Postpartum Stereotypes: Cultural & Familial Factors

Postpartum Stereotypes
Atlas.ti was utilized to analyze and code the EPDS, SSQ and individual interviews to create
common themes. Direct quotes from the interviews of the women were categorized for each risk
factor. As hypothesized, women of Asian descent have higher incidence of postpartum depression
than North American women, (see Figure 1). One hundred and two Asian women were considered
having signs of PPD two weeks postpartum as opposed to the sixty–seven North American women.
Several risk factors were identified for both cultures including similarities between the two, (see
Figure 2). Through interviews conducted with the mothers, it was found that the Asian culture was
predisposed to depressive conditions because of its cultural patriarchy. Thirty–one of the one
hundred and fifty women had admitted to feeling symptoms of depression before conception.
Additional results from the interviews indicated extended family ... Show more content on
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One mother stated, "I thought this was what parenthood was supposed to feel like." Denial of the
mental illness was also expressed by both cultures. Women that were aware of the symptoms of PPD
admitted to denying the symptoms, "I just ignored the signs, I don't really know why, I guess I just
didn't want to believe that something could be wrong with me." The mothers also shared their
feelings towards preference of family over professional help. One woman stated, "I just feel more
comfortable with them (family). The doctors, they don't understand me, I feel uncomfortable." An
additional drawback to seeking help for PPD, was previous failure of treatment expressed North
American and Asian mothers. "Why should I go back? They didn't help me the first time, I'm just
wasting my time and money," one mother
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Postpartum Depression On Abortion
Some women turn to having an abortion when scared and just a few don't care about children and
kill their child. Only if those women knew what the negative effects of having an abortion before
they made their final decision. Woman should have the right to choose whether or not if they should
go forward with the abortions with the knowledge of the negative effects. The negative effects about
having an abortion are postpartum depression, damage to the organs, and highly complicated risks
and if women knew these risks they'll probably never have a abortion again.
One negative effect on a woman's body after having an abortion is postpartum depression.
According to Postpartum Depression Study, postpartum depression is a depression suffered by ...
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Damaging your organs can cause you to never have kids again. Side effects and complications
abdominal cramps, light vaginal bleeding, nausea and vomiting, sore breasts, and fatigue
Healthline.com says "Abortion carries the risk of significant complications such as bleeding,
infection, and damage to organs." Serious medical complications occur infrequently in early
abortions, but increase with later abortions.
Healthline.com also stated that "Getting complete information on the risks associated with abortion
is limited due to incomplete reporting and the lack of record–keeping linking abortions to
complications." 16 or 17 Getting complete information on the risks associated with abortions is
limited due to incomplete reporting and the lack of record–keeping linking abortions to
complications.
If you were 9 or more weeks along in the pregnancy, it is possible According to Epm.org that you
may have trouble with milk, or a milky fluid leaking from your breasts after the abortion. " 9 or
more weeks pregnant there's a possibility that you may have trouble with leaking breast milk. The
further along you were, the higher the chance of having your 'milk come

Postpartum Case Studies
Treatment is usually needed for reassurance and some help with household chores and care of the
baby. About 20% of women diagnosed with postpartum blues will end up developing more lasting
depression. Overall postpartum depression ends up affecting about 10–16% of women. Postpartum
Psychosis: psychiatric hospitalization necessary has symptoms of auditory hallucinations and
delusions (often about the baby, and often of a religious nature), visual hallucinations (often in the
form of seeing or feeling a presence or darkness), insomnia, feeling agitated and angry, anxiety,
paranoia (a paranoid delusional system may inhibit her from sharing her delusion), delirium (waxing
and waning symptomatology: appears normal one moment and is floridly psychotic

Depression : A Psychological Mood Disorder Essay
Depression is a psychological mood disorder that is common in today's world. The effect of
depression affects the person's ability to control their feelings and thoughts, resulting in their
activities of daily living being negatively affected. For a person to be diagnosed with depression
they must have had the symptoms present for 2 continuous weeks at minimum (Nimh.nih.gov,
2015). Correspondingly, depression in females and the symptoms thereof are different to that of
men. From social pressures to pregnancy hormones females have varying factors that alter their
depressive experience from the male sex often making depression more difficult to treat
("Depression in Women: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Self–Help", 2016).
Due to the unique encounter of depression in females it makes postnatal depression that much more
complex. Postnatal depression's occurrence rate, of non–psychotic postpartum depression, based on
the results of many studies carried out is, 13%. The main reasons of postnatal depression were, past
history of psychopathology and psychological disturbance during pregnancy, poor marital
relationship and low social support, and stressful life events. Also, it is shown that patients of a low
economic status are more likely to be diagnosed with postnatal depression (O 'hara & Swain, 1996).
"When you study postpartum depression, there is a very clear understanding that in communities
where you see more support, there is less depression," – Ariel Gore (BrainyQuote,

The Portrayal Of Postpartum Depression
The Portrayal of Postpartum–Depression in "The Yellow Wallpaper"
"The Yellow wallpaper" is a story about a woman going through a mental breakdown. She has
recently had a baby and is suffering from postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis.
Charlotte portrays postpartum depression very accurately in the story "The Yellow Wallpaper". She
writes about how others do not understand her needs and how they will not listen to what she wants
to say. Postpartum depression is a serious form of depression that affects not only the person
experiencing it but the others around them as well. Women everywhere suffer from this form of
depression. These women are going through something very serious and need as much support as
they can get. Charlotte ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
An article on postpartum depression states "70 to 80 percent of women who have given birth
experience what are called the 'baby blues' or the 'fourth–day blues' "(Postpartum Depression). The
"baby blues" and "fourth–day blues" have symptoms of mood–swings, unhappiness, anxiety,
irritability, or restlessness and these symptoms will often go away or lessen without medical
intervention (Postpartum Depression). If someone experiences these symptoms they are not
automatically classified with having PPD.
The definition of postpartum depression is "A physical and emotional condition that may be life–
threatening, involving the symptoms of depression occurring from a month to a year following
childbirth and thought to be caused in part to dramatic hormonal shifts occurring in conjunction with
childbirth" (Postpartum Depression). Indications of postpartum depression include sorrow,
insomnia, periodic crying, irritability, lack of energy and motivation, diminished feelings of self–
worth, restlessness, guilt, unexplained weight changes, irrational fears and being overwhelmed.
There is a difference between postpartum depression and just having the "baby blues". Postpartum
depression is severe and lasts for a longer amount of time compared to "the baby blues". The "baby
blues" will not affect how you care for your child. Postpartum depression interferes with the
mother's ability to care for herself and her child.

Postpartum Depression And Postpartum Psychosis
Postpartum Depression vs Postpartum Psychosis
1. Postpartum Depression vs Postpartum Psychosis
2. Faith Williams
3. Comp 1
4. Abstract
Ongoing sleep deprivation, the intense experience of birth, radical role shifts, and hormonal
fluctuations all collide to produce mood swings, irritability, and feelings of being overwhelmed in
the majority of mothers. While as many as 80% experience some form of the "baby blues," a smaller
percentage experience Postpartum Depression, with even fewer moms that experience Postpartum
Psychosis. Treatments vary depending degree and intensity of symptoms, and can include talk
therapy/psychotherapy (individually or group), antidepressants, electroconvulsive therapy, and other
modalities. Awareness encompasses knowing and recognizing signs and symptoms. In order to
minimize the harmful effects of this disorder, we should know our risk factors, conduct regular
screenings, engage recent moms in expressing feelings, and sustain postpartum support groups.
5.
What is Postpartum Depression (PPD)? How would you know if you had it? Is it unavoidable,
something you just have to endure? Fortunately, Postpartum depression is more akin to a temporary
condition that can be managed and counterbalanced with insight, sensitivity, and support. What
begins as the "baby blues" is estimated to affect as many as upwards of 80% of women after a birth.
Although some purport it is caused by hormonal changes, there remains a lack of consensus as to

Postpartum Depression And The Depression
The postpartum time period is depicted as a joyful time for mothers, but in some cases it can be a
time of calamity (Jevitt, Groer, Crist, Gonzalez, & Wagner, 2012). Postpartum Depression (PPD) in
women after childbirth is a common occurrence. It happens in all races, ethnicities, and
socioeconomic statuses. PPD is a severe depression that affects mothers after childbirth. It involves
serious depression, sadness, and loneliness. Cheryl Tatano Beck is a nursing theorist who is known
for her work and research with postpartum depression and the development of the Postpartum
Depression Screening Scale (PDSS) and the development of the Postpartum Depression Predictors
Inventory (PDPI) (Alligood, 2014). She began her focus on obstetrical nursing after she graduated
from Western Connecticut State University in 1970 (Alligood, 2014). Beck's focus was first on
studying women in labor and fetal monitoring (Alligood, 2014). She then moved to studying and
researching PPD. Beck noticed that there was not much research done on the disorder (Alligood,
2014). Beck wrote her theory called "teetering on the edge," as part of her doctorate thesis is 1993
(Alligood, 2014). This thesis focused on the importance of different risk factors and concepts
regarding postpartum depression and is the foundation of her theory.
Foundations of the Theory
Beck's theory on Postpartum Depression is strongly based upon many other theorists' work. She
emphasizes the importance of Jean Watson's caring

Prenatal and Postpartum Scenario
Prenatal and Postpartum Scenario
Vee Dubb
PSY/280
August 12, 2012
Adams James
Memo
To: Pregnant and Postpartum Women
From: Developmental Psychologist
Subject: Prenatal and Postpartum Activities
Date: November 8th, 2012
Most pregnant woman imagine how their developing fetus looks like, what the developing fetus is
doing at a particular point, and aspire to deliver a healthy baby. Most important, many prenatal and
postpartum women are eager to know what she can do to help deliver a healthy baby and how to
care for the newborn. Here are some advices and activities offered to a prenatal, postpartum, and
future development of a child includes healthy foods, consumption of adequate water, exercise,
medication awareness, and emotions. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A pregnant woman would be advised to drink eight to ten glasses of water per day, and this excludes
soda, coffee, or tea. A well balanced and healthy diet with adequate water intake is very significant
for prenatal and postpartum woman.
Another important factor is doing daily activities as tolerated. Exercise in moderation, and
incorporate stretching lower and upper extremities with rest period. Also monitor daily weight daily
and notify physician if any critical change. The pregnant woman will be encouraged to practice deep
breathing exercises and this can be used to minimize anxieties and promote energy. This will also
prepare the pregnant woman for proper fitness and endurance during delivery and caring for the
newborn. These regimens mentioned will minimizes fatigues both on the mother and the developing
fetus.
A prenatal and postpartum woman will be advised to avoid taking medication including over the
counter. The notion behind this is that some medications have chemicals that can inhibit growth and
development during critical period. As noted on the text, "a critical period is a time when certain
things must occur for normal growth and development" (Berger, 2010 p. 5). To prevent any
disruption of growth and development take only medications prescribe by your practitioner or
gynecologist.
Emotions rise during prenatal and postpartum period. Emotion can be manifested by frequent
changes of emotional state, and some women may develop postpartum

Postpartum Depression : Symptoms And Symptoms
Often the time after birth is a filled with joy and happiness due to the arrival of a new baby.
However, for some mothers the birth of a baby leads to some complicated feelings that are
unexpected. Up to 85% of postpartum woman experience a mild depression called "baby blues"
(Lowdermilk, Perry, Cashion, & Alden, 2012). Though baby blues is hard on these mothers, another
form of depression, postpartum depression, can be even more debilitating to postpartum woman.
Postpartum depression affects about 15% (Lowdermilk et al., 2012) of postpartum woman. This
disorder is not only distressing to the mother but to the whole family unit. This is why it is important
for the nurse to not only recognize the signs and symptoms of a mother with postpartum depression,
but also hopefully provide preventative care for the benefit of everyone involved.
The differences between postpartum blues and postpartum depression are relatively easy to identify.
Postpartum blues is characterized by "mood lability, irritability, tearfulness, generalized anxiety, and
sleep and appetite disturbance" (Registered Nurse Association of Ontario, 2005, p. 15). Though
some of these symptoms are similar to symptoms of postpartum depression, the timing is different.
Postpartum blues occurs within the first two weeks of birth. Though these symptoms might seem
irritating to the mother, they will resolve within a few days on their own. No treatment is needed
besides comfort and reassurance. However the nurse still

According to Dupey "postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis are two separate conditions.
Postpartum depression the mom knows that she is struggling but does not lose touch with reality.
With postpartum psychosis the mom is dealing with anxiety, depression, and a complete break from
reality. Knowing the difference between the two is important that family and providers recognize the
difference (2014, para.12)". When doctors do not recognize the difference and is treating the new
mom for postpartum depression instead of psychosis, the end results can be harmful for the mother.
The rate of mothers harming their children or commit suicide has increased over time. More states
would benefit to have more faculties that deal with women ... Show more content on
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How the effects it could have on the family. Receiving help and how it made a difference in their
lives. Stories of women who actually killed their baby and how they are dealing with it now. The
regrets and heartache the mom is going thru. The statistics of race, age, ethnicity, education, and
money is what the statistics are about when it is done to see how many women will get help.
Programs like Medicaid benefit pregnant women and provide the necessary treatment after. The
women who have this insurance will be able to get what is needed to treat the disease. More states
are offering a program that specializes in postpartum and psychosis depression just for women are
becoming available constantly. It is up to the new mom to ask for help or a family member who sees
the signs suggest help and reinforce the decisions that the new mother chooses to make. In North
Carolina the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC)" has an inpatient psychiatric unit,
the first in the nation specifically tailored to women suffering perinatal (prenatal and postpartum)
mood disorders (UNC Psychiatry)".
 Psychiatrists attuned to medications that would not harm a fetus or baby
 An unusual policy of allowing children on ward during extended visiting hours.
According to the North Carolina Clinic, they have a research program to understand why women go
through depression during pregnancy, and after childbirth. The research program

Postpartum Psychosis
You carry it with you for nine months. After those nine months, what you produced is a beautiful
baby. Though you are happy with the thought of spending the next eighteen years watching this tiny
person grow, you can't help but feel like something is missing. There are many different types of
depression in the world. The feeling of emptiness as described above could contribute to the
diagnosis of postpartum depression. After having depression for several weeks, some mothers
experience the sister disorder – psychosis. Psychiatrist Leslie Tam states that the term postpartum
distress (PPD) is just an umbrella term for postpartum mental disorders. Subjects under this category
are the well know baby blues (depression), anxiety, and in worst ... Show more content on
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These hormones can cause a wide range of symptoms. Most the time, mothers with postpartum
psychosis do not have control of their own emotions, making them very harmful to themselves and
to others. Psychology Today writer Mark Levy explains that though PPD is serious, the severity of
this type of psychosis has a "predominant symptom which is a "break" with reality–a loss of the
ability to discern what is real from what is not" (Levy, 2002). Mothers with psychosis may hear
voices, have hallucinations or delusions. The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research
have determined that Postpartum women with obsessional thoughts have been noted to have
aggressive obsessions to harm their infants (Coates, 2004). Osvaldo Mejia, who had a personal
experience with this illness involving his wife, explains his encounter: "She complained that she was
tired but could not sleep and ate little. She told him she was "scared" but could not explain why"
(Black, 2013). Soon after, Mejia realized that his wife must have been suffering from postpartum
psychosis when he found his nine–month–old baby boy stabbed in his crib. Many people think that
psychosis and bipolar disorder are connected in some ways. Many research has proven that there
might be a relationship between the two disorders, and even some misdiagnoses. To date, research
on bipolar disorder and postpartum illness

Postpartum Depression and Postpartum Psychosis are two different yet related disorders that have
plagued women all over the world for centuries. Postpartum Depression is depression and/or anxiety
after pregnancy, otherwise known as the "post baby blues." Around fifteen percent of women
experience Postpartum Depression, and the numbers are higher for teen pregnancies and for women
who are pregnant and living below the poverty line. Postpartum Psychosis is rare and only occurs in
one to two out of every one thousand deliveries. It's a more severe form of Postpartum Depression,
and it can happen within the first few days postpartum or within the following weeks.
The study of Postpartum Depression/Psychosis began with Hippocrates in 400 B.C. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Postpartum Depression is undermined as "post–baby blues", but it's much more complex than just
sadness. Mothers cannot sleep, eat, or enjoy their lives as they did before. They are constantly
paranoid as to if the baby is alright, or may completely separate themselves from their newborn
child. There are many risks for Postpartum Depression, which include a history of depression,
inadequate support in caring for the newborn, financial or marital stress, complications during
pregnancy, a major life even, mothers of multiple children, women with diabetes, etc.
Postpartum Psychosis can take only a few days to start showing symptoms, though the average time
is approximately two weeks. Symptoms can include delusions, strange beliefs, hallucinations,
irritation, hyperactivity, sleep deprivation, paranoia, mood swings, and difficulty in communication.
The biggest risk factor in developing Postpartum Psychosis is having a family history of bipolar
disorder or already having psychotic episodes. With the diagnosis of Postpartum Psychosis, there is
a 5% suicide rate, and a 4% infanticide rate, which is extraordinarily high. Many hallucinations and
illusions attributed to Postpartum Psychosis are often religiously based, and they feel as if their
delusions make sense. Though having Postpartum Psychosis does not always mean that the woman
will be violent or destructive in

Postpartum Care
Postpartum Care After Cesarean Delivery The period of time right after you deliver your newborn is
called the postpartum period. WHAT KIND OF MEDICAL CARE WILL I RECEIVE? You may
continue to receive fluids and medicines through an IV tube inserted in one of your veins. You may
have small, flexible tube (catheter) draining urine from your bladder into a bag outside of your body.
The catheter will be removed as soon as possible. You may be given a squirt bottle to use when you
go to the bathroom. You may use this until you are comfortable wiping as usual. To use the squirt
bottle, follow these steps: ○ Before you urinate, fill the squirt bottle with warm water. The water
should be warm. Do not use hot water. ○ After you urinate, ... Show more content on
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This can help protect you and your baby from getting certain diseases. You may need to have
immunizations done before you leave the hospital. If desired, talk with your health care provider
about methods of family planning or birth control (contraception). HOW CAN I START BONDING
WITH MY BABY? Spending as much time as possible with your baby is very important. During
this time, you and your baby can get to know each other and develop a bond. Having your baby stay
with you in your room (rooming in) can give you time to get to know your baby. Rooming in can
also help you become comfortable caring for your baby. Breastfeeding can also help you bond with
your baby. HOW CAN I PLAN FOR RETURNING HOME WITH MY BABY? Make sure that you
have a car seat installed in your vehicle. ○ Your car seat should be checked by a certified car seat
installer to make sure that it is installed safely. ○ Make sure that your baby fits into the car seat
safely. Ask your health care provider any questions you have about caring for yourself or your baby.
Make sure that you are able to contact your health care provider with any questions that you have
after leaving the hospital. ExitCare® Patient Information ©2012 ExitCare,

Breastfeeding : Facts And Opinions Regarding Postpartum...
Breastfeeding: Facts & Opinions Regarding Postpartum Mothers
Abstract
Key Words: Breastfeeding, Social Opinion, Postpartum Depression (PPD), Body Mass Index (BMI)
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 81.9% of delivering
mothers have documented successful breastfeeding habits at the time of hospital discharge (Healthy
People 2020, 2013). The view of women breastfeeding has become a topic of interest for society as
a whole. Some women feel comfortable breastfeeding whenever their child is hungry regardless of
the location, but some people disagree with this action. This is because society views breasts as a
sexual part of the body rather than a functioning asset to the mother and child. In accordance ...
The child is not the only participant who benefits from breastfeeding. Women who have adequate
knowledge and plans of breastfeeding, had less symptoms associated with postpartum depression
(Borra, Iacavou, & Sevilla, 2015). The economic impact that breastfeeding has on a family with a
newborn takes significant stress off of the parents that they would use for formula. The parents are
able to use a natural and self regulated system to healthily feed their child for at least the first six
months of the child 's life (Ma, Brewer–Asling, Magnus, 2013). In another study, it was observed
that children who were breastfed for a shorter time, nonexclusively, and were introduced to solid
foods at a younger age were more likely to have higher general and abdominal fat measures
(Durmus et al. 2014). Meaning that, children who were not breastfed as long as others and started
eating solid foods earlier than others lead more to type 2 diabetes, heart problems and obesity in
adulthood. Breastfeeding used to be the only way women fed their children, but with developing
technology, that has changed. Women and children both benefit from breastfeeding in many ways,
but unfortunately some mothers are not able to breastfeed due to different circumstances. This paper
will aim to answer and discuss the following questions:
RQ1 What is society's view on breastfeeding?
RQ2 What are the effects of breastfeeding on the child?
RQ3 How do parents benefit from breastfeeding?

Effects Of Depression On High Income Countries
Depression, in general, affects more than 340 million people around the world and is reported to be
the highest cause of disability in high–income countries (Demissie). 15% to 85% of mothers can
experience postpartum "blues" with postpartum depression rates between 11.7% and 20.4% in the
United States alone (Ersek). This depression can occur at anytime from post–delivery up to one year
(Ersek). Giving birth comes with a wide variety of changes including physical, emotion and social.
There are very high levels of sex hormones in circulation which cause increased ligament, joint and
muscle laxity (Norman). Many women lose their social contacts due to upcoming life changes, must
take time off work, and must stop previous hobbies (Norman). Relationship factors, hormone
changes, sleep deprivation and support deeply effect a woman's self–esteem and confidence during
and after pregnancy (Norman). [Daley et al.] states that symptoms of postpartum depression include
decreased mood, fatigue, anxiety, thoughts of self–harm and poor mother–infant interactions(change
wording). Women with post–partum depression have been reported to be at an increased risk for
substance abuse, are more likely to miss gynecological and child health appointments, are more
non–compliant with medical recommendations and are less likely to use preventative safety items
like car seats and outlet covers (Ersek). Researchers state that women with postpartum depression
are less likely to breastfeed and more

Postpartum Doulas
A postpartum doula services are designed to be able to assist in the physical and emotional care of
mothers and families in the daysand nights, weeks and months following the birth/adoption of a
child. Postpartum doulas are professionals experienced in:
* Assists in the care physically and emotionally of the mother and infant * Helps with breastfeeding,
ongoing lactation support and education, bottlefeeding and assists with breast pumps * Provide
evidence–based articles and research on various infant & postpartum mother issues * Non–
judgmental support for each parenting style and family dynamic * Helps in house management with
light cleaning, simple meal preparations, laundry, running errands and organizing * Nurtures

Postpartum Depression (PPD)
Target Audience and Aim Postpartum depression (PPD) affects about eighty–five percent of new
mothers and persists as long as a year after childbirth (Texas Medical Association, 2015). In spite of
the scope of this problem and the benefits of screening women, it's not standard procedure (New
York State Department Of Health, 2016). This policy brief was written for healthcare providers that
treat new mothers at risk for PPD with the goal of improving screening and the number of women
receiving appropriate treatment. The recommendations address measures to improve early
identification and follow–up care for women found to have PPD. Problem About eight to fifteen
percent of childbearing women experience PPD during the first year after childbirth, ... Show more
Many youth committed to the Juvenile Justice Department require treatment by licensed mental
health providers. With effective intervention to prevent and treat PPD, mothers can build a positive
relationship with their children, leading to decreased numbers of young people needing mental
health care later. Failure to address the consequences of depression for large numbers of vulnerable,
young children presents a missed opportunity to help families and children in a way that will have
far–reaching implications for the productivity, health, and well–being of the next generation (Center
On The Developing Child At Harvard University,

Postpartum Complications
Postpartum complications are typically health complications in women that we associate with a full
term delivery. For women who experience a miscarriage, there is a marked risk for post–partum
complications as well. If you have recently terminated a pregnancy, or experienced spontaneous
miscarriage, it is important to know what health complications may arise especially those
complications associated with hormonal imbalances. Postpartum thyroiditis is one of the most under
diagnosed health complications in women who have had a sudden end to a pregnancy. As a
condition that can lead to the secondary development of depression, complications with weight gain,
and a complication with body temperature regulation, many doctors simply dismiss the ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Up to twenty–five percent of American women suffer from slight thyroid slowdowns. But often the
symptoms go untreated. Some of the symptoms are fatigue, weight gain, brain fog, dry skin, and
thinning hair. We sometimes just think that as we get older things such as weight gain and fatigue
get harder to combat so we don't even ask our doctor if their could be a medical cause. And when we
do many doctors don't recognize the narrow range between normal thyroid function and clinical
hypothyroidism, so borderline problems are often missed. This will not replace a doctors' diagnosis
but you can do a simple test that ID a sluggish gland. Do this test in the morning. Take your
underarm temperature before you get out of bed. Hold a mercury thermometer in place for ten
minutes or a digital model for one minute. If it is lower than 97.8 Fahrenheit for three consecutive
mornings, you thyroid may need a little revving. And there are some things that you can do to boost
your thyroid. First a good one to try is steamed veggies. The thyroid depends on iodine to make the
hormones that regulate energy and metabolism. But compounds called goitrogens in cruciferous
veggies (such as broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, and kale) can block the body's absorption of iodine.
The solution: Enjoy these veggies steamed since heat deactivates goitrogens. To further safeguard
iodine levels, season one dish per day with powdered kelp. This salty sprinkle delivers 485 mcg of
organic iodine. which is better utilized by the thyroid than the iodine in table salt. Another thyroid
booster is selenium. Even minor selenium shortfalls (which strike one in five women) can impede
thyroid function. That's because the mineral helps the body convert thyroxine hormone into
triiodothronine, the active form that governs body processes. Grains and seeds were once considered
great selenium sources but modern

Postpartum Mothers
One of the biggest decisions for a new mom is whether or not she will breast feed her newborn. This
decision will not only impact the mother but it will also have many great affects on the baby. In the
media we only see advertisements about formula which costs more money and is artificial. Why is it
that the most natural source of food for our baby's does not have the same kind of attention, if not
more? Nurses need to help spread the awareness of the major differences between formula and
breastfeeding to help higher the rates of breastfeeding, The purpose of this paper is to discuss how
nurses can help to promote healthy breastfeeding to postpartum moms through three main roles
which are, providing research that confirms the benefits of breastfeeding, ... Show more content on
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Mothers who are thinking of breastfeeding may feel that they are being judged when they feed their
baby in public because some people think that it is not appropriate for mothers to breastfeed in
public. According to Yimyam and Hanpa (2013), "In order to promote breastfeeding practices
among employed mothers, workplace interventions must be designed using multiple levels of
influence including employee, employer and workplace." In order for a new mom to feel
comfortable breastfeeding, she needs to feel comfortable everywhere she goes especially her
workplace. The employers should allow the breastfeeding employee to take breaks when needing to
pump and should provide a fridge so they can store the milk somewhere safe. The workplace should
also have somewhere clean and private for the woman to go to pump her milk. Also if the employer
makes it known to the whole company that they support having breastfeeding zones then all of the
other employees will be more accepting to it. This will allow the breastfeeding employee to feel
more comfortable and will most likely allow her to breastfeed longer. Changing how the workplace
views breastfeeding will help postpartum mothers to breastfeed longer and promote others to choose

Middle Range Theory Of Postpartum Depression Theory Essay
Middle Range Theory Paper: Analysis of Postpartum Depression Theory
Description of Theory– In 1993, Beck published a middle range theory on postpartum depression,
entitled Teetering on the Edge. Beck, (1993, p. 44) which describes "walking on a fine line between
sanity and insanity". Beck determined a limited amount of qualitative research available and few
instruments for measurement of postpartum depression, postpartum psychosis, and "maternity
blues". Beck interviewed 12 women for 18 months detailed their experiences, and determined the
main perceived problem was a loss of control (Beck, 1993). Beck's theory is one that is centered in
phenomenology and produced a concise and testable theory (Marsh, 2013).
Loss of control is broken down into four stages: encountering terror, dying of self, struggling to
survive, and regaining control (Beck, 1993). Beck, 2002, has developed two screening tools
(Postpartum Depression Screening Scale and Postpartum Depression Inventory System) to evaluate
risk factors and symptoms. Encountering terror is an initial response to feeling out of control,
described as being trapped with no means of escape (Beck, 1993). Stage II is highlighted by a
reported feeling of loss of former self and feeling internally void of caring or emotion, likened to
that of a robot (Beck,1993). Struggling to survive is recognized by the inability to carry on activities
of daily living, including eating and bathing. This is the stage where many seek assistance and

Andrea Yates 'Postpartum Depression' By Andrea Yates
Postpartum Depression
In 2001, Andrea Yates, a Texas mother, was accused of drowning her five children, (aged seven,
five, three, two, and six months) in her bathtub. The idea of a mother drowning all of her children
puzzled the nation. Her attorney argued that it was Andrea Yates' untreated postpartum depression,
which evolved into postpartum psychosis that caused her horrific actions (1) . He also argued that
Andrea Yates suffered from postpartum depression after the birth of her fourth child, and that she
attempted suicide twice for this very disorder ((1)). What is postpartum depression, and how can it
cause a mother to harm her very own children, altering her behavior towards her children in a
negative way? One in ten women ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Almost ten percent of recent mothers experience postpartum depression ((3)), occurring anytime
within the first year after childbirth ((3)). The majority of the women have the symptoms for over
six months ((2)) . These symptoms include
* Constant fatigue
* Lack of joy in life
* A sense of emotional numbness or feeling trapped
* Withdrawal from family and friends
* Lack of concern for yourself or your baby
* Severe insomnia
* Excessive concern for your baby
* Loss of sexual interest or responsiveness
* A strong sense of failure and inadequacy
* Severe mood swings
* High expectations and over demanding attitude
* Difficulty making sense of things ((3))
Consequently, the treatment for postpartum depression is more intense than that for the baby blues.
Among the many treatments, many mothers undergo intense counseling, take antidepressants, or
even experience hormone therapy ((3)).
In rare instances, postpartum psychosis is diagnosed (one–tenth or two tenths of a percent
experience it ((2)) ). When experiencing postpartum psychosis, new mothers can experience
auditory hallucinations, as well as delusions and visual hallucinations ((4)), making them lose their

sense of what is real and what is false. Treatment is imperative an often times done under immediate
hospitalization.

Mother Infant Dyads Completed All Aspects Of The Study Essay
Method
Twenty–four mother–infant dyads completed all aspects of the study. Of those 24, 18 were
Caucasian, 22 were married, eight of them had an annual family income of $50,000 to $74,999, and
seven had an annual family income of over $100,000. Also 16 of the participating mothers had a
graduate degree. Not only is the sample size very small, but the demographics of the mothers is
greatly disproportionate. With the majority of mothers being caucasian, educated, middle class,
married women, the sample size does not accurately represent the majority of the population who
lives in relative poverty and cannot afford to seek help. About half of the mothers had a history of
depression and were taking or had just started taking antidepressant medication when they first
enrolled. Considering the size of the sample, all the mothers should have been either prescription
drug users, or not, but not both. Prescription drug treatment for any depression significantly changes
perceptions of mood, skewing the results, and there is not enough women in the study to make a
concise prognosis.
To assess the mothers' postpartum psychiatric difficulties the Postpartum Depression Screening
Scale (PDSS; Beck & Gable, 2000) was used. Prior to treatment, mothers completed a self–report
questionnaire packed comprised of the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; Derogatis, 1993), the
Parenting Stress Index–Short Form (PSI–SF; Abidin, 1995), and the Maternal Self–Report
Inventory–Short Form (MSI–SF; Shea &

Postpartum Depression On The Mother And Parenting
For this research paper, I decided to focus on postpartum depression. While being a listening ear, I
was introduced to the reality that not every mother has the attachment to her child that almost every
movie in Hollywood portrays. After hearing the story and not sure if it was a real thing, I began to
search the web for information, stories, and news coverage related to the rarely–discussed category
of depressed known as Postpartum Depression (PPD). I wanted to find solid proof that this was an
actual diagnosis and what the long–term effects would be, as well as what was being done to reduce
the amount of women that suffer from this. This research should allow me to better understand the
causes and effects of postpartum depression on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Problems such as breastfeeding, marital or relationship issues, feeling inadequate, and not having
the social support can all add to the stress factors that could potentially lead and contribute to
postpartum depression (Postpartum Depression, 357). Primary Care Physicians are ultimately more
likely to make the diagnosis of PPD over their obstetrician since they usually have a more solid
foundation and trust built up after being seen there more frequently. A test is given to women around
eight to twelve weeks postpartum in order to determine the likelihood of postpartum depression and
overall health of the mother (Postpartum Depression, 358–359). Another scholarly journal I found
was Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta–analysis of precursors, concomitants, and
sequelae by Marinus H van Ijzendoorn, Carlo Schuengel, and Marian J. Bakermans–Kranenburg
published by Cambridge University. The journal describes how a mother's postpartum depression
affects the mental development of the child as well as their own attachment issues that can result in
educational delays as well as behavioral issues (Development and Psychopathology, 228). Children
develop attachments with anyone who gives them steady care, disregarding the quality of that care.
The effect on infants whose mother went through postpartum depression (PPD) can impact the
development and quality of life that child will have (Child Development, Feb 1993). A long–term
effect

Postpartum Research Paper
Difference between Postpartum depression and Postpartum Psychosis
PERRY KEATON
Women Crime and Criminal Justice – 2
Instructor: Fabrienne McDowell
July 31, 2015
Difference between Postpartum depression and Postpartum Psychosis–1
When we speak of these two disorders what are we talking about and how are they different in the
relationship to woman? I will try to determine that in this brief essay. The first of two is postpartum
depression, this disorder consist of a disorder that occur in mothers that have giving birth to a child.
It occurs in some women after the first week of giving birth but can last longer for several months.
It can be triggered by ways of a sudden hormone c hanges that happen after childbirth, miscarriage,
or stillbirth. Some important facts about this disorder are: If the symptoms of postpartum become
serious it may trigger the mother to have thoughts of hurting themselves by means of suicide or even
worst they may be considering hurting their child. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This disorder is much serious than postpartum because of the facts it causes the mother to have mere
thoughts of hallucinations and delusions (perceiving things differently from the way they are).
In a legal defense case these disorder can be used as a vital piece of evidence such as manner. If the
attorney feels that the individual cannot stand trial, they may in turn ask the judge for a plea of
insanity due to the mental capacity of the victim.
If I was the defense attorney trying to defend either one of these two cases. I would not bring it to
trial because of the fact it would be hard for me to prove to the court that individuals was in there
right state of mind when the incidents occurred. Furthermore it would take intensive amount of time
for the psychologist to do this if he or she is not

Critical Appraisal : Quantitative Nursing Research
Critical Appraisal: Quantitative Nursing Research Article
Evidence–based practice has informed healthcare professionals to ask clinical questions and inform
clinical practice (Rebar & Gersch, 2015, p. 11). The authors conducted an evidence–based research
study to determine the effectiveness of telephone–based peer support (TBPS) for postpartum
depression (PPD) up to two years after delivery. The primary goal for this paper is to synthesize and
critically analyze the article. Therefore, nursing research knowledge is used to summarize and
critique the article: problem and purpose; literature review; sampling; ethical considerations;
research design; results and conclusion; and strengths and weaknesses.
Research Problem
The authors discussed the need for effective treatments to address the high global rates of PPD and
maternal depression up to two years after delivery (Letourneau et al., 2015, p. 1588). The research
problem is the efficacy of TBPS in diminishing maternal depression up to two years postpartum
(Letourneau et al., 2015, p. 1588). This problem arose due to three main factors; increased PPD and
maternal depression rates, and existent theoretical frameworks about TBPS with early PPD.
Research Purpose, and Questions The authors' purpose is to evaluate the effectiveness of TBPS with
depressed mothers up to 2 years postpartum (Letourneau et al., 2015, p. 1589). The researchers
identified four questions: mothers' and peers' satisfaction with TBPS; if increased

The Effects Of Maternal Postpartum Depression On The...
In the article "The impact of maternal postpartum depression on the language development of
children at 12 months", the authors, Quevedo, Silva, Godoy, Jansen, Matos, Tavares Pinheiro and
Pinheiro, studied the relationship between some factors related to maternal depression during the
first year of a child's life and the child's language development process (Quevedo et al.,2011). They
hypothesized that a child whose mother presented maternal depression would have a lower
performance than a child whose mother presented only a brief depression or no maternal depression
(Quevedo et al.,2011). The researchers conducted the research on 296 mother–child dyads (Quevedo
et al.,2011). This was a longitudinal study where different methods were used to perform this
research (Quevedo et al.,2011). First, they used a diagnostic interview postpartum and 12 months
after giving birth to evaluate if mothers were depressed. Then, they assessed the children using a
language scale of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (Bayley 2006; Quevedo et al.,2011).
Finally, mothers filled out a questionnaire about their socio–economic status, delivery and the health
of the baby (Quevedo et al.,2011). The questionnaire evaluated whether the baby was premature or
not and the baby's caretaker (Quevedo et al.,2011). The results indicate that the duration of
postpartum depression affected negatively the language development of the child (Quevedo et
al.,2011). Also, it was found that maternal age,

The Pathophysiology Of Postpartum Preeclampsia
Preeclampsia is the new onset of hypertension and either proteinuria or end–organ dysfunction after
20 weeks of gestation in a previously normotensive woman. Although most women develop signs of
the preeclampsia in late pregnancy with gradual worsening until delivery, a few studies have
reported delayed or new–onset postpartum preeclampsia in patients with no antecedent diagnosis of
hypertensive disease in the current pregnancy (). Postpartum preeclampsia is defined as the presence
of hypertension and proteinuria, occurring up to 4–6 weeks after delivery (yancey, filetti). While the
pathophysiology of preeclampsia involves abnormal placental vasculature and altered maternal
systemic endothelial function (gilbert, beckmann), postpartum preeclampsia

Depression And Postpartum Depression
Postpartum Depression among Teenage Mothers
Introduction
Postpartum depression is a category of depression that can occur when a mother has a baby. The
symptoms of postpartum depression are similar to the symptoms of major depression. Postpartum
depression is often experienced during the first month that the baby is born (Bolyn 2017). Some
women experience postpartum depression during pregnancy (Bolyn 2017). A few symptoms of
postpartum depression are excessive crying, loss of appetite, feelings of hopelessness, and difficulty
concentrating (Bolyn 2017). Teen pregnancy contributes to a small percentage of women who are
diagnosed with postpartum depression (Bolyn 2017). A pregnant woman is considered a teen mom if
she is from the ages of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anemia, Low birth weight, Preeclampsia, and Premature delivery are effects of postpartum
depression during pregnancy (Mena 2016). Mothers' who were going through postpartum
depression during the first three months of the child's life were seen to be irritable and less engaged
(Field 2011). Inadequate caregiving is also a major effect of postpartum depression (Field 2011).
Mothers who have postpartum depression are less likely to continue breastfeeding if it becomes
difficult (Field 2011). Infant's with sleep problems are often put into unsafe sleep practices because
of a mother's postpartum depression (Field 2011). Infants of mothers with postpartum depression are
less likely to attend well doctor's appointments (Field 2011). Safety practices are often violated
when a mother has postpartum depression (Field 2011). Some mothers have thoughts of harming
their infants during postpartum depression (Field 2011). They also can have a fear of being alone
with their child (Field 2011). Mothers with postpartum depression are also known to use harsher
punishments (Field 2011).
Why it's important? It is important to receive treatment for postpartum depression because if it is left
untreated it could cause further problems. It is also important because a new mother could have a
pre–existing underlying condition of depression (Stone 2014). Leaving postpartum depression
untreated can lead to a poor–quality relationship with a partner

Postpartum Depression
Ultimately, Charlotte Perkins Gilman incorporates her own personal experiences with postpartum
depression into a narrative which shows broad implications of women, how society portrays and
treats them in many ways and how those women respond to those treatments.
The injustice in society between gender is shown through the relationship between the narrator and
John, her husband. In the story, John never once called her by her name, sometimes "a blessed little
goose" or some other animal name, like an adult looking down at a minority. This is a discrimination
towards women and clearly represents how unfairly women were treated during those times. They
were looked down upon, treated as below human, equalling animals. John expects nothing more ...
At first she only wishes to be normal, saying "mere ordinary people like John and myself". She goes
mad because her role in society is limited and her ability to express herself is constricted. The
wallpaper symbolises her imprisonment and the domestic life that traps so many women in the late
nineteenth century. Yellow usually symbolises happiness, but ironically, in this narrative the narrator
is being trapped and driven mad by the color. She only sees a "repellent, almost revolting color; a
smoldering yellow, strangely faded by the slow–turning sunlight." Eventually, she sees patterns
which come into focus as a desperate woman, constantly crawling and stooping, looking for an
escape from the main pattern which resemble the bars of a cage. The narrator sees herself behind the
wallpaper, realising for the first time what her status is. Like all other women during the late
nineteenth century, she wishes to break free from this sort of environment where women are
considered to be nothing more than housewives. At that time in society, women were expected to
live their life bound at home, taking care of cooking, houseworks and raising children. Free time for
women was meant for them to be sewing and doing the laundry instead of socializing in society.
Many women began to protest, some became vocal participants of women's rights movement. The
narrator has to hide the only thing she finds comfort in from everyone,

Evaluation Of A Client With A Potential For Ppd
Timing is key! It is outstanding to know that PPD is definitely treatable, especially when caught
early. Two well–known assessments can be used when evaluating a client with a potential for PPD;
these two tests are the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Postpartum
Depression Screening Scale (PDSS). The EPDS is used as a screening assessment tool, not a
diagnostic tool; It is used to pull out women who may need follow–up care. This assessment should
be completed preferably twice, but at least once. The best time is 6 to 12 weeks after birth. It is a
pivotal point that the nurse explains when utilizing this tool that it is not referring to just the current
day, but to the previous seven days. EPDS is a 10–item ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These groups should be geared towards the mother developing skills to take care of her newborn and
teaching the new mother how to cope (Moshki, Baloochi, & Cheravi, 2014). It is also helpful to set
goals that will include positive reinforcement from the nursing group (Moshki, 2014). With good
observation, the nurse has the opportunity to recognize difficulties the new mother may be
experiencing (Cavalcanti, Marques, Guimaraes, de Oliveira Mangueira, da Silva Frazao, & Perrilli,
2014) What Should be Done Next A way to significantly decrease issues from PPD is for the nurse
to make weekly phone calls or postpartum home visits; this could potentially save the life of the
newborn or the mother herself (Lowdermilk, 2016). The nurse should also work closely with the
family to ensure all areas are covered; for the areas that are not, the nurse should encourage the
family and friends of the mother to help out until she has gotten through this tough time. Not only is
the new mother experiencing changes, but the partner is also. The nurse should provide
opportunities that are nonjudgmental for the partner to express their concerns and feelings, strategies
for coping, and motivation to continue support the mother (Lowdermilk, 2016). As long as the
mother and infant remain safe hospitalization can be avoided. The nurse can also recommend some
of the many community resources such as child care that is temporary, homemaker services,

Postpartum Depression ( Ppd )
Grase Garlobo Professor N. Hammond ENC 1101 23 October 2015 Postpartum Depression (PPD)
The birth of a baby can trigger powerful emotions such as joy, excitement, maybe some fear and
anxiety. But it can also trigger something you did not expect –depression. The depression is called
postpartum depression, or also known as postnatal depression, it's a type of depression that can
affect both the mother and the father. This is most likely to happen after giving birth or up to a year
later. But it usually occurs within the first three months after delivery. Postpartum depression doesn't
actually have a specific cause but it is mostly caused by the anxiety of the responsibilities of
parenthood. (Mayo Clinic Staff) There 's isn't a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of this may play an important role in postpartum depression. If left untreated, postpartum
depression can interfere with parents–child attachment and cause family problems later on in life.
For mothers, untreated postpartum depression can last for months or up to years, sometimes
becoming a chronic depressive disorder. Even when treated, postpartum depression increases a
woman 's risk of future episodes of major depression. For fathers, postpartum depression can have a
ripple effect, causing emotional damage for everyone close to a new baby. According to the Mayo
Clinic Staff, "When a new mother is depressed, the risk of depression in the baby 's father may also
increase". New dads are already at a highly risk of depression, whether or not the mother is affected.
Children of parents who have untreated postpartum depression are most likely to have emotional
and behavior problems, such as sleeping and eating disorders, excessive crying, and attention–
deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). And will also delay in language development. Treatment and
recovery time vary on the mother or father and depending on the seriousness of the depression.
Postpartum depression is usually treated with psychotherapy or mostly known as talking therapy,
medication, or sometimes it can be both at the same time. Psychotherapy, may help for the parent(s)
talk through their troubles with

Postpartum Depression Essay
Introduction
What is Postpartum Depression
Having a baby should be one of the happiest and most important events in a woman's life. However,
although life with a new baby can be both thrilling and rewarding, it can also be a difficult and quite
stressful task. Most women make the transition without great difficulty, yet some women experience
considerable complexity that may manifest itself as a postpartum psychiatric disorder (O'hara,
Hoffman, Philips, & Wright, 1992). Many physical and emotional changes can occur to a woman
during the time of her pregnancy as well as following the birth of her child. These particular changes
can leave a new mother feeling sad, anxious, afraid and confused. For many women, these feelings;
which are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Untreated postpartum affective illness places both the mother and infant at risk and is associated
with significant long–term effects on child development and behavior; therefore, prompt recognition
and treatment of postpartum depression are essential for both the maternal and infant's well being.
Postpartum Psychosis
Conclusively, at the other end of the spectrum is the truly devastating postpartum psychosis. This is
known as a relatively rare disease that occurs in approximately 1–2 per 1,000 women after childbirth
(Campbell et al, 1991). The condition resembles a rapidly evolving manic episode with symptoms
such as restlessness and insomnia, irritability, rapidly shifting depressed or elated mood, and
disorganized behavior. The mother may have delusional beliefs that relate to the infant, or she may
have hallucinations that instruct her to harm herself or her child. Nonetheless, risks for infanticide
and suicide are high among women with this disorder.
As these patients often suffer from delusions and suicidal tendencies, the consequences of this
disease to both mother and child are significant. Furthermore, depressed mothers have an increased
risk of relapsing and/or continued psychiatric illness. Depressed mothers often show a more
negative attitude toward their children, and an injured new mother puts significant emotional and
perhaps economic burdens on family relationships. The

Postpartum Hemorrhage
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Introduction
Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a significantly life–threatening complication that can occur after
both vaginal and caesarean births (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Simpson and Creehan (2008) define PPH as
the amount of blood loss after vaginal birth, usually more than 500mL, or after a caesarean birth,
normally more than 1000mL. However, the definition is arbitrary, attributed to the fact that loss of
blood during birth is intuitive and widely inaccurate (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). In line with this, studies
have suggested that health care providers consistently underestimate actual blood loss, thus, an
objective definition of PPH would be any amount of bleeding that exposes a mother in
hemodynamic jeopardy (Ricci & ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The sign and symptoms of PPH include; the apparent excessive bleeding, hematocrit–reduction of
the number of red blood cells, reduced blood pressure, development of symptoms of shock and
anaemia, and severe pain and swelling of tissues and muscles of the vagina, vulva, pelvic and
perineum (Simpson & Creehan, 2008). Besides, Ricci & Kyle (2009) avow that there are different
factors that place a mother at risk for PPH, and they comprise; prolonged first, second or third stage
of labour, previous history of PPH, foetal macrosomia, uterine infection, arrest of descent and
multiple gestation. Other risk factors may include; mediolateral episiotomy, coagulation
abnormalities, maternal hypertension, maternal exhaustion, malnutrition or anaemia, preeclampsia,
precipitous birth, polyhydramnios and previous placenta previa (Ricci & Kyle, 2009).
Diagnosis and Assessment
The principal mode of diagnosis is a differential diagnosis, and it includes a plethora of facets;
bleeding from implantation site, which may be due to uterine atony, with predisposing factors such
as infections, and retained placenta or abnormal placentation (Sheiner, 2011). Coagulation disorders
and trauma are also essential facets considered during diagnosis (Sheiner, 2011). Conventionally,
there are different methods used for the estimation of blood loss during diagnosis, and they are
majorly classified as clinical and quantitative methods (Ricci & Kyle, 2009). Clinical method
remains the primary means to

Postpartum Depression During The Postpartum Period
The postpartum period is about going through change and transition from a woman to a new mother.
This is a time where mothers restore muscle tone and connective tissue in the body after the birth of
the baby. Although there is a dramatic change during the postpartum period, women's body is
nonetheless not fully stored to pre–pregnant physiology until about 6 months post–delivery
(Osailan, 6). At this time, women need to receive special health and social support to prevent
problems such as postpartum depression. During this period, culture plays a major role in the way a
woman perceives and prepares for her birthing experience. In fact, the notions of birth and postnatal
care vary considerably with cultural beliefs and traditional practices. Each culture has its own
values, beliefs and practices related to pregnancy and birth (Osailan,1). In the United States, after a
short hospital stay, moms and babies are sent home because it is expected for mothers to heal within
42 days after giving birth. Whereas in other societies like Mexico, the postpartum recovery is active
long enough until the new mother is fully healed (Brenhouse). In the article, "Why Are America's
Postpartum Practices So Rough on New Mothers?" by Hilary Brenhouse, the author states, "With
these rituals comes an acknowledgment, familial and federal, that the woman needs relief more at
this time than at any other–especially if she has a career to return to–and that it takes weeks,
sometimes months, to properly

A Research Study On Quantitative Research
A Quantitative Research Study Overview
Sheila E. Brooks
Stanbridge College
Introduction As we continue our discussion in comparing qualitative versus quantitative research,
we now focus our attention on quantitative research. In my personal opinion, I feel that quantitative
research is harder to understand but breaking the article into sections allows me to understand the
basic concepts. This week we will examine and in discuss a quantitative research article. The name
of the article is "First–time mothers: social support, maternal parental self–efficacy and postnatal
depression" written by authors Leahy–Warren, McCarthy, Corcoran in 2011. First, I take a look at
the abstract to get a general overview of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there is little research that provides a clear definition of what is meant by social support
(Leahy–Warren et el, 2009). In other words, there is no research which has measured the
relationship between social support and maternal parental self–efficacy using a domain–specific
instrument developed and supported by self–efficacy model and post–natal depression with first
time mothers at six weeks post–delivery
(Leahy–Warren et el, 2009)
Maternal Parental Self Efficacy and Depression By now, some of you may be asking the same
question that I had when I first started reading this article. What is meant by maternal parental self–
efficacy and post–natal depression? It is important to understand these two definitions in order to
understand the article. Maternal parental self–efficacy is a belief that a parent holds about
themselves in terms of being able to care for and parent a child (Leahy–Warren et el, 2009). These
includes the ability to plan, organize, and execute actions in order to produce the desire results with
the belief that there is a strong correlation between the age of the mother and the number of children
(Leah–Warren et el, 2009).
I can't help to think about my own experience as a mother as I read this article. I am a single mother
of six children and I can say that my confidence grew more as I

Postpartum Depression In Women
Postpartum depression is a mood disorder in females that is known to be present within the 4 to 6
weeks after childbirth (Battle et al). This condition is the most common complication after childbirth
(Mosses–Kolko et al.,2009).Studies have shown predictors which lead to postpartum depression
such as maternal childhood maltreatment and lifetime posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)in
pregnancy (Seng 2013).A variety of factors exist among certain subgroups of women that may lead
to postpartum depression. Postpartum depression affects approximately "one out of eight of the
more than four million women who give birth in the United States every year"(Kruse et al. 2013a).
The estimation of PPD in the US, UK, and Australia is from 7% to 20 % (Fitelson ... Show more
By identifying women at high risk then they can receive early interventions. Many of the risk factors
can be present during the pregnancy or during postpartum period (Mallikarjum 2005).
Postpartum depression has some risk factor, and a study showed that a poor sleep during the third–
trimester of pregnancy is a risk factor for postpartum depression, which is related with the age of the
women (Wu 2014).Furthermore, Jomeen and Martin also found that during pregnancy the first three
trimester are very important because according to the PSQI test poor sleep increase the symptoms of
postpartum depression(2007).Also, another study showed that poor sleep habit has a stronger
correlation with depressive symptoms (Goyal 2009). Additionally, women who had a history of
previously depression are more likely to have postpartum depression (Kettunen 2014). This
depression is a concern because women with postpartum depression show less early interactions
with their infants than women who are not depressed (Field 2010). Under these circumstances
postpartum depression not only affect the mother but also her

Depression And Postpartum Depression
Postpartum depression: What is it, how long does it last, and does it affect children on the long run?
Postpartum depression is a depression that affects woman usually during the first months after
giving birth. Postpartum depression affects 1 in 5 woman. It can also affect fathers. In most cases,
postpartum depression can last many years. There are 3 types of postpartum psychiatric disorders:
postpartum blues, postpartum psychosis and postpartum depression. According to Health Facty,
there are 10 symptoms of postpartum depression; sadness, mood swings, feeling overwhelmed,
crying spells, problems with memory and concentration, change in sleep cycle, altered patterns of
eating, loss of libido, social withdrawal, and an enduring sense of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Postpartum psychiatric disorders Postpartum psychiatric disorders are generally divided into 3
different categories: postpartum blues, postpartum psychosis and postpartum depression. Postpartum
blues are very common. Symptoms are characterized by crying, confusion, mood swings, and
anxiety. These symptoms manifest early after birth but don't last very long. Another one is
postpartum psychosis which is more severe. Symptoms appear within four weeks and include
delusions, hallucinations and gross impairment in functioning. Postpartum depression begins in or
extends into the postpartum period (Ohara, 2004). According to Health Facty, there are 10
symptoms of postpartum depression; sadness, mood swings, feeling overwhelmed, crying spells,
problems with memory and concentration, change in sleep cycle, altered patterns of eating, loss of
libido, social withdrawal, and an enduring sense of exhaustion. Symptoms must last longer than one
moth to be diagnosed as postpartum depression. Postpartum symptoms There are some symptoms
that are common in postpartum depression. Sadness: a sense of hopelessness and not being able to
snap out of it. Not wanting to do anything. Sometimes they may even ignore the child and blame
them for their sadness. Another characteristic is mood swings, they become unpredictable. One
minute they are fine and the next minute they are crying. Feeling overwhelmed is another symptom
they may

Postpartum Depression : Post Partum Depression
On June 20, 2001 Andrea Yates shocked the nation when she drowned all five of her children in
Texas. The press and the public speculated about what could cause a mother to murder her own
children. Two words became a significant part of her legal team's defense: "postpartum depression"
(Cohen). A public dialogue was opened and the issue of postpartum depression saw a significant
shift in awareness. This new era of enlightenment would be considerably different from the earlier
history of post–partum depression and some of the shame that surrounded it. Beyond Andrea Yates,
other women have increased the prominence of the mental disorder in the public's eye, with some
doing so with optimistic rather than damaging behavior. Yet, even with the increased awareness,
there has not been a considerable change in the number of women treated for postpartum depression,
which is still subject to many stigmas in today's society. Despite this, much has altered in the how
postpartum is viewed over the past decade and a half, which gives hope for a future where mothers
will receive the full care and support they need to combat the disorder. Public acceptance of
postpartum depression has faced an uphill climb throughout its history with the disorder being
greatly misunderstood, effecting treatment and social perceptions of it. According to Pam Belluck's
article "Thinking of Ways to Harm Her", in the fifth–century B.C. Hippocrates thought that a
maternal–related delirium was the result of

The Effects Of Health Information Levels On Postpartum...
Title Evaluation The title of the journal article to be critically evaluated is Influence of health
information levels on postpartum depression. This title is not sufficiently specific because the
variables are not easily understood. What is meant by health information levels? The reader must
examine the article further to understand if this health information is provided, or does the article
refer to the level of health–related knowledge each participant already possessed from another
source, such as their career or education. Furthermore, the article doesn't state a population. It would
be helpful to the reader to know who is experiencing postpartum depression (PPD). For example, is
the PPD experienced by teenagers, first–time mothers, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The reason for the lengthiness was that the article provided quite a bit of information regarding the
methodology and results, which may have been presented later in the paper. For example, the title of
measure was described. Also, the writing style of the author is difficult to follow at times. Overall,
the abstract provided more information than necessary and may, therefore, overwhelm readers.
Specifically, those readers who are reviewing multiple research studies in order to decide which are
relevant for their particular interest or population.
Introduction and Literature Review Evaluation The introduction and literature review successfully
identifies the importance and prevalence of PPD. However, it moved from citation to citation. For
example, the following excerpt from the article, written by Youash, Sabrina, et al. (2013), states "It
has been well established that PPD can affect maternal–infant interactions (Beck 2001), and women
with PPD display less affectionate behavior, are less responsive to their infants, and are more
withdrawn compared to those without such condition (Pop et al. 1993)" (p. 489). It would increase
readability to combine citations. Thus the sentence would read, It has been well established that PPD
can affect maternal–infant interactions, and women with PPD display less affectionate behavior, are
less responsive to their infants, and are more withdrawn compared to those without such condition
(Beck 2001,

Postpartum Stereotypes: Cultural & Familial Factors

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