Reporter's Journey to Mars: Food, Water & Technologies

The Science Fiction Story, A Reporter
Anthony Ha
ESS 102
Research Paper In the science fiction story, a reporter goes to board the first public flight to Mars.
He writes about what he experiences such as the feeling of being the first passengers to Mars, seeing
the technologies that recycle water, eating fresh produce in space, and the final landing on Mars a
year later and watching the rovers that landed before him moving about. Many problems of space
travel stem from the fact that supplies are limited in space. A trip to Mars with current technologies
would take eight months to travel to Mars and that is just robotic missions (NASA 2012a). This
presents an obvious problem that a space flight can only carry a limited amount of food, water, and
air. Any system also needs to be powered by electricity. Current food technology consists of
prepackaged food. There are a couple problems that space food has to be able to solve. One problem
is that space food has to not just float around and get into vents, crevices, and machinery. This is a
hazard that scientists have to keep in mind when making food. Also, it should be long lasting
enough to last in space until a resupply. The food the astronauts eat in the International Space
Station right now are all packaged food sent up from earth. There is freeze–dried food which is
cooked before being flash frozen and vacuumed. This is then rehydrated with water when astronauts
want to eat. There are wetpacks, which are food pouches that don't need to be rehydrated like
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Astronauts: The Mir's Planetary Orbit
The Mir operated in very small elliptical orbit at an altitude of 390 kilometers above the Earth's
surface with an inclination of 51.6 degrees. This was more out of convenience for the Russians
because it was easy for their main launch complex to launch to and also to avoid launching over
China. Due to the Mir's low altitude, atmospheric drag constantly tried to pull the Mir back to Earth
causing its orbit to need to be constantly adjusted. Because of this, the Mir would need help
boosting to an optimal operating orbit. In the beginning before all the modules where built the core
module had the ability to change the space stations orbit on its own. However, as more modules
showed up, resupply ships like the Progress while docked to the ... Show more content on
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To combat this challenge the Mir communications system design consisted of three duplex channels,
two Ultra High Frequency (UHF), using line of sight links that could talk with different ground
stations and a geostationary satellite. With limited communication capabilities, it limited crews
access to Russian Flight Control Center (TsUP). Astronauts would have between five to twenty
minutes for the UHF links, and up to forty minutes depending on where in the orbit the space station
was. Frequencies for these links where also locked in, meaning astronauts could only use the links
and frequencies provided for communications. The Mir also had a amateur radio or (ham radio)
system installed onboard. This system was not only looked at as an emergency communications tool
but also as a morale booster. On–board crews used it during long duration stays on the space station
to talk with different folks from all around Earth. From the very beginning, the Russian's knew
besides being able to communicate back with mission control there was another critical subsystem
that was needed onboard when designing the space

Space Exploration : The Dangers Of The Exploration Of Space
On July 20, 1969, outside our Earth in the cold, and darkness of space, the first humans landed on
the moon, Neil Armstrong said, "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind." Ever
since the moon landing the space program took off, through failure and success we discovered
things, advanced our technology and more. Learning from previous mistakes and making sure that
they did not happen again. The space program has allowed for the world to grow in technology,
unite different people, and teach people about the world we live in. Since the exploration of space
has greatly benefited the world with advanced technology and knowledge, along with more
cooperation between countries, I believe that the space program should continue. Although, it is
dangerous for the humans that go and explore space, as there are many things that can go wrong and
there many dangers for astronauts in space, space exploration and the space program has lead to
many advances in science, technology and more. In fact, the article "Benefits Stemming from Space
Exploration" stated "Overcoming the challenges of working in space has led to many technological
and scientific advances that have provided benefits to society on Earth in areas including health and
medicine, transportation, public safety, consumer goods, energy and environment, information
technology, and industrial productivity." The technological and scientific advances that have come
out through the space program have greatly helped society in many ways. One way that the space
program has helped people is in the area of health and medicine, because of the space program
inventions such as artificial limbs, and infrared ear thermometers have benefitted people all over the
world. Next, In the article, "Technologies Benefit Our Lives", it says, "NASA's continued funding,
coupled with its collective innovations in robotics and shock–absorption/comfort materials are
inspiring and enabling the private sector to create new and better solutions for animal and human
prostheses. Advancements such as Environmental Robots Inc.'s development of artificial muscle
systems with robotic sensing and actuation capabilities for use in NASA space robotic and
extravehicular activities are

The Negative Effects Of Zero Earthquavity On Humans
Zero gravity can be something fun to experience, but it can also have some bad effects on humans.
Zero gravity or weightlessness happens when the effects of gravity are not experienced. Humans
have been experiencing zero gravity since the year 1961 when Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin
became the first human to travel to space. Zero gravity has became something humans experience
for fun. For example there is a company called Zero G and they they allow people to pay money to
go up in a plane and experience zero gravity. Even though some people find Zero gravity as a
experience of a lifetime, it can also have some bad effects on humans. The International Space
Station is in constant freefall above Earth. It's forward motion is just about equal to the speed it falls
to earth. This allows the astronauts inside to experience zero gravity. One function of The
International Space Station is to test the long term effects that zero gravity has on the human body. It
was a huge focus for the first one year long mission where astronauts were in zero gravity for one
year straight. (space.com) NASA uses astronauts to determine the effects of zero gravity on humans.
They send them to the International Space Station for long period at a time. Just recently Scott Kelly
and Mikhail Kornienko were the first humans to spend one consecutive year in space. NASA used
them to test the effects of zero gravity on humans. They used that information to help determine
how humans would react to zero

Chris Hadfield Essay
Chris Hadfield was born in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada, on August 29, 1959. He was raised on a corn
farm in southern Ontario. In his childhood, Hadfield always had the vision of becoming an
astronaut. At age 15, he won a glider pilot scholarship and a powered pilot scholarship at age 16.
Hadfield joined the Canadian Armed Forces in 1978. From 1984–1985, he trained as a fighter pilot
in Cold Lake, Alberta on CF–5s and CF–18s. In 1992, Chris was chosen to become one of four new
Canadian astronauts out of 5330 applicants. In fact, since 1992, he has been a crucial part of the
Canadian and American space programs. He studied at the University of Tennessee Space Institute
and received a Master of Science in aviation systems that same year. In 2012, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In Florida, he supported shuttle launches at the Kennedy Space Center and was NASA's Chief
Capcom for 25 space shuttle missions. From 1996 to 2000, Chris was the Chief astronaut for the
CSA and represented CSA astronauts by coordinating their activities. In a 2001 flight, Chris went on
two spacewalks, and during them he became the first Canadian to ever leave a spacecraft and float
freely in space. In 2005, Hadfield was inducted into Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame, and shortly
after that in 2006, Chris was honored on Royal Canadian Mint silver and gold coins in return for his
spacewalk to install Canadarm2 on the International Space Station. In 2012, Hadfield set out on the
most difficult mission of his career: with the company of two other astronauts, he embarked on a
Russian spacecraft for a 5–month journey at the International Space Station. After safely and
successfully landing back on Earth, Chris said "It smelled of just wind in the grass. The smell of
spring." On March 13, 2013, Hadfield became the first Canadian to command a spaceship as a
commander of the International Space Station during the second part of his 5–month stay in space.
To this day, Hadfield lives in Milton, Ontario and is

The International Space Station ( Iss ) Essay
We have dreamt of spaceflight since ancient times. Humans have developed and thought of many
ways to acquire this immense feat and it wasn't till the 20th century mankind were able to build
rockets powerful enough to overcome the force of gravity. Since then, we've successfully sent
mankind to the moon, rovers to mars and space probes deep into the reaches of our solar system.
Nations have striven to advance and attain great heights in the field of space exploration. The
constant competitiveness between USA and USSR during the cold war led to many major
breakthroughs in the history of space exploration beginning with USSR launching the first
international space station and USA successfully landing a human on the moon. The international
space station (ISS) stands as the basis of how international collaboration can affect space
exploration. Even though some nations are unwilling to work together, space exploration provides a
platform for nations to form relationships that benefits one another and create beneficial
relationships with each other. International cooperation has the potential to provide significant
benefits to all participants as well as help develop space programs. Such cooperation can provide
benefits in the form of monetary efficiency, programmatic and political sustainability, and workforce
stability over a period of time to those countries who chose to approach it as mutually beneficial
undertaking. International cooperation must be an essential partaking

Space Exploration Research Papers
Javier Vento
Mrs.Vázquez
English
May 8, 2017
Space Exploration Exploring space is one of the most complicated and extraordinary project
scientists are currently working on because of the technology used and health risks. On October 4,
1957, the Soviets launched the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, into space (aerospace). This
sparked scientist to send satellites to space. Shortly after, the United States sent its first satellite,
Explorer 1, into orbit. Since then there have been more than 130 space shuttle missions. One reason
why exploring space can be so difficult is because of space travel. The first space shuttle launch was
NASA's shuttle Columbia. Launch can be extremely dangerous. There have been more than 14
fatalities caused ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The International Space Station is a large aircraft that serves as a national laboratory for health and
research. It is also where astronauts live in space. November 2, 2000 was the date that the first crew
stayed at the ISS. Since then, many astronauts have lived there as their home in space. On February
17, 2017, Space X brought a spacecraft and other materials to the astronauts at the International
Space Station using a Falcon 9 rocket. Instead of dropping in the middle of the ocean, the same
rocket was directed by GPS to land where scientists wanted it to so that they can reuse it. This is an
example of how extraordinary space technology is. There are many ongoing space missions. Many
of them are satellites that are sent to orbit a planet and take pictures. Space mission Juno has a
satellite orbiting Jupiter. Space mission Venus Express has a satellite around Venus. Another is the
Mars Exploration Rover mission, an ongoing robotic space mission involving two Mars rovers. The
rovers take pictures and send the information to scientists on Earth. Robotic technology makes space
exploration safer and especially much easier. This help us to learn more about outer

The Frontier Of Commercial Space On Low Earth Orbit
Yunfeng Shi
ESS 102 Research Paper
In this article, I am going to talk about two companies in the frontier of commercial space in Low
Earth Orbit. On the one hand, there is one of the first pioneers in commercial space flight, Virgin
Galactic. On the other hand, there is the current rock star SpaceX. Both founded by celebrities,
Space X is not only being the delivery boy International Space Station by Dragon but also on the
road to the red planet, putting humans on Mars by 2026 with Mars Colonial Transporter. Meanwhile,
after the fatal crash of SpaceShipTwo in 2014, Virgin Galactic is trying to recover by putting second
version of SpaceShipTwo into works. In the following paper, I will elaborate further on both SpaceX
and Virgin Galactic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dragon exchanged cargo payloads there and safely returned to Earth in October 2012. Dragon has
6,000 kg total launch payload mass and 25 m^3 total launch payload volume. In addition, it could
return 3,000 kg payload mass and 11 m^3 of pressurized payload volume from International Space
Station to Earth. Because of the 11 m^3 capsule of Dragon spacecraft designed to carry cargo
payloads as well as human astronauts, NASA and SpaceX plan to start human test flight in next two
to three year.
On the rockets side, SpaceX currently uses the medium–lift, two–stage, nine–engine rocket Falcon
9, the most experienced product of SpaceX with 19 launches so far. The standard cost of one Falcon
9 launch is 61.2 million dollars. It has 70 meters of height and more than 541.3 tons. On the Low
Earth Orbit, it can carry 13150 kg of payload. On the Geostationary Transfer Orbit, it can carry 4850
kg worth of payload. Furthermore, In December 2015, SpaceX just made historic landing of a
reusable rocket booster after launching it to the space carrying eleven Orbcomm communications
satellites, Falcon 9 is highly likely become the world 's first truly reusable rockets.
In addition, currently under development, SpaceX's another rocket model, Falcon Heavy is
scheduled to launch later this year in Kennedy Space Centre LC39A, Florida.

International Space Station Video Analysis
Ethics in a global concept is difficult to pinpoint because each country has its own culture. This
culture can affect the government and the citizens, which in turn, affects the way businesses are
managed. However, this can become a problem when companies become international. On the other
hand, there are global common values that many countries possess that can help fair commerce
across countries. These shared values come from the fact that many of the world's religions share the
same values. Therefore, "relative prosperity of developed economies seems implicitly to be taken as
evidence of a sustainable form of free market capitalism that is supposed to be a universal economic
destination" (Michaelson, 2010, p. 239). However, when a country does not share these values, or
has a leader that does not it can become a major problem for ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Due to the fact the Americas was able to achieve this goal, I think it changed the race. America was
now seen as the powerhouse and the Russians saw the need to join America in space exploration. As
discussed in the video, the United States and Russia began working together and created the
International Space Station. The creation of this was likely due to the UN's Space Law Treaty.
Similar to the United Nations Global Compact, which promotes global ethics, this treaty ensured
that space activities were "benefitting mankind, emphasizing the astronaut as an envoy of mankind,
promoting international cooperation and assistance and using outer space for the benefit of all states
equally" (Wheeler, 2012, p. 61). This has been crucial for ensuring the safety of all that could be
affected by international missiles and satellites. As mentioned earlier, if countries do not share the
values or agree to the treaty this can be a threat for

General Information About The Iss And Other Terms
Part A: General information about the ISS and other terms.
(This section does not need to be done in sentences. Dot points are sufficient if you wish to answer
in that form.)
1. Define the following term: microgravity, aeronautics and extra–terrestrial. Be sure to choose the
definitions that suit the Physics context.
Microgravity – Microgravity is the near weightless experienced by somebody or an object in free
fall which is named microgravity.
Aeronautics – Aeronautics is the study of the science of flight. Aeronautics enables you to study the
methods of designing an aeroplane or other flying objects.
Extra–terrestrial – Extra–terrestrial is a form of life that occurs outside Earth or its atmosphere.
2. Explain the function ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Yes, there are people currently living on the ISS. The people who are on the ISS are Chris Cassidy
and Karen Nyberg from America, Pavel Vinogradov, Alexander Misurkin and Fyodor Yurchikin
from Russia and Luca Parmitano from Italy. Three of them have been up in space for 91 days and
the other three 152 days. This was posted on the 26/8/2013.
4. Explain in your own words how the ISS generates power.
The ISS generates power by sunlight, which reflects off of the photovoltaic panels, which are just
like solar panels but much bigger.
5. How long does it take for the ISS to orbit the Earth?
It takes The International Space Station and hour and a half (90 minutes) to orbit the earth.
Part B:
What are some of the challenges astronauts face living in a microgravity environment? How are
these challenges overcome?
When living on the ISS astronauts experience many temporary and long–term health effects from
living on the ISS. The reason astronauts experience many health effects is because when you are in
space your experience weightlessness, or zero gravity.
Some of the temporary effects of living on the ISS are the astronauts experience disruption to their

proprioceptive system, which is a system in the body which tells the arms, legs and other parts of the
body are in relation to each other. This effect can cause astronauts to feel nauseous for a short period
of time.
A long–term affect for the astronauts is that over time their

How To Write A Kent Rominger Essay
"Kent Rominger entered this world on August 7, 1956. He was born in the hospital of Del Norte,
Colorado. Rominger has had a full and wonderful life. He enjoys multiple physical activities, some
of which include skiing, both on the snow and in the water. After graduating from Del Norte High
School in 1974, he attended college at Colorado State University and earned his bachelor's degree in
Civil Engineering in 1978. (http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/rominger.html)" "Kent
Rominger's Very first launch was as pilot of the Columbia. The mission was called STS–73 and it
launched on October 20, 1995, the mission was based around materials science. they also performed
multiple scientific experiments on this mission. Rominger enjoyed ... Show more content on
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On that mission they fixed up the outside of the International Space Station. On the outside of the
International Space Station they installed a pair of cranes that held bags with tools in them for future
missions on the ISS. The missions that the tool would be used for was to install a shroud over a ldin
target that reduces glare and to cover up an exposed pin. The astronauts returned on a Saturday and
nobody was there to greet them because the mission was suppose to go into Sunday morning.

Benefit Of The International Space Station
Benefits of the International Space Station to Earth Space is a place where no ground can be felt,
sound can't be heard, and every direction is endless darkness. There are people who spend their lives
studying space and how it differs from Earth. With the help of experts from 15 nations, The
International Space Station (ISS) has been built. The space station travels in our orbit at 17,500
miles per hour and orbits the earth every ninety minutes. The ISS gives scientists a better
understanding of how life works in zero–gravity.
The space station was not always there. It took about thirteen years to complete, and it all started in
1984. "On January 25, 1984, President Ronald Reagan's State of the Union Address directed the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to build an international space station
within the next 10 years." (History and Timeline). That was the first time anyone had ever heard of a
space station and they had no idea what it could be used for. In November of 1998, Russia launched
the Russian Zarya control module into orbit which the first piece of the ISS. (History and Timeline)
Technology was not the greatest back then so it took another two years for the station to be suitable
for people to live on it. It is not easy to get parts and payloads to the space station. To get a shuttle
up to the ISS, scientists must make extreme calculations and time every move made precisely. to
match the speed and position of the space station. The first crew

The Frontier Of Commercial Space On Low Earth Orbit
In this article, I am going to talk about two companies in the frontier of commercial space in Low
Earth Orbit. On the one hand, there is one of the first pioneers in commercial space flight, Virgin
Galactic. On the other hand, there is the current rock star SpaceX. Both founded by celebrities,
Space X is not only being the delivery boy International Space Station by Dragon but also on the
road to the red planet, putting humans on Mars by 2026 with Mars Colonial Transporter. Meanwhile,
after the fatal crash of SpaceShipTwo in 2014, Virgin Galactic is trying to recover by putting version
two of SpaceShipTwo into works. In the following paper, I will elaborate further on both SpaceX
and Virgin Galactic in terms of technology, implementation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the rockets side, SpaceX currently uses the medium–lift, two–stage, nine–engine rocket Falcon
9, the most experienced product of SpaceX with 19 launches so far. The standard cost of one Falcon
9 launch is 61.2 million dollars. It has 70 meters of height and more than 541.3 tons. On the Low
Earth Orbit, it can carry 13150 kg of payload. On the Geostationary Transfer Orbit, it can carry 4850
kg worth of payload. Furthermore, In December 2015, SpaceX just made historic landing of a
reusable rocket booster after launching it to the space carrying eleven Orbcomm communications
satellites, Falcon 9 is highly likely become the world 's first truly reusable rockets.
In addition, currently under development, SpaceX's another rocket model, Falcon Heavy is
scheduled to launch later this year in Kennedy Space Centre LC39A, Florida. SpaceX described
Falcon Heavy as the "most powerful operational rocket in the world by a factor of two". According
to official data from SpaceX, Falcon Heavy can 21.2 metric tons payload to Geostationary Transfer
Orbit or 53 metric tons payload to Low Earth Orbit, the mass of a fully loaded Boeing 737. Delta IV
Heavy is the current rocket with the highest capacity in the world. According to SpaceX, Falcon
Heavy should be able to lift twice the payload with only a third of the cost around 90 million dollars
per launch.
Awarded with 2.6 billion dollars commercial crew contract in September 2014 by NASA, SpaceX is
developing the world's

Chris Hadfield: A Brief Biography
Chris Hadfield( full name Chris Austin Hadfield) was born August 29, 1959, in Sarnia(town situated
on lake huron), at age seven, his dad became a air canada pilot and the family moved to a corn farm
in a southern Ontario town called Milton, which is closer to Toronto. a two hour drive from
Sarnia.Chris developed interest in flying from a young age, he won a glider pilot scholarship at age
15 and graduated as an Ontario Scholar from Milton District High School in 1977; Received a
bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering (with honours), in 1982 Royal Military College,
Kingston, Ontario; Conducted post–graduate research at the University of Waterloo, Ontario in
1982; (Biography) After graduation he has worked as test pilots, performing research

Benefit Of Space Exploration
America has reaped the benefits of space exploration for sixty years, despite the open knowledge of
its effects on those who enter radiation and low–gravity environments. A low gravity environment is
a space in which gravity, an attracting force between two masses, is lowered in a way that causes a
feeling of weightlessness (Newman, Phil. "What Is Gravity?"). Lowered gravity can cause gene
modification and alter behavior (Shikawa, Chihiro, et al. "Effects of Gravity Changes on Gene
Expression of BDNF and Serotonin Receptors in the Mouse Brain."). It can also induce
osteoporosis, an incurable disease increasing the susceptibility of bones to fracture
("Osteoporosis."), causing astronauts to lose 1–2% of bone mass per month in space (Bones, Space.
"Space Bones.". Radiation (from space) is a type of ionizing radiation that releases energy when it
occurs. When that energy is released, it can be absorbed by living tissue, which can cause
irreparable DNA damage (Cucinotta, Francis A. "Space Radiation Risks for Astronauts on Multiple
International Space Station Missions.").
Some believe that the benefits of space exploration are great enough to overlook the decreasing
health of astronauts who have been affected by space travel. I believe that the knowledge of space
from space exploration is not beneficial enough to cause astronauts harm and long–term health
problems when the same work could be done by artificial intelligence.
RELATION TO SCIENCE Galactic cosmic radiation can

The Importance Of Canadian Contribution To Space Exploration
Canadian Contribution to Space Exploration
FRONT
Canadarm
The Canadarm was a remote–controlled mechanical arm, also known as the Shuttle Remote
Manipulator System.During its 30–year career with NASA's Space Shuttle Program, the robotic arm
deployed, captured and repaired satellites, positioned astronauts, maintained equipment, and moved
cargo.Even though the Canadarm retired in July 2011 , its memory lives on as it helped establish
Canada's reputation as a leader in technological innovation and inspired a series of other Canadian
robotics used on the International Space Station including the Canadarm 2 and Dextre.
The Canadarm could be thought of as a 15–metre robotic arm with a wrist, elbow and shoulder.
ISS
The ISS is a international space

How To Return NASA
Discovery, or the "return to flight," was going to return NASA to the business of human spaceflight.
Two years after the loss of the seven crew members of Columbia, NASA officials were confident
that all necessary modifications had been corrected within the shuttle's external fuel tank design and
upgrading its flight hardware. NASA also placed cameras, visual tracking, and inspection equipment
in order to record footage of the space shuttle as it lifted off into space. The crew members of
Discovery consisted of commander Eileen Collins, who became the first woman to command a
space shuttle flight, pilot James Kelly, and mission specialists Charles Camarda, Wendy Lawrence,
Soichi Noguchi, Steve Robinson, and Andy Thomas. Their mission was to ... Show more content on
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After completing their mission and transporting all the equipment to the International Space Station,
it was time to head home. Supposedly Discovery was to return on Monday, August 8th, 2005, but
the weather had interfered with scattered showers and lightning storms which forced them to circle
the earth for another day. The weather on Tuesday, August 9th, 2005 did not show any signs of
clearing up either so Discovery was diverted to Edwards Air Force Base, California. After being
away fourteen days, circling the earth two hundred and nineteen times, and traveling fifty–eight
million miles in space, Discovery landed safely on the ground at 8:11 a.m without any casualties.
Unlike Columbia or the Challenger, the space shuttle and Discovery's crew members were prepared
for a worst case scenario. NASA gave the shuttle upgrades in its designs and hardware, trained the
crew on how to operate on the shuttle and spacewalk, and finally took security and safety
procedures to the next level to ensure the safe return to

International Space Station Research Paper
The Impact of the International Space Station
We've all seen pictures of the beautiful blue globe of the Earth from space. Some of the first images
were taken by NASA. Not only that,The International Space Station has been a huge step forward in
the healing technology, and NASA has made millions of research projects to help us with our health.
This research is going to show a few of the many things that NASA, with its knowledge helped us
discover, and in some cases, to solve many human problems. They have contributed not only
clearler and more extensive vews of space, but it also has helped with the problems and diseases that
occur.
Extensive vision of the space Stars Spitzer Space Telescope showed what lies near the sword of the
constellation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
ADVASC was performed over several International Space Station (ISS) expeditions, growing two
generations of Arabidopsis thaliana (rapidly growing, flowering plant in the mustard family that has
been grown on many space missions), and soybean plants, from seed to seed in space using the
ADVASC payload, an autonomously operated plant growth unit. The ability to grow plants from
seeds through several generations has proven to be challenging in space and is critical in developing
hardware and operational concepts to take human explorers farther beyond low–Earth orbit

Keely Ruiz: Life In Space
Keely Ruiz Life in Space
Imagine, looking out a window and seeing Earth and the stars! That would be incredible! I feel that
civilians should travel in space because it could help research and give privileges. If you don't think
so you should read this.
First and foremost, I think civilians should be able to go to space because it could help NASA find
out more about planets. The article stated that "That may lead to more support of NASA and its
space research..." NASA could also find out if there is life on the other planets. There could be
animals on Mars! This could lead to us living on other the planets! If animals can live there we can
live there too. Right? Another possibility is that

Space Exploration Mission Into The International Space...
For over three decades now since astronauts first explored started space exploration to the moon or
to the earth's orbit, they have been experiencing radiations in space that comprises of secondary
particles that are produced as a result of collision of heavy ions and high energy protons with tissue
and the space craft. However, once the astronauts return, they are faced with uncertainties as a result
of exposure in the projection of the associated risks, and the effects that later come as a result of
space radiations. This paper examines the exposure of radiations to astronauts who have been
involved in a space exploration mission into the International Space Station. As a result of the
damaging effect of the radiations in space nowadays, astronauts have been limited to the low Earth
orbit that is shielded from the galactic cosmic rays and solar particles. The radiations are thought to
cause cancer risks and risk of exposure induced death to astronauts. These effects coupled with
others such as the lethality of the ionizing radiation and compounded risks from circulatory diseases
have been a major impediment to space exploration as a result of radiations, and this has limited the
duration of astronauts into space, while confining them into the international Space station in the
low Earth orbit.
Radiation Exposure for Astronauts
In the 1960s, the first group of men took off from earth into space in the popularly known Apollo
missions to explore space little did they know

Informative Essay On Space Exploration
The topic that I chose to study up on today is Space Exploration. I have always had a deep love for
Space. I have also had many questions and have often found myself day dreaming about what could
really be beyond our plant and even beyond our galaxy.
The article that I discovered using the BYU–Idaho David O. McKay Library online search tool is
called "Contributions of the International Space Station towards future exploration missions" (By
Johannes Weppler). Some of the highlights of this article are when it talks about how the
International Space Station (ISS) will help the international cooperation within the ISS program to
support new missions. When they where developing the ISS they had discovered many
technological

International Space Station Research Paper
Leadership in history is important. Humanity has shown that they leave a lasting legacy in history.
The launch of the International Space Station was no exception. This launch was an example of
what humanity could do together. After an era of turmoil, humanity came together to do something
that will leave a lasting legacy in history. The building of the International Space Station was an
example of leadership and legacy because it was built by a coalition of many nations, helped nations
come together after the Cold War, and set a step forward to unified space exploration. The building
of the ISS was an example of leadership and legacy because it was built by a coalition of many
nations. The International Space Station was not built by just one nation. The building of the
International Space Station took a total of 16 nations. "The United States and Russia are just two of
sixteen nations co–operating in this major scientific and technological project,"("The Space Station
Era Dawns"). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coming out of the Cold War the United States and Russia were not the friendliest. What better a
way to bond together by investing in a project that is beneficial for both of them. "In 1993, the
Clinton administration moved to bring America's former Cold War adversary into the huge
international project as a major partner along with 14 other nations that have invested several billion
dollars,"(Sawyer). Bringing former Cold War officials was a shining example that the Cold War has
passed and a new era has begun. "Shuttle–Mir gave its own lasting gift to the word–the example of
the great Cold War adversaries, working together,"("Looking Back, Looking Forward"). Shuttle Mir
was a Cold War era shuttle and was used with Russian and American personnel and shows that the
two nations has moved past that time and are working together to leave a lasting legacy in

NASA: The High Cost Of NASA
NASA has to spend at least five hundred million dollars per launch in space. They do quite a bit of
experiments in space, and have mission on mars and the moon. They made the International space
station, and made quite a few rockets and planes to send to space and in the air. If NASA didn't
make satellites you wouldn't be able to watch tv or call someone from long distance. NASA can do a
bundle of experiments but what is NASA. First of all they are a government agency. Anything that
might happen they are responsible for a almost all of science and technology in space and on Earth.
This program was created to oversee space exploration and find different planets to find different
planets, if we ever run out of room on Earth. NASA does space exploration and also they do
aeronautics research. NASA are a very big company, but it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
It costs roughly about four hundred and fifty million dollars per launch and bigger missions can cost
millions and even billions of dollars just for one launch. An average cost for a mission is four
hundred and fifty million because they haven't done super big missions but either they are already
on or on their way to mars for a mission. NASA don't just have mission for planets they also have
the International Space Station that is basically a permanent laboratory in space. The International
Space Station is used for a galore of experiments. International and technological is the largest
endeavor. It is a permanent laboratory up in space. Most of the time during experiments in space
they will use gravity, pressure and temperature in a variety of experiments that they cannot do down
on Earth. A space shuttle can travel faster than you think in space. It can travel up to seventeen
thousand and five hundred miles per hour and that is twenty eight thousand kilometers per hour. One
space shuttle or spaceship can use up to five hundred thousand gallons of fuel for only one

International Space Station ( Iss )
On November 20th, 1998, the first piece of the International Space Station was launched into space.
The first piece of the International Space Station, named Zarya, provided the station with
propulsion, guidance, battery power, fuel storage, and docking capabilities. The International Space
Station has over one hundred parts to it. The International Space Station's length is that of a football
field's. The International Space Station currently has six crewmembers on board, three Russians, two
Americans, and one Japanese. The International Space Station is uniting fifteen different nations and
five different space programs. The International Space Station (ISS) is a large spacecraft that orbits
the Earth and serves as a research facility ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The scientists on board spend each and every day doing research about space and about Earth 's
features such as clouds and the surrounding atmosphere. The ISS is the only research station for
scientists in space. This is the main reason for them leading space exploration. Some of the research
that the ISS does has to do with microgravity and the effects space has on the human body. The ISS
allows the scientists to do research that they could not do anywhere else. There are three different
labs on board the ISS, which enables the scientists of the different nations to do their work in peace
if desired. The International Space Station is designed for nations to come together and try to give
the world more knowledge then it already has. All of the scientists on board conduct experiments
that couldn't be conducted on Earth. Most of the experiments have to do with gravity, specifically
microgravity. However, the ISS is always working on new projects. You can never be sure what
project the scientists will be working on that day. There is one way, and this is by watching the
scientists through a live feed coming from the space station and being broadcasted online. You are
able to watch this feed and see over the shoulders of the scientists.
The International Space Station is currently working on different kind of projects. Some projects
would include experiments with microgravity, which is the very weak gravity that you would endure
if you were on an

The Causes And Impacts Of The International Space Station
The International Space Station commonly known as the (ISS) is a large spacecraft that orbits
around Earth. This space station serves as a home for the crews of astronauts and cosmonauts. The
space station is also a unique science laboratory. Several nations such as Canada, Japan, the Russian
Federation, the United States, and eleven Member States of the European Space Agency (Belgium,
Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United
Kingdom) worked together to build and use this space station. The space station is made of parts
that were assembled by astronauts, in space itself. NASA is using this space station to learn more
about the living and working conditions in space. These discoveries will help make it possible for
them to find out if it is feasible to send humans farther into space than ever done in the past.
Political:
The International Space Station was first considered in the waning years of the Cold War. A space
station called Mir was prepared to be launched by the Soviet Union, which went into orbit in 1986.
The United States wanted to match its rival.During his 1984 State of the Union address, President
Ronald Regan announced his plans for a U.S led project. Russia was invited to join the space station
by the United States when they decided to expand their international partnership, after the collapse
of the Soviet Union in 1993. Eugene Skolnikoff, professor emeritus of political science at the
Massachusetts

Explain How The SRMS Changed The Capabilities Of The...
The creation of the SRMS changed the capabilities of the United States space program. Before the
system, everything which needed to be captured required risky docking maneuvers involving highly
trained pilots. With the advent of the system, the Space Shuttle only required close proximity and
allowed the SRMS to perform the delicate movements needed to capture and release objects near the
Space Shuttle.
The entire system was innovative for space capabilities, but it also changed robotics on Earth at the
same time. The first thing the SRMS brought to the space program was the space robotics which did
not exist before it was launched20. The proof of concept set the standard for all future robotics
equipment in space. In addition, the earlier design choices to engineer the system like the human
arm in control were part of a paradigm shift in robotics which has permeated the area robotics21.
In addition to changing technology, the creation of the SRMS had a major impact on relations
between the United States and Canada in terms of space. First, the deal to develop the system
included the United States providing preferential access to Canada to help build its space
program22. The preferential treatment opened access to space unlike any other non–space faring
nation on Earth. In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As NASA and its international partners were designing the ISS, it was only natural to include a
similar system on the new space station. As it happens, they decided to put a newer version of the
same system, called Canadarm 2, onto it with upgraded capabilities being bigger, more
maneuverable, and able to traverse the station among other things23. Since the inclusion of the
improved version, the system has again proven invaluable providing a method to capture docking
spacecraft, move station components around during and after construction even meeting up with its
predecessor during visits by the Space

Risk Assesment for the International Space Station
Pm595 risk management | Risk Assessment | For the International Space Station | | Casey Potter |
12/4/2011 |
This document will provide a risk assessment, with the use of FTA, for the International Space
Station. |
Table of Contents
I. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................
2 II. Sources of Project Risk in
Construction............................................................................................ 3 A.
Timeline.................................................................................................................................. 3 B.
Costs........................................................................................................................................ 4 C.
International Collaboration................................................................................................. 5 D.
Infrastructure and Complexity of Project.......................................................................... 6 III.
Systems to Address in Construction Project ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Risk management or lack of, can be one of those attributes. It has been written; "risk management is
a critical success factor for delivering projects in predefined cost, time and quality" (Benta, D.,
Podean, I. M., Mirecean, C. 2011.Page 142). However, when you are dealing with a project like the
ISS, how do you predetermine the cost and time when the project spans over three decades? Many
sources of construction risk must be identified. The following sections will first review the sources
of timeline, costs, international collaboration, and complexity of project. Next, the review sources of
risk with systems that need to be addressed during the construction and then the fault tree analysis.
A. Timeline
The schedule of the project is a major factor of gauging on whether a project has been successful or
not. For many projects, the time it takes to get to the marketplace is critical to meet product supply
and demand. Most projects are measured in weeks, months, and sometimes years. A typical jetliner
can take up to five years to complete (Jenkins, M. 2000. Page 4). However when it comes to the
schedule of the ISS, the development cycle can be measured in decades. The preliminary design
work has been initiated in the 1980s and the project is set to continue well into the year 2016
(Bacon, J. Boyle, J., and Stockman, B. 1982. Page 3). The timeline only in this project presents
many risk factors. The changing

The National Aeronautics And Space Administration (NASA)
Introduction
For more than 50 years the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has explored
space funded by taxes collected by the US government. There are many benefits stemming from
space exploration however, many people don't support funding NASA and believe it is a waste of
money. In 2002, the budget proposal for the fiscal year funded $18.7 billion to NASA. This means
that "a little more than half a penny of every federal tax dollar ends up at NASA" (NASA's $18.7–
Billion Budget: How Much Do You Contribute 1). This means a family with median household
income pays $33 per year to find a space program. Space exploration is expensive however, the
knowledge and technologies has brought us has improved a quality of life on Earth. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before sending the first man into space scientist had to invent an automatic device to measure his
blood pressure, however day this simple technology is used for a quick checkup (From pacemakers
to braces, the medical benefits of space exploration 1), Similarly, scratch–resistant lenses on
eyeglasses "are straight from the stars" (From pacemakers to braces, the medical benefits of space
exploration 1), originally developed to protect satellite lenses from space debris. Nitinol is an
incredible material designed to ensure starlight's spring open after being in a rocket during space
travel, but today are used by orthodontic specialist to make wearing braces easier and more
comfortable. Even heart pacemakers function using the electronic monitoring used in satellites
orbiting the Earth. Pain Control Devises, Kidney Dialysis Machines, Invisible Braces, Exercise
Equipment, Body Images, Chromosome Analysis, Transmitters to measure the health of the fetus in
the womb, Instrument to Measure Bone Strength, and "Cool Suits" are just a few of the technologies
space exploration has brought us. Many of the technologies evolving from space exploration are
valuable in the everyday lives of people on Earth. Many of these important technologies may not
exist without the purpose for space

The Globalization Of The International Space Station
Kai Allen Donicht
Globalization and International Business
June 18 – July 7
Arunjana Das
7/27/15
The Globalization of the International Space Station
Abstract
Space exploration was born out of the intense competition between the two great superpowers of the
20th century. The space race was a byproduct of the arms race between the United States and the
Soviet Union. Both sides devoted immense resources and manpower to attempt to surpass the other
in astronautical achievement. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the
approach towards space exploration changed dramatically. What began as a fierce competition
between major powers became a partnership involving many nations working together. Space
exploration projects, like the International Space Station, are only feasible through international
joint effort, and because of this have helped to foster more cooperative relations between countries –
not only diplomatically, but also economically.
Introduction
In 1986, the USSR launched its space station Mir in orbit. NASA proposed to construct a
permanently manned orbiting space station in response. The US began building the space station
Freedom, working with Canada, several European countries, and Japan as partners in the endeavor.
Just as work on Freedom began, however, the Soviet Union collapsed. This presented an opportunity
for the US to work with Russia in space rather than compete with them. Freedom was reengineered
into the new International

Mission Plan For Missions
In addition to staging emergency crew, the ISS could stage mission specialists for missions
traversing in or near LEO. One example of this is the Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) retrieval mission
called the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM). The current ARM mission plan is to dispatch an
unmanned spacecraft collect and redirect a boulder from a NEA to lunar orbit14. Once there, a
human mission would be dispatched to study the asteroid. As the drive of the mission would be
primarily scientific discovery, the composition of astronauts would lean heavily toward scientists.
To support the mission or series of mission, the mission team can be launched to the ISS as jumping
off point allowing the astronauts to become acclimated and practice their ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Besides constructing a station, lunar missions could utilize the ISS as a debarkation and destination
point for space only spacecraft traveling between Earth and lunar orbit which NASA already has
planned for the Deep Space Gateway16. By utilizing this kind of spacecraft for lunar missions, the
overall design would relieve engineers from creating a spacecraft capable from reentering the
Earth's atmosphere and operating in deep space. Creating a simpler spacecraft would make the
spacecraft much easier to refurbish and resupply for multi–use and multi–purpose deep space
missions.
Although the Moon is close enough to consider launching an entire mission from the Earth's surface
on one rocket, Mars and other places would require a much more complex mission profile. Designs
for human missions to Mars typically involve building a deep space vehicle. This assembly alone
would require either an effort similar to the construction of the ISS or utilizing the ISS as a
construction area for the spacecraft. Similar to what could be done for lunar missions, the ISS could
provide the same kind of mission preparation and support for Mars missions to build a spacecraft
and provide an in–orbit staging area for supplies and crew. However, unlike lunar missions, the ISS
may be critical to keeping costs manageable as it provides a significant support capability which
would not need to be launched during mission

What Is The Hubble Space Telescope
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is run by the United States of America. This
administration was founded October 1, 1958. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) was preceded by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) which was
decidedly discontinued and replaced by NASA when the National Aeronautics and Space Act was
passed July 29, 1958. From that date on NASA entered the era of space focused projects and would
lead the world to explore a vast new frontier that was not confined to the atmosphere surrounding
earth; however, while NASA was also the spearhead, they exchanged many schematics and
information to help other countries follow and enter into space. NASA was first installed in 1958 ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The horizon spacecraft flew by Pluto's largest satellite, Charon. Geologists have determined that
Charon may have had a violent creation because it looks as though it was sheared apart. This canyon
system stretches more than 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) across the entire face of the moon
(nasa.gov). "This stretches twice as long as the Grand Canyon and in some places twice as deep"

A Mars Colony Vs Living Space Station
Carina Salcedo
1339611
ESS 102 A
Living in a Mars Colony vs Living Space Station
Summary of science fiction story: My science fiction paper will be set in the not too distant future.
Pollution and global warming have made Earth nearly uninhabitable and humanity needs a new
home. While many look to Mars as the best hope, others feel it poses too many challenges and that
humanity needs more than one chance at a new start. These people are building a large space station
in orbit around Earth intended for . Two small crews are sent out, one to Mars and the other to the
new space station, to decide where the future of humanity will lie. The major topics of research will
be space habitability and the effects of long term space flight.
introduction: There are many challenges to overcome before a permanent human settlement can be
established in space or on Mars. Many of these challenges overlap, but each destination provides a
unique twist on human expansion beyond Earth. This paper will examine the difficulties associated
with maintaining a human presence in each location.
What has been done to establish a permanent space station: Thanks to the International Space
Station, we know a great deal about the effects of life in space on the human body and how to meet
the needs of life in space. The problems of supplying power, water, and food have already been
solved. Power is supplied to the ISS via 2,500 square meters of solar cells (Taranovich, 2014). Of
course, as the station

The Importance Of Space Exploration
Human beings have been in space for more than fifty years and produced benefits that improve our
quality of life. We take many things in our everyday lives for granted that were a direct result of
space exploration. This is not limited to technological advancements, but reflected in art, literature,
film, technical innovation, global partnerships, and influenced culture on a global scale. Technology
is a part of daily life and Space exploration continues to be the catalyst for advancement. Satellite
technology is one example. After many years of satellite use for space exploration, satellite
television was introduced. "In 1978, the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) introduced Public
Television Satellite Service" (Advances in Satellite TV: Changing the Way We Watch Television).
Shortly after, direct to home receivers were created (Advances in Satellite TV: Changing the Way
We Watch Television). Satellite broadcasting allowed television to be streamed all over the world
with stronger more reliable signals. Today most of the global population watches television.
Satellites provide the GPS system, which is mainly used as a system of navigation. GPS technology
is evolving today enabling things such as autonomous vehicles. These ideas used to be seen as
futuristic, but not anymore. In the near future we could see people driving places on what amounts
to auto–pilot.. The equipment company John Deere is already close to producing accurate self
driving farming equipment. During the

The Importance Of Space Exploration
Space exploration should be a priority for our country because in the video :The international space
station it states there is lots of room and lots of food for us to travel into space. Also space
exploration should be a priority because we can learn how to do many things up in space we are able
to space walk and about the experiment that they do in the space station that we can probably not do
on earth she we should have space exploration as a priority for our country.We should spend
valuable resources on space exploration.
First of all, Space exploration should be a priority for our country because in the video :The
international space station it states there is lots of room and lots of food for us to travel into
space.Obviously this helps out because if there is an important mission and lots of people have to go
there they will have lots of rooms and food for them. Also another reason why it should be a priority
is because you can do many experiment inside the space station and some people can go outside and
check if everything is ok.Clearly, this is important because it will help us on experiment that we can
probably not do on earth but up in space we can.there is many more reason why it should be a
priority to go up into space
Second of all, Space exploration should be a priority for our country because in "What It's Really
Like To Walk To Space it states and show that should space people how to walk in space . Of
course,this is important because what if the space people need to do some important work outside
they would know how to space walk.Also,another reason why space walk is important is because
they can find out new cure for when people get sick. In this case this is important because we can
probably cure cancer. There can be many more reasons why we should be able to GO to space.
Third of all,.Space exploration should be a priority for our country because in "What It's Really Like
To Walk To Space it states and show that should space people how to walk in space . However ,this
is important because what if the space people need to do some important work outside they would
know how to space walk.Also, another reason why space walk is important is because they can find
out new cure

Danger And Cleanup Of Orbital Debris
Danger And Cleanup Of Orbital Debris Orbital debris, which are different than space debri, pose a
threat to space missions and astronauts. Manny previous missions have left orbital debris in their
wake. Most of the debris are left up there until they are pulled toward earth by gravity and then
destroyed by earth 's atmosphere. Until then the space junk is left to orbit around the earth. The
amount of debri continues to grow quicker than the earth can destroy it. Leaving the debri to sit up
there unchecked poses dangers for astronauts and space missions both current and future. There are
several solutions that scientists have come up with that could help reduce the danger of space debris.
Orbital debris are specifically the man made objects that follow a path of orbit around the earth
(NASA, 2013). Orbital debris differ from satellites in that they no longer serve a working purpose,
making them essentially space junk (NASA, 2013). Orbital debris can sometimes be confused with
space debris. The term space debris encompases anyting that is wandering about space or orbiting
around something like the sun, manmade or not (NASA, 2013). Things like meteorites and man
made objects that are not in orbit around earth (NASA, 2013). While orbital debris only includes
man made, unusefull things, that are in orbit around the earth (NASA, 2013). The orbital space junk
can wind up floating around the earth in a couple of different ways. One of the most common ways
that it can get up there

The Expansion Of Space Architecture
Introduction The collective space vision of all the world's countries at the moment seems to be
Mars, Moon, space colonization, permanent settlement etc. Even Steven Hawking does not think
that humans will survive another 1000 years 'without escaping beyond our fragile planet'. Architects
are designing colonial habitats on Mars and Moon creating large flimsy structures for permanent
settlements. But is that space architecture is all about? Just to create a new living environment for
rats abandoning a sinking ship? Obviously space architecture can be something more than just a
permanent habitat in uninhabitable environment. This manifesto argues that architecture in space
could help humanity to maintain Earth as well as to explore other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Certainly it is a great shock to all ecosystems, but it is a long way from uninhabitable. If we do the
meanest things such as nuclear war, pollution of all air and water, greenhouse warming, complete
deforestation, Earth would still be considered as the most habitable planet of the galaxy that we
know. Even post–apocalyptic Earth would still be an absolute paradise in comparison to Mars, the
Moon, or hellish Venus. None of these places will ever be more welcoming than Earth, no matter
how bad Earth gets. Even if we have to live and farm under pressurized domes, we will do it million
times easier than the people who do the same on Mars. And if sooner or later humanity gets the
power of terraforming Mars or Moon, we will certainly have the power of cleaning up whatever
mess we made on Earth and turn it into a Garden of Eden. The latter seems as much easier project.
Steven Hawking advocates that 'having all eggs in one basket' is not wise. Considering the fact that
there have been five large extinctions events throughout Earth's history, spreading out could be
logical. But again, this option should be for the most extreme situation, since the protection of Earth
and its children is always comes first. The Purpose of Space Architecture. The purpose of
architecture itself is to improve human life. Due to its extreme environments, living in space or on

Topics For Nasa Research Papers
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration has a difficult task. It must convince U.S.
taxpayers that space science is worth $16.25 billion a year. To achieve this goal, the agency conducts
an extensive public–relations effort that is similar to the marketing campaigns of America 's biggest
corporations. NASA has learned a valuable lesson about marketing in the 21st century: to promote
its programs, it must provide entertaining visuals and stories with compelling human characters. For
this reason, NASA issues a steady stream of press releases and images from its human spaceflight
program.
Every launch of the space shuttle is a media event. NASA presents its astronauts as ready–made
heroes, even when their accomplishments in space ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This knowledge could be used to plan a manned mission to Mars or the construction of a base on the
moon. But these justifications for the station are largely myths. Here are the facts, plain as potatoes:
The International Space Station is not a platform for cutting–edge science. Unmanned probes can
explore Mars and other planets more cheaply and effectively than manned missions can. And a
moon colony would be a silly destiny.
[break] The Myth of Science
IN 1990 THE American Physical Society, an organization of 41,000 physicists, reviewed the
experiments then planned for the International Space Station. Many of the studies involved
examining materials and fluid mechanics in the station 's microgravity environment. Other proposed
experiments focused on growing protein crystals and cell cultures on the station. The physical
society concluded, however, that these experiments would not provide enough useful scientific
knowledge to justify building the station. Thirteen other scientific organizations, including the
American Chemical Society and the American Crystallographic Association, drew the same
conclusion.
Since then, the station has been redesigned and the list of planned experiments has changed, but the
research community remains overwhelmingly opposed. To date, at least 20 scientific organizations
from around the world have determined that the space station

Space X : The Space Station
Russian Soyuz spacecraft to ferry our astronauts to the ISS , costing 70 million per ticket. NASA
encouraged a number of private U.S. companies to develop their own space rockets to get to the
International Space Station. One of these companies is Space X (founded in 2002) who is under 1.6
Billion NASA contract, has already completed nine unmanned missions to resupply ISS and
currently working to modify, making "Dragon" vehicle crew ready by 2017.
To date, the International Space Station has cost as much as $ 160 Billion and rising; fortunately, the
ISS's pricey tag is been shared between the participating countries which include Canada, the
European Union, Japan, Russia and the U.S. Since its construction, the ISS has had visitors from 15
different nations.
The ISS development visualized as NASA's next footstep subsequent to the Apollo missions, but it
took decades to get it started. In the 1990s after the fall of the iron curtain, the International Space
Station was one way to keep Russian scientist focus in new research. In 2001, NASA officially
stated the goals for the station: Conducting research, establishing a continuous human presence in
space, and promoting international cooperation. Although the Station not using its full capacity, the
main purpose of the scientific exploration still going. When NASA started to visualize new missions
on sending humans to an asteroid by 2025 and to Mars by 2,030, the U.S. National Laboratory
redirect their focus and start

Space Station History
Ever since Apollo 11, when the US landed on the moon other countries thought about getting into
¨The Space Race¨. On April 19, 1971, the Soviet Union launched the first Space Station (Redd). As
the soviets continued to send space stations into orbit, the US was working on a project. In 1984
President Ronald Reagan called for a space program that would include participation with the US
allies. Two years later they made the idea of a space station and Reagan called it Freedom (Angelo
239). The building and the evolution of the International Space Station is one of the most important
accomplishments in our planet's scientific history and brought the US together with other nations.
The International Space Station is 357.5 feet long, which is as big as a football field. It weighs about
1 million pounds on earth. Inside it has about 32,000 cubic feet of space, or equal to the space in a
boeing 747 (Garcia). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They planed 3 phases to finish the building of the ISS. During the first phase, 2 modules were
launched with a few other elements. Until the first phase was complete, 7 american astronauts were
staying the the Russian space station the Mir. The first phase ended in 1998. The second phase was
the core of the ISS. It was to start putting together all of the pieces for the ISS to operate. The
astronauts had to construct the station in space while in orbit (Angelo). In the third phase the ISS
was completed. From February 2001 to October 2003, seven more crews were brought up to the ISS
to conduct more construction. The U.S. Destiny lab was connected to the Unity, adding rooms for
scientists to conduct their research in zero gravity. An Italian made module, served as a ¨moving
van¨ carried supplies, experiments, equipment to and from the space station and the shuttle.
Russians added a docking port for space shuttles. Also another robotic arm was added for future
construction (International Space

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