and Atlantis, which came to a
conclusion on July 21, 2011, with the final shuttle landing and setting an end to the program.
The overall cost of spaceflight has always been an overlooked topic since before the STS program
with the program that launched the first man to the moon, The Apollo Mission Program (1961–
1975). The Apollo program was designed to be a tool in the cold war, it was the race to space
between the United Sates of America and the U.S.S.R. The program's funding was very high but it
ultimately achieved the goal of a manned lunar expedition. The overall cost of the Apollo missions
was about $170 Billion American dollars (based on 2005 currency), there were 17 total mission,
making each mission about $10B/each. Once the Apollo missions accomplished their main goal, the
Nation realized that it needed to sanction a new program to lift the heavily funded program, that
where STS came into place. The Main goal of the STS was to replace the Apollo Program and drop
the cost of space travel, and it did. At the end of the STS program the Total cost

Analysis of Shuttle Challenger and Columbia Shuttle Mishaps
Running Head: ANALYSIS OF SHUTTLE CHALLENGER AND COLUMBIA SHUTTLE
MISHAPS Analysis of Shuttle Challenger and Columbia Shuttle Mishaps ENG 401 Assignment 04
March 2013 Introduction On January 1986, the Challenger Shuttle blew up shortly after it took off.
The accidents took seven lives including aerospace engineers, the specialties pilot, and scientists.
The tragic accidents occurred 73 seconds after the flight and caused by the fuel leak from one of the
two Solid Rocket Boosters. The explosion represented one of the most significant events in 1980s.
However, 17 years after the explosion of the Challenger Shuttle, the Shuttle Colombia also had an
in–flight explosion leading to the loss of seven lives. The objective of this paper is to analyze the
Columbia mishap with reference to resistance to change and how the issues contribute to the
accident. Identification of Individual Resistance to Change ad Causes Changes are very critical to
enhance organizational effectiveness. An organization needs to implement changes to stay
productive, competitive as well as avoiding calamity in the case of aviation sector. Changes are the
process of instilling new attitudes, values, norms and behaviors within an organization to support
the way of doing work. However, the implementation of changes is a task that requires adequate
planning and design since changes are not always welcome and could lead to individual's resistance
to change. (Agboola,& Salawu,2011). The identification

Why We Shoud Go to Mars
Why We Should Go to Mars
Kenneth C. Brown II
Why We Should Go to Mars
Richard, an author for the website GOVTEEN Global Community, wrote an article briefly
explaining why we as a nation, should not go to Mars. Some of the key points of his argument
against going to Mars stressed that the financial cost would be too high, it would require several
new spacecraft and ground habitats, and several new technologies that currently do not exist. He
also was concerned about the budget cuts that have already stripped the National Aeronautical Space
Administration (NASA) to a shell of what the space program used to be. He also stressed that we
are still in an armed conflict that has put a strain on our nation, economically and emotionally. ...
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The American people find themselves frustrated with their elected officials now that there is a
government shutdown in effect with no immediate end in sight. The nation is once again in need of
a beacon, positive light to stand behind, something to fire the minds of the young and old,
something to inspire a nation to see beyond their frustration and anger.
Safely landing and returning humans from Mars, the closest Earth–like planet in our solar system,
would be the biggest accomplishment for generations. It would capture the imagination of not only
our nation, but the world. From the initial launch, to the six month transit, to the landing. would help
to inspire new technologies for generations. The technology used to get the crew there and back,
would eventually find it's way into the private sector and enhance to lives of the average person or
household. Yes, it would be expensive: however the payoff would be worth the risk. When our space
program was in its infancy, racing against the Russians, it suffered many setbacks. We lost several
spacecraft to explosions on the launch pad, and lost crew members to horrific fires, as was the case
in the Apollo program. Millions of dollars were poured into the space program during that time, a
lot of money for that time period. Eventually it overcame its failures to succeed when it mattered.
There is also the competitive spirit that has historically driven our nation to try and be first in

Columbia Space Shuttle Program
It launched for the first time on mission STS–1 on April 12, 1981, the first flight of the Space
Shuttle program. Over 22 years of service it completed 27 missions before disintegrating during re–
entry near the end of its 28th mission, STS–107 on February 1, 2003, resulting in the deaths of all
seven crew members.
History: Columbia was named after the American sloop Columbia Rediviva which, from 1787 to
1793, under the command of Captain Robert Gray, explored the US Pacific Northwest and became
the first American vessel to circumnavigate the globe. It is also named after the Command Module
of Apollo 11, the first manned landing on another celestial body. Columbia was also the female
symbol of the United States. After construction, the orbiter arrived at Kennedy Space Center on
March 25, 1979, to prepare for its first launch. Columbia was originally scheduled to lift off in late
1979, however the launch ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On March 19, 1981, during preparations for a ground test, workers were asphyxiated while working
in Columbia's nitrogen–purged aft engine compartment, resulting in (variously reported) two or
three fatalities. The first flight of Columbia (STS–1) was commanded by John Young, a veteran
from the Gemini and Apollo programs who was the ninth person to walk on the Moon in 1972, and
piloted by Robert Crippen, a rookie astronaut originally selected to fly on the military's Manned
Orbital Laboratory (MOL) spacecraft, but transferred to NASA after its cancellation, and served as a
support crew member for the Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz missions. Columbia spent 610 days in the
Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF), another 35 days in the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB), and
105 days on Pad 39A before finally lifting off. Columbia was successfully launched on April 12,
1981, the 20th anniversary of the first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and returned on April 14, 1981,

The Earth 's Core Astronomy
Under the sun 's scorching dense beams, I lounge in my house located just outside the city of
Eurasic.
I begin to pack for space, arriving home from a test trial of the space zones departing in several
weeks. Since my 18th birthday, I have currently been living alone in a small pod for the past 4 years
Eurasic is one of five neighboring cities remaining on the earth. Due to the significant effects of
global warming, the earth is dying, turning a fragile antique object that is ready to sell. The land is
eroding, destroying and flooding, leaving few parts of European land to call home for the 2 million
people who remain.
With this dilemma, I have done my part to ensure the survival of the human race. For the past ten
years, space ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"We need to make sure that nothing is cut short, especially food," another engineer mentions while I
diligently work.
"This is such a huge moment in history," James acknowledges, "Space travel has been blocked off
ever since the horrific crash 30 years ago, leading to the bankruptcy of NASA."
Apparently NASA was some fancy space program created by the government, but for now, ECAPS
will hope to replace and improve off of NASA's mistakes. Space travel laws have been abolished,
once again allowing people to space travel.
Ever since I was young, I have heard stories about the earth and how it was 60 years ago,"the earth
was pure and full of life," my mother would acknowledge, " animals roamed the lands, human
population was vast and people would travel to space for experimenting."
Such extinctions and adventures have left people like me confused. How much did the earth loose in
such a short period of time?
Yes, there are a lot of questions that currently have yet to be answered, but our taoks(toks) don't
have the knowledge to provide people the information that is such desired. Toks, are arms devices
containing files that have been stored, (some private and others accessible to review) and required to
be implanted at the age of 18.

More Space Shuttle Experiments Take Flight Summary
The article More Space Shuttle Experiments Take Flight, talks about a unique mentorship program
for the ages of elementary children. The mentorship program prepares experiments that have been
conducted in flight on space shuttle missions, students have the chance to study simulations that
have happened in space in a classroom setting. For example, students study the effect of spaceflight
on seeds and brine shrimp germinated/ hatched in the classroom. The article includes the students
and the teachers, it is a nationwide mentorship program that is engaging students to move on to the
next set of space shuttle experiment studies. Several schools are participating in these different
series of space shuttle experiments and the experiments vary depending on the age level and
interest.
What I love about these space shuttle experiments is the fact that the students and teachers are
involved together. There is communication throughout all the schools involved and unanswered
questions are always given an answer. When students in the classroom are given an experiment like
this, it is going to create a learning environment that is enjoyable for learners. The author of the
article, Robert ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The four different control groups allowed students to examine the effects on germination of seeds
exposed to a hostile space environment. The groups encouraged different studies but the total
outcome allowed students the chance to learn about different effects that space has on different
seeds. In order for the experiments to work there had to be teams in order to simulate a collaborative
research environment. The collaboration in these experiments taught students about the space
environment and what it is capable of and the importance of teamwork to help one another succeed
as a

Robotic Missions: Should Humans Go To NASA?
After the end of the NASA Space Shuttle program in 2011, we were left with a big question of
"what's the future of the space program?" (Loff) While throughout the years NASA's funding has
been decreased dramatically, the advent of private space companies has grown such as SpaceX,
Virgin Galactic, and Blue Origin. Even SpaceX's Elon Musk made the pledge to have humans step
foot onto Mars by the year 2020 which shows that the future might not be so bleak (Javelosa).
However, this begs the question, should humans go to Mars? Or is it still way to dangerous and
worth the cost? That question there will always be present in the background when planning any
space explorations. Given recent times it might be best to temporarily halt human endeavors ...
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The most notable ones were the Challenger launch explosion on January 28, 1986 and the Columbia
re–entry disintegration on February 1, 2003. In total 14 astronauts lost their lives on those fateful
days (Pruitt). This could have all been prevented by the elimination of manned space flights and do
more robotic space flights. The loss of human life were always the primary concern dating back to
the Apollo space missions. One example was during the Apollo 11 mission where Armstrong,
Aldrin, and Collins were in quarantine to sign hundreds to "cover autographs". This was to insure
their own families for years to come since each would fetch thousands if the astronauts were not
able to make it back (Joffe–Walt). Not only is it a risk to get humans to other celestial bodies but
greater risks of getting them back. Such as planning the amount of fuel needed and thinking of the
dangers of reentry into Earth's orbit. Reentry stage is the most dangerous part due to the hot gases a
launch vehicle will be in contact with. Even the most minor nick will cause devastating results
which is what happened with the shuttle Columbia. Where a piece of heat shielding foam broke and
hit the wing during launch which caused melting of the wing during reentry (Pruitt). This just shows
that the risk of human life is high and something that should always be

The Space Shuttle Program
This semester during the research paper, there were many challenges to overcome. Among choosing
the topic for the paper, there were entirely too many research articles to go through and find relevant
information. Writing the paper took considerable time as it needed to constantly be readjusted to let
the information flow. The points brought out in the paper do not mesh as nicely as I would have
hoped for, however the information was able to be put in a logical order to accommodate the start to
finish timeline that I was looking for. The main struggle of this paper became the research. Utilizing
the Arizona Western College library database and the JSTOR database, there were thousands of
articles, scholarly journals, peer reviews, etc. that needed to be sifted through. Among those, I
needed to highlight the three main points of the research paper to narrow those results down. I
looked first to find relevant information to the concept and origin of the space shuttle program. That
yielded few results yet gave me the background information that I was looking for. After that had
been accomplished, I was able to find information straight from NASA to identify each shuttle used
and significant points during the flights of each one. Lastly, I had to hone in on the transition from
the space shuttle program to the commercial spacecraft that are being put together to launch the next
generation of spaceflight. Once finding the information, the next task was determining the

Space Program Downfall
America has tossed its cap over the wall of space. –John F. Kennedy
Introduction
On February 1st, 2003 seven Americans lost their lives while returning to earth after finishing a
mission for mankind. These Americans were aboard the space shuttle Challenger that broke apart
during reentry into the earth's atmosphere and was completely destroyed. After an extensive
investigation the cause of the accident was determined to be the result of a hole that was punctured
into the leading edge of the aircraft during takeoff (NASA). This hole resulted in an excess heating
on the leading edge of the wing and then the failure of the wing. This was just the physical cause of
the accident that destroyed the shuttle. There were other aspects ... Show more content on
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From 1992 to 2001 when Daniel Goldin was NASAs administrator he brought in a torrent of
changes that both helped and hurt the program (ibid, p.105). Goldin brought opened a partnership
with the Russians with the International Space Station (ISS) in 1993, which helped ease the post–
Cold war era (ibid, p.105). But Goldin also had the goal of reducing the engineering workforce that
was assigned to the Space Shuttle Program in order to move those skills to further space
exploration. This was a noble idea but without having a replacement vehicle in place prior to
changing mission might have been premature. With the facts presented in the CAIB it would seem
that Goldin's leadership goal was to be a cost effective organization while freeing up the skilled
labor to focus on other endeavors while the mundane shuttle maintenance was given to contractors.
This was all part of Goldin's plan to focus NASA's mission and strategy on select issues.
Mission and Strategy During Goldin's time as NASA's administrator he saw two primary missions.
One was to streamline NASA by conducting an "administrative overhaul" and the other was to focus
the organization on space exploration with the principle purpose of Mars as a destination (ibid).
Numerous reports were published as to the privatization of some NASA skill bases with contractors
as well as privatization

The Columbia Space Shuttle Program
The 20th century was an era of innovation and notable achievements in man's pursuit to break the
bonds of earth's gravity. In this span of time man went from struggling to make human flight a
reality to setting foot on the surface of the moon. The initial endeavor, to launch mankind beyond
the stratosphere, began mid way through the century with 2 nations competing for the right to plant
their flag on the surface of the moon. The lunar space race gave birth to national aerospace
organizations, such as NASA, and inspired dreamers all over the globe for generations. NASA and
other aerospace organizations have continued to conduct space bound research but financial budget
cuts, growing safety concerns and dwindling support has made space exploration ... Show more
Numerous players have begun to materialize in the field of private space travel. This emerging
market could be the key to success as NASA now set its sights, beyond the moon, towards
neighboring planets. Government outsourcing to the private sector isn't a novel idea; however, in
this case innovations in engineering and manufacturing have introduced new opportunities for
governments and companies alike. SpaceX is one private company vying for an opportunity to
assume the task of delivering astronauts and supplies to the ISS. SpaceX is currently at the forefront
of lowering the cost of space travel by developing reusable rocket technology. Mike Chafkin, senior
writer at INC magazine, reports "SpaceX charges $50 million to launch a satellite, less than half the
going rate." (83). Such a substantial reduction in overall cost would enable organizations like NASA
to reorganize spending towards the research and development of new studies and technologies.
Private enterprise may not lead the way to discovering new celestial bodies but independent
companies excel at improving efficiency and value. Companies competing for government contracts
have developed cost effective techniques and materials to edge out the opposition. James Clay
Moltz, professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, points out that private companies require fewer
workplace

Essay on The Space Elevator: Science Fiction to Science Fact
In the recent century what used to be science fiction is quickly becoming a reality. Things like the
space shuttle, super computers and robots are coming out of Hollywood and into the real world. The
most recent projection is the space elevator project. It consists of a 62,000 mile long cable elevator
to the stars. This project which was previously believed to be impossible and absurd is now on the
fast track to success. This recent success can be attributed to both new technological developments
and the fact that project barriers are being demolished. First and foremost, when you decide to build
something this size, in the most extreme environment possible, you must select your primary
construction materials very carefully. In the case ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This system allowed the climber to be powered from a great distance without cords or a power
source on the climber itself. This allows the climber to avoid using any sort of rocket propulsion and
direct it to a specific lifting mechanism.
Although the Space Elevator will not make trips to space faster, it will make trips to space more
frequent and it will open up space to a new era of development. Perhaps the biggest factor
propelling the idea of a space elevator is that it would significantly lower the cost of putting cargo
into space. Although slower than the chemically propelled space shuttle, the lifters reduce launch
costs from $10,000 to $20,000 per pound, to approximately $400 per pound. This dramatic drop of
expense required to traverse space would finally allow private investors to invest in a new area,
known as "space production". For example, titanium produced in earth's environment has a
maximum tensile strength of 200,000 psi but in the zero gravity of space "in theory" the tensile
strength of titanium can be increased to over 500,000 psi. In addition, titanium will be much easier
to manipulate in space thereby giving rise to new applications–with double strength.
Moreover, in the far distant future the elevator can also potentially be used to rid the earth of toxic
waste by removing it from our planet. Once again, hypothetically, this has the potential to give large
corporations all the "space" they need to build massive

Space Exploration Argumentative Essay
In 1969, the iconic first steps on the moon drew in 500 million people who watched from their
television screens. Since then, two thirds of Americans say they are interested in space exploration.
What is stopping NASA and other space programs from feeding into Americans' interests? Many
argue that space exploration is vital to our society and one day the human race in its entirety will
have no option but to leave Earth in search of a new planet. Others insist the space programs in
America have created some of the world's most useful inventions, ranging from CT scanners to
digital cameras to firefighting equipment; these inventions supposedly prove space exploration's
worth. While these statements may have some truth to them, there are multiple setbacks that make
space exploration difficult for American space programs to accomplish, and, in the end, not worth
it– at least for now. One of the most significant issues is the cost. According to Washington Post,
funding for space exploration in America is at an all–time low of one half percent, reduced from
four percent of America's government spending. With this low percentage of government
investment, the costs that are required to send ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In reality, the impact of space exploration on humans is as much a mystery as what could be
discovered. Until scientists conduct more research, it's not safe enough for humans to travel further
into the cosmos. For now, there are too many variables involved that make space exploration not
worth the time, effort, and money. Once scientists have obtained enough information regarding
cosmic exploration, it's certain that the American people will be forever affected. As Ron Garan
once stated, "Earth is a small town with many neighborhoods in a very big universe." Maybe one
day humanity can expand itself into the unknown of our universe, but for now, it's best that we stick
to our small

Poverty In America Why Can T We End It Analysis
The passages of ,"Poverty in America:Why Can't We End It?","The Cost of Space Exploration" both
helps us to understand that the government should not use tax money on space exploration when we
have people that is poor because of poverty. Source A,"Poverty in America:Why Can't We End It",
tells me that President Ronald Reagan famously said, "We fought a war on poverty and poverty
won." This means that we have tried to stop poverty, there is so much of it that we could not stop
poverty,so in other words poverty won.This passage also states ,"Low–wage jobs bedevil tens of
millions of people." This means that low wage jobs creates problems for tens of millions of people
because they don't have enough money."Poverty

The Future of Spaceflight and Why It Should Be Private Essay
High above our beloved watery globe, on the shore of the cosmic ocean, a winged spacecraft
approaches a gigantesque space station pirouetting in the vast dark. The pilots of this vessel make
use of flat–screen computer displays to match their rotation with that of the massive orbital outpost.
As the shuttle spins, a logo of the world's largest airline, emblazoned on its side, comes into view.
This is not the present, but it was to be the past. A scene from Stanley Kubrick's 1968 science–
fiction epic, 2001 A Space Odyssey, it was lauded at the time for its realistic portrayal of a human
future in space (*1). Now, ten years after this future failed to manifest, spaceflight is still a privilege
reserved only for the most powerful ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Obama Administration's policy of support for the COTS program and apparent lack of support
for NASA–led manned exploration has aggravated many. Criticism includes a bemoaning of the
transformation of America's once–proud NASA into a shell of an organization with no "git'r'done"
capability of its own.
The continued launching of spacecraft by NASA and other national space organizations however, as
this essay intends to demonstrate, is an antiquity that is nearing the end of its usefulness. The
appropriation of space launch capabilities by the private industry is fundamental to increased
accessibility to space; furthermore, it is essential for the long–term health of the scientific pursuits to
which NASA is dedicated. The national space programs of Earth have, so far, failed to provide a
reasonable alternative to the obscene costs incurred through the crude launching of payloads into
orbit atop massive and failure–prone chemical rockets. While no alternative to the use of chemical
rocketry has yet been proven, one for reducing its price is just getting off the ground. The increasing
privatization of the launch industry has already seen dramatic reductions in the cost of lifting a
satellite from the surface of the Earth to LEO.
One private organization, SpaceX, has seen enormous success in this area. The company website
advertises current

The Space Shuttle Program: The Rise Of NASA
It was in the midst of the Cold War that the race for the conquest of outer space began. After the
launch of soviet satellite Sputnik in 1957, events moved rapidly for the development of The
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in hopes of the United States gaining
ground in this race. About 5 decades after NASA's doors opened, it has become one of the world's
leading agent in the exploration of space. An important part of this exploration was The Space
Shuttle Program. These shuttles were to provide transport for satellites to orbit earth and a lab for
scientific experiments. After 30 years of shuttle flight, the program was shut down on July 21, 2011
with the safe landing of the shuttle Atlantis. During these years 135 shuttle missions took place,
flying about 600 astronauts into outer space. These space shuttles that weighed around 78,100
pounds when empty consisted of two solid rocket ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This unexpected disaster was due to cold weather and the dismissal of warnings from the shuttle's
engineers. Two O–rings failed to separate the sections of the rocket booster and formed a leak that
ignited the main fuel tank and caused the explosion. This disaster was NASA's first shuttle failure
and caused great sadness and a deep impression on space travel history. Later, Congress increased
NASA's budget by $21 million to help prevent another tragedy like this. However, it was only 17
years later that NASA experienced their second shuttle disaster. The space shuttle Columbia was the
world's first reusable spacecraft and had already completed 28 missions when a piece of insulation
broke off and caused the disintegration of the shuttle upon re–entry of earth's atmosphere. For the
next two years after the tragedy, no launches were made. NASA also improved their safety checks in
hopes to prevent a recurrence of an event like

How To Raise The Space Shuttle
For years, scientists had been trying to create a reusable spacecraft that could carry supplies to the
space station and do other tasks that would be easier with a reusable spacecraft. The Space Shuttle
lifted off into space for the first time on April 12, 1981, and for the last time on July 8, 2011. It
would glide to a landing on a runway facing horizontally and be launched with a rocket attached to
get it up into space.
Five Space Shuttles were built. They were called Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, Columbia, and
Endeavour. These shuttles were used to fly cargo and people to the ISS or International Space
Station. It was also used to launch the Hubble Space Telescope, which was well known for
discovering many things.
The Space Shuttle ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All seven crew members died. The accident investigation board figured out that, during the launch
of the shuttle, a piece of insulating foam had torn from the external tank and struck the orbiter's left
wing, weakening its thermal protection ability. When the orbiter later reentered the atmosphere, it
was unable to withstand the superheated air, which penetrated the wing and destroyed it, leading to
the vehicle's breakup. These two horrible accidents were part of the reason that NASA canceled the
Space Shuttle program.
On July 8, 2011, Space Shuttle Atlantis flew its last mission. The program was put to a stop because
of safety reasons and new technology that could be used instead of the old stuff. NASA still
launches some things but other companies such as SpaceX have been used instead to launch
satellites.
The Space Shuttle has been used for many missions ranging from restocking the ISS to launching
the Hubble Space Telescope. It takes off using solid rocket boosters and lands on a runway. After
being decommissioned in 2011, the Space Shuttles can be found in several museums across the
United

The Meaning Of The Space Shuttle Program
These days it seems like everyone is gearing up to go into space and NASA refuses to get left
behind.
From 1981 to 2011, the Space Shuttle Program dominated human space exploration for the United
States, but since March 2011, NASA had no way to put astronauts into orbit. For this reason, the
ending of the Space Shuttle Program was faced with a lot of criticism as NASA depended on Russia
to get humans to the International Space Station. In the last few months, NASA has been taking
major steps in the production of its new rockets, which they plan to use to send astronauts into deep
space. This is part of the Journey to Mars incentive which plans to send humans to Mars in the
2030s.
The rocket they plan to take is called Space Launch Systems

Normalization Of Deviance And The Space Administration
Normalization of Deviance
"Failure is the opportunity to begin again more intelligently." (Ford) The National Aeronautics and
Space Administration has had its fair share of catastrophic disasters. The Apollo 1 Fire was said to
be a "preventable failure by NASA". (Dhar) Though shortly after, the Apollo 13 intendent was just a
near miss of a great disaster. Then to sum the failures, it would take the lives of 14 astronauts for a
course of action to be considered. Thus what do all these disasters have in common with the theory
of "Normalization of Deviance"?
Apollo 1 was to be the first test flight of the "Apollo/Saturn space vehicle being prepared for the
first piloted flight, the AS–204 mission." (Garber) There were three primary ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
(Garber) This caused a spark that would ignite the vehicle; but all materials in the cabin of the
module were said to be fire retardant. The Velcro straps in the module continued to burn, thus badly
burning the bodies of the astronauts; as well as the inward opening hatch that prevented a quick
(Teitel)rescue of the men. (Dhar) Altogether there was no chance of survival for the men once the
fire had ignited.
When news of the disaster had reached the public, people were shocked. People asked, how could
an organization such of NASA allow this to happen. NASA's later came out with a chilling
response; "All we can say is that we lost the entire crew." (Explosion") This clearly showed that
NASA was never remotely expecting such a disaster. With this the public had taken a major hit to
their pride; the thought of President Kennedy's dream to make it to the Moon was slipping away.
(Explosion") Sixteen orbital flights had taken place without incident, now Russia was on the verge
of making a fool of the United States and the public would not any of it. The Public immediately
demanded that those in control at NASA fix the problem and proceed with the Apollo missions.
The president of NASA at the time James E. Webb wasted no time informing the public of the future
of the organization. He told the public "We 'll go ahead with the space flight program. Although
everyone realized that someday pilots would die, who would have thought the first tragedy would

Essay on Organizational Change at NASA
NASA – Organizational Change
A review of the external and internal threats will help determine the weakness of the problem
analysis related to the launching of space shuttle Challenger. At the time of the accident, the country
was experiencing an economic slowdown. Considering the economic climate, Congress wanted to
know if the American people still support the huge requirements of the program. The government
ruled out increase in taxes being an election year. Simultaneous to the congressional investigation
was a launch of space shuttle Challenger. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) wanted a successful launch. A no–launch situation might convince Congress to slash the
program's budget. Furthermore, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Other possible outcomes could have surfaced with the reframing of the problem. At this point, it is
not important if ultimate problem was one of the possible outcomes. What is valuable to NASA is
that there is free flow of communication among its employees who are receptive to ideas due to the
logic of any proposed outcome.
The group of administrators led by Dr. Loyal downplayed the technical considerations and believed
launch should proceed. It got support from smaller groups involved in the lobbying efforts – who
naturally would like the launch to proceed as scheduled (confirming evidence trap). Getting the
support was a selfish move since the outcome would definitely be in Dr. Loyal's favor.
The internal goals of each group should have been considered in the decision. The administrative
group anted a launch while the engineering group wanted a postponement. Are they the only groups
a giant organization NASA has? Truly, other groups in NASA, with their respective interest, exist
and who may help add to the factors for consideration. On these bases, alternatives generation can
improve. Two questions that may have cropped up: Will a launch postponement result in a budget
slash? Will a launch problem endanger the very existence of the space shuttle program?
Some theories in organizational behavior stress the importance of organizational

Jody Singer Research Paper
We have crossed continents, forded rivers, traversed oceans. We have explored trenches and
mountaintops and rain forests. Our species is a species of explorers, and sure, we may not know
everything about our suspended blue orb; we probably never will. But we learned enough to get
curious one more time: We learned how to fly.
And through that, we created a new frontier, a new goal. We reached beyond our planet. "We
explore for the benefit of all human kind," Jody Singer, deputy director of NASA's Marshall Space
Flight Center in Huntsville and a 1983 graduate of UA's industrial engineering program, said. "This
country, this nation, this world has always been explorers. It's really the heart of who we are and
what we do. It inspires us to look around the next corner. It inspires us to try to understand. We'll
always have that inquisitive mind."
That inquisitive mind has given us electricity, penicillin, the internet, cars, television–and the ability
to begin to see our place in the universe. For those who see space as an invitation, peeking further
around the next corner is a matter of when, not if. The University of Alabama has several alumnae
who have front row seats as we reach for the stars.
Jody Singer
Looking back over her career, Singer sees a series of steps that have shaped her, guided her career
path in tiny ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She went on to manage the Space Shuttle Propulsion Office at Marshall from 2007 to 2011 and was
named deputy program manager of the Space Launch System Program Office in 2011. SLS will be
the world's most powerful rocket and will launch astronauts in the agency's Orion spacecraft on
missions to an asteroid and eventually to Mars. Singer, who has received numerous awards
including the Presidential Rank of Meritorious Executive Award, the highest honor for career
federal employees, took her current position in February

Final Frontier
Title: The Routes to the Final Frontier
Thesis: The success of Space exploration in america does not depend on a sole organization, but
rather on the ability of NASA to collaborate with a growing space industry for the ultimate goal of
human progress.
I. At one time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration represented all of America's
ingenuity and accomplishment.
II. Following the retirement of the Space Shuttle, a booming private american space industry took
flight; yet some experts in the field doubt the abilities of these entrepreneurs. A. "The end of the
space shuttle era marks a new beginning for the Space Age. A new generation of entrepreneurs are
working with the world's space agencies to bring down the costs of commercializing the high
frontier. By the 2020s and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The next wave of human exploration will take explorers farther into the solar system – developing
new technologies, inspiring future generations and expanding our knowledge about our place in the
universe" (NASA 2)
VII. The american people, foreign countries, private industries, and NASA must co–operate in order
to bring about the next generation of human exploration. A. "we're going to send robots literally all
over the solar system. We're doing that now. And we're going to learn more about the cosmos. We're
also sending robots and satellites into space to monitor Earth to understand what's happening here.
That's not personal jet packs. And it's not colonies on the moon [. . .] But it is very real and very
important" Roger D. Launius Chief NASA Historian (Privatized Space 3) B."'That will be fine with
NASA, which would like to hand off operations in low Earth orbit so it can focus on deep–space
exploration. It set up the public–private partnerships developing the commercial crew capability
with that in mind' says Phil McAlister, director of the Commercial Spaceflight Development
Division at NASA headquarters" (Morring Jr, Frank and Guy Norris

Space Shuttle Research Paper
It was a February afternoon in 2003 and Jason was sitting on his porch waiting for the re–entry of
the Space Shuttle Columbia. Then Jason saw a bright flash out of the corner of his eye and saw the
shuttle looking as if it were a comet shooting through the atmosphere. Jason took out his camera to
record it. When he zoomed it look like there were fire balls around it. That is when the fireballs
spread out he realized the shuttle had burned up. "This is why I don't want you to become an
astronaut," Jason's mom said. Jason has always had a passion to be an astronaut and go to space, but
when he was four he got a bad disease in his right leg and had to be amputated. "Jason it is a sad
thing to think because I know it is your dream to go to space, but NASA will not select someone
with only one leg," Mason said, who is Jason's best friend. "There is also a 0.6% chance of
becoming an astronaut even ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So are you ready for launch?" "Yes sir!" They all say. "Ok launch in 3, 2, and 1." The space shuttle
is violently shaking with a loud rumble from the rockets. Jason can't believe he is actually going to
space. After everything that has happened in his life has now been paid off. He is not just the first
person to go to space with only one leg, but is the first person to become an astronaut with one leg.
Now you can feel the 37 million horsepower really kick in. Almost hitting 18,000 miles per hour
and then all goes quiet. Jason looks out the window to his right and can see millions of stars and
even the curve of the Earth. Jason jumps from the sound of the rockets separating from the shuttle.
Now it is Jason's turn to take control of the ship. Jason is the one that flies the ship to its last final
meters to connect to the space station. The ship rattles from the lock on of the space station. The
crew unloads the supplies and now it is time for the space walk Jason has been waiting for his whole

NASA's Changing Problem Essay
NASA's Changing Problems
Has anyone ever realized that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is slowly
getting shut down for the whole world to see? This is changing NASA very much. It lost its shuttle
program, it had budget cuts to missions to earth, and even a cut in education. NASA was founded by
Dwight D. Eisenhower. NASA is most known for being the first company to send a person to the
moon. It is easy to tell that NASA's changed and is changing right now. The big question is what the
change is happening to. One thing is for sure. This changing in NASA is definitely for the worst.
The shuttle program has very drastically changed. The shuttle program is a program of reusable
space ships. These shuttles saved The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now NASA's education budget has been drastically. NASA can no longer sponsor a lot of these
things, which, in turn will slow down the process of getting kids interested in space and space
exploration, so the USA will have to do that without the helpful monetary support of NASA. This is
what is concerning many people at NASA about what the future might hold for NASA.
Missions to earth have been slowed down over the years. Missions to earth are when NASA sends a
probe into space to look at the earth. This is significant because it helped us know more about how
the cloud systems work and how storms work. The missions to earth have started to slow down. The
missions to earth in the 1990's were everywhere and for everything. Today, the Missions to earth are
not so common. Many are done with, twenty–nine to be exact, twenty–seven are still operating,
watching the earth, nine are under development still, and only five are being studied. This change
means that NASA will not have as many missions to earth as before, maybe not any in a few years.
This is concerning because it means that there could be something very alarming going on above the
earth that might be very serious.
NASA is ready to do amazing things. They plan to send astronauts to the moon for six months in
only six years from now, 2020. NASA

Analyzing The Many Facets We Face
The purpose of this commentary paper is to explain and describe the many facets we face in our
working day. I work for a company that makes aftermarket parts for mining dragline shovels,
extensive cutting spades, parts for railroad rail cars, undercarriages for TRAC type equipment, and
the notorious NASA Space Shuttle program in which we built the shuttle crawler which transported
the Space Shuttle to the launch pad. Our environment is very dynamic and spans across different
cultures and countries.
Have you ever thought about how companies maintain a working relationship with other countries
working in the same line of business? Let me tell you, that we are not all that different, as we share
rather the same goals and results. A working environment that is motivated by the mining industry is
both dynamic and exciting. Our company is based out of Gillette, Wyoming and has a population of
29,000 people. The resources and availability factors skilled labor and education in the mining
industry with a communication infrastructure. The mining industry follows a code of law which is
strongly influenced by OSHA's rules and regulations, which sometimes are policed by political
processes. Today, many companies if not most, are driven by digital access. We rely on connectivity
to ensure a strong infrastructure, keeping connectivity reliable and consistent supporting a precise
manufacturing process. Our company has a global presence in Chile, India, Mexico, Canada, as well
as the

Topics For Nasa Research Papers
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has a difficult task. It must convince U.S.
taxpayers that space science is worth $16.25 billion a year. To achieve this goal, the agency
conducts an extensive public–relations effort that is similar to the marketing campaigns of America
's biggest corporations. NASA has learned a valuable lesson about marketing in the 21st century: to
promote its programs, it must provide entertaining visuals and stories with compelling human
characters. For this reason, NASA issues a steady stream of press releases and images from its
human spaceflight program.
Every launch of the space shuttle is a media event. NASA presents its astronauts as ready–made
heroes, even when their accomplishments in space ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This knowledge could be used to plan a manned mission to Mars or the construction of a base on the
moon. But these justifications for the station are largely myths. Here are the facts, plain as potatoes:
The International Space Station is not a platform for cutting–edge science. Unmanned probes can
explore Mars and other planets more cheaply and effectively than manned missions can. And a
moon colony would be a silly destiny.
[break] The Myth of Science
IN 1990 THE American Physical Society, an organization of 41,000 physicists, reviewed the
experiments then planned for the International Space Station. Many of the studies involved
examining materials and fluid mechanics in the station 's microgravity environment. Other proposed
experiments focused on growing protein crystals and cell cultures on the station. The physical
society concluded, however, that these experiments would not provide enough useful scientific
knowledge to justify building the station. Thirteen other scientific organizations, including the
American Chemical Society and the American Crystallographic Association, drew the same
conclusion.
Since then, the station has been redesigned and the list of planned experiments has changed, but the
research community remains overwhelmingly opposed. To date, at least 20 scientific organizations
from around the world have determined that the space station

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Analysis
In 1969, millions of Americans watched in rapture as the first human being set foot on the alien
landscape of the moon. The country rejoiced in this exhibition of our abilities, this application of our
knowledge. Now, with the decimation of NASA's budget, those glory days are over.Government
funding for the space agency is at an all–time low, and the space shuttle program is being retired. No
longer can the United States send people to the moon, or into space at all for that matter. The
country that first reached the moon – the country that once had the most impressive space program
in the world – is forced to hitch rides on Russian and Chinese shuttles (Borenstein). In many ways,
our best days are behind us, and we have lost a very ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As can be seen in Figure A below, NASA's costs were extremely low compared to almost every
other government program. Fifty times more money is allocated to social and educational programs
than to NASA, and two years of national military spending alone exceed all of the money received
by NASA since its creation fifty years ago. Not only does the space program's funding pale in
significance to the cost of mass weapons of destruction, it is also a fraction of the money we spend
on Hollywood movies, fast food wrapping, beauty products, and wasted electricity every year. At
the moment, NASA's annual budget could be paid by an insignificant contribution from every
American's tax dollar: half a penny (Tyson). How much would you pay to send people to Mars?
How much would you pay to support the dreams of tomorrow?Space exploration has been an easy
target for budget cuts, because it is often expensive and the benefits are not immediately obvious. At
some point our nation began to care more about saving and cutting taxes than exploring the
universe. However, NASA is one of the few large agencies America has that are dedicated to our
long–term future; the benefits are real and worth funding. In addition, the US aerospace industry
generally generates an annual profit of 30 billion, on top of providing jobs for thousands of skilled
workers and new innovations in science and technology that promote economic growth ("Fiscal").
Epic space adventures

Challenger Disaster
Risk Quantification
7. How did NASA decide what is or is not an acceptable risk?
NASA identified and evaluated hazards through a formalized hazard reduction process as described
in the NASA Handbook, NHB5300.4. The process required that hazards be determined for
probability and credibility. In order to ensure that the standards within NHB5300.4 were adhered to,
a Senior Safety Review Board was established for overseeing the risk assessment process. The
process allowed for a certain amount of risk to be allowed as long as it was acceptable. To determine
whether or not a hazard was an acceptable risk, NASA used a Safety Classification System, which
was a qualitative system rather than a quantitative system. This was due to the high ... Show more
Instead, they maintained their current trajectory of making decisions qualitatively. NASA should
have improved their risk management processes as more data was gathered. Databases could have
been compiled with the information from previous flights that could have provided probabilistic risk
assessment and trends for future flights. If NASA and Thiokol had used quantitative data when
assessing the erosion and blow by incidents, they likely would have come to a different conclusion
when they decided to launch the Challenger shuttle.
10. Which risks should be elevated? To whom should they be elevated? Who should have the final
say in the response mechanism for a risk?
All risks should be elevated to whatever level of responsibility are related to the task or component
the risk is assigned to. For example, lower level risks should be assigned to lower level management
and the critical risks, as described in exhibit V, should be the responsibility of the program manager
and the NASA administrator. It's also important to note that for the risks involved in space travel,
the astronauts on the flight should also be aware of the assumed risks that are taking place during
the development of the space shuttle. One of the issues that NASA faced during the space shuttle
development is that risks weren't assigned to a specific level of authority. No one person had the

Why We Should Be Heading Towards Space Exploration
Why We Should Be Heading Towards Space
Space exploration is something that has intrigued mankind ever since science fiction writers of old
sparked the imagination of the people. Since then, we have made leaps and bounds towards space
travel with landing people on the moon, sending satellites to Saturn, the photos from the Hubble
Telescope and the rover, Curiosity, on Mars. These advances have provided information that will
prove to be beyond measure. While the cost of such information has been high, the benefits of the
information has been irrefutable. Ultimately, this information goes to support not only further
exploration of space, but also towards technologies that will benefit Earth directly. Two such
projects deal primarily with solar power and nuclear waste disposal. Both of these industries would
benefit immensely from such a service and would also generate the need for many space flights
(Coopersmith, 2012). According to Coopersmith (2012), "Space–based solar power (SBSP)
promises gigawatts of electric power with minimum environmental damage." Example like this go
to show that the inventions and benefits realized through space exploration reach far beyond the
cosmos and into the everyday lives of people.
Right off the bat, the question for most is, with all the benefits realized through space exploration
aside, what is the actual cost of these endeavors. The space shuttle program (now retired) was the
primary consumer when it came to taxpayer funds. According to

Rockets Research Papers
Rockets
Daniel Croft A/3
Mrs. Hemingway
10/7/15
Rockets are amazing machines that are capable of carrying man into space and one day beyond.
This report will cover the history of rockets, how and why they fly, what they are made of, and the
different types of fuel that they use. Rockets have been around for centuries understanding how they
fly, what they are made of, and the kinds of fuel that they use will allow mankind to make better
improvements in the future. The history of rockets dates back centuries to when the Chinese used
them to launch fireworks. Dr. Robert H. Goddard is known as the ,father of modern rocketry. He
was the first man to successfully build and launch a rocket powered by liquid fuel (American
Rocketry Pioneer, 9/25/15). His findings are still used in modern day rockets all around the world.
Ultimately it was his finding that lead to President Nixon's approval of the space shuttle program in
1972 (Kerod, 2005). Even though Nasa had already been established they didn't have a space shuttle
program. When the first rocket was launched all that was retrieved was the capsule that carried the
astronauts. When a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thrust is a propulsive force that allow something to move (How Thing Fly, 9/25/15). Lift is un
upward movement that acts against gravity. As a rocket travels into space there are two major
factors that work against thrust and lift. These forces are drag and gravity. Drag is the force that
works against thrust it is a pulling or slowing force. Gravity is the downward force that act against
lift; gravity is the downward motion that pulls mass to the earth or some other large mass. Rockets
also have two solid fuel boosters that create a large amount of lift and propulsion to rocket the
shuttle into space (Kerod,2005). Rockets are incredible machines that are capable of traveling into
space using thrust and lift to

Nasa Program
Nasa's Success in The Last Five Decades
Nasa has had 135 space shuttle missions in its history but how many of them have been successful?
And what have they done to benefit humanity?
Nasa affects our daily lives more than you would think. All kinds of technology we have today was
developed by nasa or somehow relates to the nasa program. Everything from highway safely, to
baby food, to even firefighter gear can all be traced back to the discoveries of nasa.
Nasa is a successful government program because of its ability to help our lives and make advances
in technology safer. The space station helps us understand space and science, Therefore making it
very important. Nasa has also taught us a lot of incredible things about space exploration. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a plan to orbit a scientific satellite as part of the
International Geophysical Year (IGY) for the period July 1, 1957 to December 31,1958. Quickly, the
Soviet Union jumped in, announcing plans to orbit its own satellite. On July 29, 1958, President
Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958 establishing the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration agency changed the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) which
was a U.S. federal agency founded on March 3, 1915 to promote aeronautical research. On October
1st the agency was dissolved, and the staff formed the core of the newly created National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. Nasa is supporting the International Space Station and is
overseeing the development of the Orion Multi–Purpose Crew Vehicle, the Space Launch System
and Commercial Crew vehicles. Nasa has also taught us a lot of incredible things about space
exploration. NASA has invented all sorts of technology to solve the peculiar problems of space

Space Shuttle Research Paper
Spaceships transport humans from Earth to space and then back to Earth in the space shuttle
program.
In order for a space shuttle to be lifted from Earth, a lot of force is needed. That is because lift force
is having to act against the force of gravity which pulls down on the shuttle. The force is produced
by fuel, so it takes a great deal of fuel. Bringing the space shuttle back down to Earth requires much
less fuel. When a space shuttle mission is completed, astronauts use the force of gravity to pull the
spaceship back to the surface of the Earth.
Landing the spacecraft seems very easy, but that is not always the case. As the space shuttle enters
the Earth's atmosphere, it begins to hit air molecules. Because the space shuttle is

Explain How The SRMS Changed The Capabilities Of The...
The creation of the SRMS changed the capabilities of the United States space program. Before the
system, everything which needed to be captured required risky docking maneuvers involving highly
trained pilots. With the advent of the system, the Space Shuttle only required close proximity and
allowed the SRMS to perform the delicate movements needed to capture and release objects near
the Space Shuttle.
The entire system was innovative for space capabilities, but it also changed robotics on Earth at the
same time. The first thing the SRMS brought to the space program was the space robotics which did
not exist before it was launched20. The proof of concept set the standard for all future robotics
equipment in space. In addition, the earlier design choices to engineer the system like the human
arm in control were part of a paradigm shift in robotics which has permeated the area robotics21.
In addition to changing technology, the creation of the SRMS had a major impact on relations
between the United States and Canada in terms of space. First, the deal to develop the system
included the United States providing preferential access to Canada to help build its space
program22. The preferential treatment opened access to space unlike any other non–space faring
nation on Earth. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As NASA and its international partners were designing the ISS, it was only natural to include a
similar system on the new space station. As it happens, they decided to put a newer version of the
same system, called Canadarm 2, onto it with upgraded capabilities being bigger, more
maneuverable, and able to traverse the station among other things23. Since the inclusion of the
improved version, the system has again proven invaluable providing a method to capture docking
spacecraft, move station components around during and after construction even meeting up with its
predecessor during visits by the Space

NASA Research Paper
"One small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." The National Aeronautics and Space
Administration program has provided history with amazing moments such as when Neil Armstrong
stepped on the moon. The cost of NASA has also eaten up funds from other programs. Building a
spaceship and rocket is a long process, and some question if it is worth the time. When the NASA
program reaches its goal of landing on Mars, all of science will benefit from the mission. In order to
advance science,Although it is slow and expensive, should NASA be given more money in order to
advance science? The space program is not built for speed. According to experts, it takes about five
to six years to build a space shuttle. Additionally, it takes anywhere from two to five years to
construct a single rocket. When exiting the Earth's orbit, the shuttle and rocket take roughly eight
and a half minutes to reach the final frontier. Completing this entire process takes approximately a
decade But NASA can react quickly. If a disaster were to occur on the International Space Station,
the program has a plan to rescue the astronauts within 30 days. Being prepared for an issue can be
one of NASA's strengths as well. While the process to build and launch a shuttle is quite long,
NASA can be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Amid other things, NASA provides valuable aeronautics research and development when they begin
creating a new shuttle or rocket. Charting more and more of space, the program furthers human
exploration of our galaxy. When NASA make momentous discoveries, scientists in all fields
scramble to strategically analyze and inspect the new data. NASA pioneers the space travel and
space technology fields, and it plans to have a human set foot on mars by the year 2025. This lofty
goal, which would change science, would improve the way humans view the universe if it is
allowed to fruition. Essentially, if NASA continues to operate, science will flourish in the

Space Politics : The National Security Approach And The...
Space Politics
Introduction
NASA is the state agency through which the American government explores the Space. Since its
inception, the agency has been receiving funding directly from the government via approval in the
Congress. However, recently there has been an emerging trend whereby the agency is outsourcing
some of its key functions from the private sector. Currently, the agency has contracted two private
companies to transport astronauts from here on earth to the International Space Station and back.
Consequently, a tussle, of whether the Congress should continue funding the agency or not, is very
evident and the stakeholders in the Congress are contemplating on the control aspect of the agency
in this dispensation. Members of the Congress are wondering of what would be the government's
role in this new setup of NASA's operations. Note that NASA's Space exploration normally has two
facets namely the national security approach and the commercial approach. The conflict of interest
regarding the latest developments taken by the agency is heavily on the commercial side of the
equation. The big question is whether the commercial aspect should be left to regulate itself or
should the government continue to fund and control NASA's activities. This paper critically
analyses why the government should continue funding NASA even after NASA has opted to
outsource key services from the private sector.
Congress to Continue Funding NASA
Maybe at some point in life, the congress

Costs and Benefits of Humans and Space Technologies,...
The United States has explored space since as early as 1946 with various space technologies (Van
Allen). Space technology has enabled the U.S. to explore the universe and discover much beyond
planet Earth. Although we have made many successful launches to space several times, there are
trade–offs assumed from utilizing space technology that was beneficial and quite costly. It is in our
best interest that we continue to enhance our space technologies and continue our presence in outer
space to uphold our leadership position. The U.S. dominates space exploration and utilization; in
turn, this has afforded us military power, sustained our national security and provided us with
economic advantage. The U.S. space program's history is made up of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Supporters of this space station sought this as a "large–scale commercial manufacturing of exotic
pharmaceuticals and crystal line materials in space" (Van Allen). The long–term goal of the space
station was for it to be manned by humans; however, since the Apollo mission there has been a
decline in political and public support for human space travel. Over the years the U.S. has invested
in multiple space technology programs. Much of the missions to space were accompanied by
humans; however, there were many successful launches using durable space equipment too. Space
exploration and utilization enhanced the U.S. military, economic and scientific power. For example,
"robot satellites in earth orbit have revolutionalized global communications and navigation, and they
have yielded fundamental advances in our understanding of the atmosphere, the oceans, the weather,
and the distribution of natural resources" on earth (Van Allen). Although space exploration is costly,
the U.S. has gained an abundance of knowledge about planet Earth and space science. Independent
space technologies, such as rovers and satellites, are flexible, proven to be highly productive in
missions to outer space; these technologies are also less expensive to launch than shuttles for human
space travel (Van Allen). Corporations

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