Hayek Contribution To Economics

Hayek Contribution To Economics
In the acclaimed essay "The Use of Knowledge in Society" Hayek stated, "The price system acts as
a kind of machinery for registering change, or a system of telecommunications which enables
individual producers to watch merely the movement of a few pointers, as an engineer might watch
the hands of a few dials, in order to adjust their activities to changes of which they may never know
more than is reflected in the price movement." In his publication, Hayek claimed the economic
problem of society was not, in fact, how men must allocate attainable resources. The problem at
hand was amalgamating a widespread knowledge to secure resources in the hands of men who could
best utilize them. Hayek articulated that money prices serve as mechanisms for communicating
knowledge, and the formation of prices provides insight as to how acting men utilize information to
satisfy their needs. The emergence of money prices represents information which has been dispersed
among all people involved in the processes of production and consumption. Hayek's essay regarding
the use of knowledge in society and the formation of money prices contains vestiges of his
forerunners' contributions to economics. His pioneering work in Austrian economics must be
attributed to Ludwig von Mises' oeuvre concerning money prices and economic quantities. Due to ...
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1948. Individualism and Economic Order. The University of Chicago.
Menger, Carl. 1976. Principles of Economics. Ludwig Von Mises Institute.
Murphy, Robert and Donald J. Boudreaux. 2015. Choice: Cooperation, Enterprise, and Human
Action. Oakland: Independent Institute.
Rothbard, Murray Newton. 2004. Man, Economy, and State with Power and Market. Scholar's ed,
2nd ed. ed. Ludwig von Mises Institute.
Rothbard, Murray Newton. 2012. "The Austrian Theory of Money." Mises Daily Articles.
https://mises.org/library/austrian–theory–money. Von Mises, Ludwig. 1990. Economic Calculation
in the Socialist Commonwealth. Ludwig
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How To Write A Personal Reflection Essay
"My body is 75% Dr.Pepper and that's all thanks to the free market" Noah Clay Dawson. My
sophomore year of high school was a normal year for the most part for me except for one person
that really struck a chord with me and changed my way of thinking, and my entire view of the world
a single person, a person who could drink two liters of Dr.Pepper everyday a person I'm proud to
call my mentor, Noah Clay Dawson. The start of sophomore year and the new beginning of my
Speech & Debate season when After listening to some Tame Impala he asked "Have you ever heard
of Ron Paul?" after I responded with a no he started telling me about economist and politicians such
as Milton Friedman, Murray Rothbard, Friedrich Hayek, Rand Paul, and Gary Johnson. Naturally at
first I was confused, but instead of blowing it off I started asking questions started listening more
and started to read more of what he told me to read and after a while, I started to apply everything I
was learning into Debate Congress, where I did surprisingly well, Noah saw this and got two other
seniors Zack Wall and Morgan Taylor to help me understand the event better and explain rules and
procedures although I was an entire semester behind to gain enough points for State I came close
roughly missing State by five points. Throughout the remaining semester I started to question a lot
more of what was being provided, and asking myself "Is this necessary, a necessary evil, or
unnecessary, and what can I do to change that?"

The Narrative Of The Austrian School
One of the highlights of CCA 2 was undoubtedly the lecture by Nicholas Wapshott. Wapshott
brought a journalistic and storytelling perspective to an otherwise economist and historian
dominated discussion. Wapshott's lecture put the character of Hayek and Keynes on display.
Wapshott described Keynes as magnanimous, claiming that Keynes' followers were "like disciples."
Keynes' identity clashed strongly with the inward and thick accented Hayek. This simple distinction
of personalities breathes life into a conflict of ideas, giving a face to two distinct economic ideals.
This CCA offered a unique opportunity to understand this conflict, an experience that this paper
hopes to synthesize in an effective manner. This paper will summarize the history of the Austrian
School through the narrative of the speakers and show the distinctions between Hayek and Mises as
discussed by Dr. Nathan Schlueter. Dr. Eugen Schulak provided the most comprehensive history of
the Austrian School, a narrative that the other speakers simply built on and added to. The opening of
Vienne to the Jews created many economic opportunities which the German Historical School
mishandled, as the failure of the world exhibition shows rather clearly. Out of this rubble rose Carl
Menger, the founder of the Austrian School. Dr. Shulak postulated that Menger claime that "Every
individual ... has wants", which formed the foundation for his ideas and made up the backbone of
Menger's Principles of Economics. Menger's

Components And Dynamics Of Client Systems
Systems theory is a way of elaborating increasingly complex systems across a continuum that
encompasses the person–in–environment (Allen & Friedman, 2011, p. 3). The systems theory
enables us to understand the components and dynamics of client systems in order to interpret
problems and develop balanced intervention strategies, with the primary goal of enhancing the
"goodness of fit" between individuals and their environments (Allen & Friedman, 2011, p. 3).
Systems theory helps to identify an organizing conceptual framework or metatheory for
understanding (Allen & Friedman, 2011, p. 3). Ludwig von Bertalanffy is credited with being the
originator of the form of systems theory used in social work (Allen & Friedman, 2011, p. 3). A
system is defined as an organized whole made up of components that interact in a way distinct from
their interaction with other entities and which endures over some period of time. Family is
considered a system and the way family interact in one setting, may be different from how they act
in other settings. Within the systems theory, Urie Bonfenbrenner formulated the ecological systems
theory (Allen & Friedman, 2011, p. 3). The ecological systems theory holds that we encounter
different environments throughout our lifespan that may influence our behavior in different ways
(Ecological Systems Theory, 2008–2016). These systems include the micro system, the mesosystem,
the exosystem, the macro system, and the chronosystem (Ecological Systems Theory,

Cornelius Vanderbilt : Reaped The Benefits Of Classical...
Classical liberalism was a very popular subject during the time of Cornelius Vanderbilt. The source
shows the mansion he was able to afford due to the fortune he gained in the shipping and railroad
industries. The caption explains the house being worth around $160 billion in today's dollars. There
is no doubt that Vanderbilt reaped the benefits of classical liberalism in his time. Vanderbilt would
likely argue that he deserved everything, because unlike the way the feudal system was set up, he
worked for the money that he got. Vanderbilt would likely have a more right wing ideology, and
have strong opinions regarding the benefits of classical liberalism, as he was able to see the best of
it. People who would agree with the idea of classical liberalism would likely argue that Vanderbilt
worked for the money he deserves, and should not have to give up his riches for people who have
not worked as hard as he has. In today's terms, Vanderbilt would have likely been seen as a
conservative, believing in little government control over economics. A person like Robert Owen
would likely be unhappy with the way Cornelius Vanderbilt ran his business, as he believed in the
idea of factory owners giving up some of their riches in order for the workers to gain a richer quality
of life. Vanderbilt is one of the few people who reaped the rewards of classical liberalism, so it
would be no surprise for him to want to have a free market in place. Classical liberalism allowed the
rich to become

Why Capitalism Is Bad?
Why Argue Capitalist Values? The main goal of capitalism is to create profit. Capitalism values
private ownership of property and discourages government intervention in the economy. Cultural
misconceptions have suggested that capitalism is bad because it has lead to a large separation of
wealth from the wealthiest individuals in a nation. The separation of wealth is not a misconception
but I believe that blaming capitalism and wealthy individuals for societies economic woes are. I also
do not believe that socialism is a bad thing either. I believe that both capitalism and socialism have a
place amongst our society however I would lean towards capitalism because of an emphasis on
utilizing resources to create more consumer goods where as socialism emphasizes evenly
distributing resources. The government cannot detect consumer preferences, shortages, and
surpluses accurately and cannot efficiently co–ordinate production. Economists Ludwig von Mises
and Friedrich Hayek have both referred to this as the "economic calculation problem." Market
system and a free economy are used to solve this problem. Some economists say Adam Smith best
describes the principle of supply and demand in his book Wealth of Nations, "When the quantity of
any commodity which is brought to market falls short of the effectual demand, all those who are
willing to pay... cannot be supplied with the quantity which they want... Some of them will be
willing to give more. A competition will begin among them,

Book Review: The Star Fraction by Ken MacLeod Essays
The first part of this review does not contain spoilers.
Ken MacLeod's The Star Fraction is a fantasic science fiction novel about love, loss, socialism,
anarcho–capitalism, "American–style 'black helicopter' libertarianism", and the looming threat of a
fascistic world order. The Star Fraction's setting is post World War III UK, where the republican
government has been overthrown by the monarchy, and a new kingdom has been established. After
many failed violent revolutions to over throw the monarch, the USA has taken over the UN to form
a new world order, all in the name of peace, referred to as the US/UN. In "The Peace Process", the
US/UN created mini states throughout Europe to allow political dissidents to have their own private
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What if capitalism is unstable, and socialism is impossible?"
This fear is the impetus of the whole story, and yet the views of socialism and a belief of the
Calculation Problem are still completely contradictory. I will not spoil the solution to this problem,
you will just have to read the book. But I will say that libertarians will not be disappointed.
The story centers around Moh Kohn, a socialist who works for a anarcho–capitalist style DRO
organized into a co–op. The DRO is based in Norlonto, an anarcho–capitalist mini–state in the
northern area of London where competing defense agencies give law services to its citizens. Moh,
on a job outside of Norlonto, runs into Janis Taine. Janis, a researcher at a local university, buys
Moh's protection when her research lands on the wrong side of the US/UN's regulations on scientific
studies, which are enforced by the globally present secret police. Moh and Janis' escape into
Norlonto from the US/UN territories, and set off a drastic chain of events that involves subversive
revolutionaries against the crown, Neo–Nazis, Christian totalitarian mini states, and the US/UN's
desperate attempt to hold off trans–humanism, and further, the singularity. Yes, this not merely a
book about ideologies, it could not reasonably be called science fiction if that were the case. The
underlying struggle is still the author's claim that the ruling class will do its best to hold back the

The Battle Of The Mountain Warfare
"There is a nice sound to the phrase 'mountain warfare.' It has a ring of daring; it sounds much
cleaner than trench warfare and lighter than tank warfare. The only thing that can match it is war in
the air, and that has become too deadly to be nice any more. It has also become too familiar, while
war in the mountains is still strange enough to sound romantic. Except, of course, to the men who
have to fight it." –Walter Bernstein, Italy, January 1944 (1)
With a thud, the Allied attempt to sweep Hitler's feet out from underneath him crashed into the
fortified Apennine Mountains of Italy. The slow–moving campaign in Italy had lost all its
momentum, hitting the brick wall that the Apennines were. Garrisoned peaks swarming with Nazi
soldiers deterred any attacks. The Americans were unable to pass these natural fortresses. A foot
attack in the light of day would be easily seen and mowed down by machine gun fire, an attack by
armored vehicles would be too loud and alert the Germans, and an attack under the shade of night
would be impossible and dangerous with foot soldiers or machinery. The Nazi troops would not fall
to any conventional troops or weapons. Something revolutionary, new, and different would need to
be used to send the Germans running. The United States' Tenth Mountain Division, brand new and
untested, would be the ones called upon to complete this task. The Tenth Mountain soldiers, or more
fondly, the ski troops, were sent into Northern Italy. They, using

Hayeks Contribution to the Business Cycle Essay
Hayeks Contribution to the Business Cycle
Friedirch August von Hayek was born in Vienna on May 8, 1899 and died on March 23, 1992, in the
city of Freiburg in Breisgan in Germany. Hayek was a central figure in 20th–century economics and
he represented the Austrian tradition. After Hayek served military service, he became a student at
the University of Vienna where he got his doctorate in law and political science. In 1923–4, Hayek
visited New York and then returned to Vienna where he continued his work. Hayek became the first
director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research in 1927. He also gave some lectures in
England at the London School of Economics in 1931. In England, he participated in such debates as
monetary, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He showed how sudden injection of credit into economy could cause changes in the relative prices
between goods and lead to overinvestment that cannot be maintained. "When money and credit vary,
it sets up a train of events which draws resources into places where they would not normally go. In
particular, an increase in credit stimulates investment" (Butler, 8). Thus, Hayek shows that it is a
response to the false signal of new credit being created, and therefore this investment cannot be
maintained.
Hayek concentrates on the initial disturbance that starts a cycle. It is used to create new bank credit
in the shape of unwarranted advances to enterprises. He considers money (credit) as a factor to
explain the cycle theory.
The elasticity of the money supply (MV) is what allows and facilitates the disequilibria of business
cycles. By expanding the currency, malinvestments in capital are generated, which are not
productive enough to be maintained (Haney, 681).
Having said this, Hayek makes two points here. He talks about "voluntary saving" and enterprisers'
anticipation of rising prices. The former is concerned with the changes in capital structure brought
about by changes in the volume of money. It is the difference between "voluntary saving" and the
creation of new credit currency by banks. In particular, Hayek describes the self–reversing real
effects of credit expansion. He states

CO2520 Final Review Essay
1) The study of communications in the early twentieth century solidified in to which two
approaches? (a) Culture shock and cooperative conflict style (b) Rhetorical and behavioral (c)
Dichotomous and recursion
(d) Self–awareness and positive reinforcement
2) Beliefs that are so central to a cultural group that they are never questioned are known as: (a)
True believers (b) Empowerment (c) Self awareness (d) Cultural values
3) Organizational communication exhibits two properties: (a) Organization and structured (b)
Planning and execution (c) Function and production (d) Assertiveness and bluntness
4) The intent to harm is a defining element of: (a) Striking (b) Insulting (c) Ignoring (d) Bullying
5) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(a) Renaissance (b) Golden Age (c) Contemporary (d) Industrial
24) What is the attribution theory? (a) Attritional Bias (b) Self–serving bias (c) Fundamental
Attribution error (d) All of the above
25) Considering the ages, races, sexual orientations, religions, and social–class backgrounds of your
audience is all part of the: (a) Demographical Analysis (b) Geographical Analysis (c) Cultural
Analysis (d) Ethical Analysis
26) If you wish to be sensitive to other people's identities, you should: (a) Consider who you
communicate with (b) Remember what the person's personality first (c) Ignore any weaknesses that
person by have (d) Be aware of 3 key ethical issues that can impact your communication with others
27) Statistics, examples, and personal narratives are all ________ that can be used to enhance your
speech. (a) Collective resources (b) Important topics (c) Ideal focuses (d) Supporting materials
28) One way to ensure you are prepared for your presentation is to: (a) Memorize (b) Practice (c) Be
well dressed (d) Check for errors
29) A relationship that is described as

Compare And Contrast Capitalism And Capitalism
The issue I intend to research is a critical evaluation of capitalism and free markets versus socialism
and Keynesian economics. In the twentieth century every human civilization was shaken not just by
the aftermath of a worldwide war, but by a political rift without equal. This last concerns the best
possible part and elements of government – a subject of critical significance the welfare of all
humankind. No other worldwide issue has ever created so profound and troublesome rupture in
popular supposition at high cost to human life. The issue is, figuratively, regardless of whether an
individual possesses himself and the rewards for his labor and mind or whether he is claimed by the
collective and is born accordingly obligated. In other words, regardless of whether the collective or
government should take the chief part in the exercises of the group and control with omnipotent
powers the developments and welfare of the individuals, or whether it might stand separated from
the battle, mediating upon its issues, ensuring reasonable equity to all, and safeguarding the tenets of
fair play. That is to say, whether the administration should take upon itself the power and elements
of the old fashioned slave proprietor, or should leave the society free to get themselves straightened
out into entrepreneur and worker, while the collective government goes about as the judge, ready in
the communal interest to exert physical and financial force against the individual. This

Comparing The Sound Of Music 'And Going Where I' M Coming...
"The Sound of Music" by Robert Wise and "Going Where I'm Coming From" by Naomi Shahab
Nye is a story about a girl that move away from home and experiences new challenges. In "The
Sound of Music" Maria, a postulant, goes to the Von Trapp family. Mr.Von Trapp was wealthy and
lived in a huge house with his seven children. When Maria arrives she changes the customs and
ways of the Von Trapp family's old traditions. In "Going Where I'm Coming From" Naomi moves
across town to a place where she has never been before. She does not like it at first, but when she
leaves she feels different. Although Maria and Naomi are from different places, they both
experience conflict, both external and internal. The situations Maria and Naomi encounter are
similar. At the convent, since most nuns think that Maria is clumsy, always late, or a clown. ... Show
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The children's father is a Captain that used to serve in the army and the wife has passed. The Captain
does not allow laughter or singing and restricts fun by adding a lot of rules. Similar to Maria, Naomi
moves from America to Jerusalem. In Jerusalem, Naomi felt restricted and wanted to leave while her
brother did not. The students at the Armenian school she was attending barely spoke English and
Naomi hardly spoke Arabic. This shows that Naomi must have felt alienated. In "The Sound of
Music" Maria simply changes or takes away some rules and allows the children to sing while the
Captain is gone for a month. The children later bond with Maria and they begin to love her and care
for her. When the Captain returns, he becomes angry, but when he hears the children singing

God Of Small Things Character Analysis
Normally, people who have been held hostage view their captors as evil and villainous, but on rare
occasions captives may develop sympathies for their abductors. This condition is known as
Stockholm syndrome, where victims begin to adopt the attitudes and beliefs of their attackers.
Interpreted less literally, this syndrome can be readily applied to post–colonial societies, especially
in the case of India in Roy's God of Small Things, a society which the British Empire has held
hostage. The Ipe family is captivated by British culture, placing it on a pedestal far above their own
and further augmenting the supposedly abolished Caste System. The Communist movement that
arises in Ayemenem after British rule comes in direct conflict with this Anglophilia. God of Small
Things exemplifies the destructive way in which rigid class structure undermines the legitimacy of
interpersonal relationships and fosters bitterness and self–hatred. It is Chacko who first points out
that his family is obsessed with western culture, as the narrator writes that, "...though he hated to
admit it, they were all Anglophiles. They were a family of Anglophiles," (Roy, God of Small Things
51). The Ipes are obsessed with the white man and consistently glorify western culture and its
people. Baby Kochamma falls in love with an Irish priest, converts to Christianity, and obsesses
over Margaret and Sophie Mol. Ammu marries a white man and later leaves him because he is an
abusive alcoholic and a compulsive

Defense Of Hayek 's Spontaneous Order
In Defense of Hayek's Spontaneous Order:
The Infrangible Relationship of Consumers to Supply and Demand
"What is the problem we wish to solve when we try to construct a rational economic order?" This is
the integral question posed by Friedrich A. Hayek in his scholarly article, "The Use of Knowledge in
Society." And it is the heart of his argument in favor of spontaneous order, the theory that systems,
such as markets, naturally correct themselves, and function best without human intervention.
Gleaned from Adam Smith's "Invisible Hand," Hayek's belief was that society evolved from a
spontaneous order which was the result of human action but not of human design (Barry). Political
philosopher Norman Barry (1982) explored the importance of the theory
of spontaneous order, noting that the institutions and practices it investigates reveal well–structured
social patterns, which appear to be a product of some omniscient designing mind yet which are in
reality the spontaneous coordinated outcomes of the actions of, possibly, millions of individuals who
had no intention of effecting such overall aggregate orders.
Hayek believed in the value of collective knowledge and alluded to its intangible force which, he
stated, had the capacity to effectively drive and regulate social affairs as well as economic markets.
Spontaneous order, he wrote, was a peculiar phenomenon that, when dissected, yielded information
that could be studied and mimicked, but not replicated.

The Road to Serfdom Valid Today as it Was in 1944 Essay
The Road to Serfdom Valid Today as it Was in 1944
The following paper will explore the book, The Road to Serfdom, by F.A. Hayek. I challenge that
many of Hayek's assumptions are still valid today even though his book was written in 1944.
Hayek's assumptions regarding 1) the government's rule of the law, 2) the concept of government–
directed economic activity that includes artificial separation of economics and politics, and 3) the
notion that the unscrupulous and uninhibited are likely to be more successful, are still true in today.
Hayek was anti–central planning yet not anti–welfare state, and he was a libertarian. As a libertarian
he believed that the emphasis of the government should be on individual freedom. ... Show more
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(Hayek, p. 92)
The most recent example of this locally involves the Port of Olympia. The port discriminates against
individual businesses that it believes are not consistent with the plan for the area. Lack of controls
allows for government control of industries that can lead to discrimination based on individual
beliefs and values. There is no doubt that the Olympia government maintains enormous power over
good and evil. One has only to look to the Seattle–Tacoma Airport as another prime example. The
Port district has imminent domain allowing it to take private property for the good of the people. It
appears to be more for the good of the Port. The Port is currently acquiring property under the
pretense of needing to build a third runway. It is not relevant that the permit for the runway will be
held up in the court system for many years. Of the property acquired, much is from individual
homeowners. The Port acquired these properties at residential property zoned prices and then land
became industrially zoned. The individual property owners lost not only their homes but also a great
deal of money. The Port also decided what businesses would remain within the

Carl Menger 's Principles Of Economics
Carl Menger has been given credit to the modern Austrian Economic model. He wrote "Principles of
Economics" in 1871 (Snowdon and Vane 474). What separates Austrian Economics from other
schools of thought is the emphasis put individuality. The individual is the driving force of the
Austrian school of thought. Because of this, Austrian Economics is very subjective. The needs of
one individual differ from those of another individual. Put simply, people will want to better their
lives. Manoj Singh said that "One more extra dollar in the hands of a billionaire would hardly make
any difference, although the same dollar would be invaluable in the hands of a pauper" (Singh).
There is an incentive for people to better themselves. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In an economy with no growth, the Austrians believe that the current level of savings is just enough
to offset capital depreciation. Also, in a no growth economy the consumable output (products that
business produce) is constant. This is represented in the first two periods of the graph. If savings are
in excess of capital depreciation, the economy grows. Period 3 shows the decrease in consumable
output when consumer preferences change in favor of savings. The assumption is that because
businesses are not producing as many products, they have freed up resources. The Austrians would
say they need to invest these freed up resources into their company in order to eventually increase
their level of consumable outputs at an increased rate in conjunction with the future increase in
consumption brought about by the current increase in savings. This is depicted in period 4 and
continues throughout the end of the graph.
These three graphs are the model that Austrians use to determine output and interest rates in the
economy. The graph on the top left represents the stages of production by firms with stages of
production on the x–axis and consumable output (goods) on the y–axis. In the economy some
products require fewer stages of production than others. At each stage of production there are more
goods produced, but only up to the hypotenuse. If the economy

Northwood Idea
The Northwood Idea Project
Is the Northwood Idea relevant today? By now you all have read and formulated an opinion upon
the relevance of the Northwood idea. Some of you may agree totally, while others may completely
disagree. At the core of the Northwood Idea is the notion of developing the character of the student
and learning how to serve others (Watts, 2014). As students, our character is developed by
subscribing to the Judeo–Christian ethic by means of following the golden rule, emphasizing work
and thrift, and understanding the importance of business.
This country was founded on the idea of a Judeo–Christian ethic because our founding Father's
heritage was influenced greatly upon this ideology. This school of thought ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In India 72% South Korea 78%, and in Vietnam it was a staggering 95%. What I find interesting is
that the average Chinese citizen believes in a free market economy. I find that interesting because of
the countries deep ties to socialism and communism. Maybe you could say that those surveyed were
simply uneducated to the issue or you could say that they are not happy in the system that they are
currently living in. Where did Americans fall? 70% believed that the free market is the preferred
method. I know statistics can be skewed anyway you want, but I believe that this is a realistic
statistic. We always hear that America is the land of opportunity so the perception of the free market,
at least on the surface, is a positive one.
Having said all that is the Northwood Idea relevant today? Yes, in the sense that our founding
fathers set forth the path that is still in practice today. America was founded upon the Judeo–
Christian ideas that sprang forward our current way of doing business. However, the only way that
the Northwood Idea will remain relevant is if Americans will agree to use all three in harmony.
Unfortunately, humans are imperfect and if you only looked at the free market and decided to
discount the golden rule and/or work and thrift you will surely develop a lopsided skew of the true
definitions of the free market. By utilizing and understanding how Judeo–Christian Ethics, Work
and thrift, and

Teenage Pregnancy Case Study
Introduction Cases that involve teenage pregnancy are often complicated and affect a large network
of people. The case involving Katharine Westley is a case of teen pregnancy. Katharine is a 17 year
old high school student who contacted the Family and Children's Services: Unmarried Parents
Services. Recently, Katharine discovered that she and her boyfriend of six months, James Koslik
(age 19), are expecting a child. The parents of both Katharine and James have stated that they have
certain expectations for their children. They are asserting their beliefs and moral onto their children.
For instance, they think that the two should get married, get jobs, and raise the child. The parents
even offered to help Katharine and James "get off to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, Katharine has contacted the Family and Children's Services to discuss the option of
giving her unborn baby up for adoption. She is going against the wishes of her and James' parents by
not wanting to marry James and raise the baby together. Also, Katharine is very determined and set
on the option on pursuing adoption. She wishes to give the baby a better future while allowing her
and James to achieve a better life as well. In addition, Katharine is considering a career as a travel
agent and knows that she would be able to handle college. In regards to her home life and
upbringing, Katharine was face with many challenges. Her home was chaotic with her mother
leaving the family and her father moving the family so often. Katharine is behind in school as a
result, but is hopeful that she will be able to finish school and pursue a higher education. Due to her
family history, Katharine has a strained relationship with her mother for leaving the family and with
her father for always taking her mother back. Although Katharine has faced numerous challenges in
her life, she is hopeful that she can create a better life for her and the baby by placing him/her up for
adoption. Theory 1 After examining the case and the challenges that Katharine is facing the systems,
psychosocial development, and humanistic theories would be best implemented to better understand
Katharine and the behaviors of everyone involved. The systems theory can be traced back to Herbert
Spencer

John Keynes And Friedrich Hayek
John Keynes and Friedrich Hayek where two of the most influential economic minds of the 20th
century. Each of these men's ideas had a great impact on the economy of numerous countries and
helped countries find economic success different times. Keynes and Hayek had opposite ideas on
what created a working economy that would be successful and avoid economical depressions like
that of the United States great depression and the European depressions that resulted from the two
World Wars. Keynes believes that the best way to maintain a strong economy was to have
government micromanage any and all aspects of the economy. He believes that in order to maintain
full employment of citizens, countries must spend money to create jobs and to help struggling
companies. Hayes believes that this was not the answer and would only result in more problems.
Hayes felt that a market will be able to take care of its self and in order to ensure this government
needed to avoid intervention to allow for a free economy to develop. During the time of war Keynes
ideas were more successful because the government was able to make a large quantity of jobs for
people through goods needed for the war. Since Keynes ideas were so widely used and accepted at
this time, Hayek's ideas were rejected and considered bad because the purposed to do the opposite.
After the "good 30 years" Keynes economic ideas began to show flaws through inflation and
unemployment rates. This issue resulted from the restriction

Characteristics Of A Smoothly Running Machine
Explanation of Issues Forte stated that systems have been compared to machines, bodies, and
species (Forte, 2007, p 170). "Characteristics of a smoothly running machine are coordination and
an integration of parts; you, the owner, can assume a reliable cause–and–effect relationship among
these parts of the machine" (Forte, 2007, p 170). The reason Systems Theory applies to the Brown
family is because all of the parts of the family are struggling independently but by determining how
each individual is affecting the behaviors of others, it may be determined how to best proceed with
treatment.
By examining the Brown family with Systems Theory, it can be identified that the Brown family
belongs to several different systems and by examining ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The illegal activity is likely drawing negative attention from the neighbors and has already drawn
the attention of the justice system in town. This system would not be identified as a system in which
the family is functioning well. Therefore, this is not a resource that would be utilized to build upon
for treatment progress. If we examine the parental interactions with the systems they belong to,
Steve and Theresa have difficulties appropriately interacting with their system which then in turn
means their behaviors will directly affect their children's behaviors. At the basic level, Steve did not
graduate from high school, does not pay his tax returns and has an unstable relationship with his
wife. Theresa is in poor medical health and is dependent on her adult daughter at this time. Neither
parent stays in regular contact with Raymond since he has been incarcerated which creates yet
another tumultuous relationship. However, one strength of the parental system is that both parents
still talk to each other regularly and are able to provide support to their children when it is needed.
Next, we must examine each of the children individually as well. Bridgette reportedly operates an
escort service and uses this money to care for not only her mother and younger brother but also her
own children as well. She also did not graduate high school and with the fear Theresa expressed
with people regularly coming and going from the

The Economists ' Economic Theory Essay
Jovanny Ibarra
Mr.Nasr
Economics
2 December 2016 The Economists What is the best way to earn money. To entrust on someone else
like the government or yourself? Two economists, John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich von Hayek
had two contrasting views on how the government should handle the market. Keynes believe on the
government controlling the market while Hayek wanted the government to stay away from it.
Hayek's economic theory is right because it focuses on us as citizens to have responsibilities towards
our money. To be utilized fully in a decentralized market system with free competition and pricing.
(1) Then to be able to save money rather keeping money being spent from Keynes' belief. First,
Friedrich Von Hayek was an economist born in Austria. His work was involved with business
cycles, the term of periods of growth and decay. Capital theory and monetary theory.(2) He believed
that if the government were to stay away from the market, then the business cycles would be
removed or at least won't be having recession. Then there also the problems governments had with
the economy such as depressions. If the citizens would had authority towards it, then the money
would've been spent in different things such as today. U.S spending money on the military rather
than education. Hayek accused Keynes of insufficient attention to the nature of capital in
production. (3) Meaning the labor that is used for making business. How these investments are
being used for keep up with a

My Economic Philosophy
In modern economics there are two major schools of thought in regards to how the economy should
be run; socialism and libertarianism. As with the issue of prohibition in the 1920's, how our
government should interact with our economy has been a polarizing issue in American politics for
decades. Both sides carry valid points and support different ideals. I will walk you through a brief
history and explanation of libertarianism, highlight a fundamental economist who really developed
the ideals behind libertarianism and give the pros and cons. I will then do the same for socialism. I
will attempt to share this knowledge with you in as unbiased a way as possible.
First we will discuss libertarianism. The main ideal of libertarianism is that the individual or
business should be regulated by the natural flow of the economic market. Some of the ideals of
libertarianism include deregulation of many of the economic, social and legal practices that our
government has established. Libertarianism advocates the practice of free enterprise where
governments have little to no input to how businesses function. They believe that individuals can
and should regulate themselves; that business should be regulated by the flow of the markets, not the
manipulation of the government. Libertarians believe that the economic market will, over time,
regulate itself and that government shouldn't interfere.
The most prominent founder of libertarianism is Friedrich August Hayek. Hayek was born in Austria

Primary Care Protocols : A Strategy For An Evidence Based...
An example of the importance of acknowledging the impact of differing and individual perspectives
among interprofessional healthcare team members is discussed in the article titled "Interprofessional
primary care protocols: A strategy to promote an evidence–based approach to teamwork and the
delivery of care" (Goldman et al., 2010). In this study, Family Health Teams (FHT's) are trying to
come to a consensus regarding the development and implementation of a variety of interprofessional
protocols. Findings suggest that the collaborative process of reviewing the evidence and assessing
the needs of the FHT as well as learning about the different professional and organizational
perspectives, showed to be important elements of the groups work. However, the study worked with
volunteer practitioners who were motivated to participate. Therefore, it was recommended that
initiatives to improve interprofessional collaboration needed to be addressed at the individual,
practice, and organizational levels. (Goldman et al., 2010). This would include motivating and
readying the individuals to be prepared to collaborate initially and move past possible anxieties for
change to progress. Stage 2 – Unfrozen: Changing to a new state (Lewin 1951). Once an individual
has accepted they are dissatisfied with their situation, a desire to change will exist. It is at this time
the identification of what needs to change occurs. When the unfrozen state exists, new information
and concepts are

Our World Revolves Around Money
Our world revolves around money. How we get it and how we spend it. We need it to reach the basic
necessities in our life. That was not always the case, but the market society has made it that way.
Everything is based on prices. The market always existed, but society was never controlled by it.
People are now going to work for gain, not for satisfaction. There has been a great transformation.
People no longer are able to do things for themselves, making us dependant on a system of labour.
People are now working for gain because we are working for our wants and needs, needs that are
constantly met through the market, and our society relies on a market. Looking at the changes
through material and ideological conditions we will see the significance of these changes. The main
phrase used for this change is "the great transformation". It is the emergence of the market society.
The shift that occurred from the market economy to the market society. Within a market economy
there was interaction between producers and consumers. You would exchange your own products
you had created, with another person. Adam Smith suggested that "division of labour in society was
dependant upon the existence of markets, or, as he put it, upon man's propensity to barter, truck and
exchange one thing for another" (Polanyi p.43). Smith is saying that people did stuff with exchange
in mind, not to receive any form of money. When we look at a market society, we see how
everything has become commodified.

Market Society
The world we live in today is very complex in regards to the different types of jobs and services
available. In general, there are endless options for people looking to get into the workplace,
consisting of various job titles from health care, transportation to real–estate. However, this array of
options was not always the case. The world we know of today has transitioned into a market
economy. Polayni's definition of market economy is "a self–regulating system of markets. It is an
economy directed by market prices" (Polayni, 43). To elaborate, this means every product is
controlled by supply and demand, and the price is not determined by the government. Differing from
today, in the past the world was based on reciprocity and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Polayni uses a village to describe this type of society. For instance, if all products are gathered up by
headsmen of the village and kept in storage by the tribe chief, then the storage system becomes the
important aspect of the economy. If something happens to this storage system, then everyone in the
tribe will suffer, as it contained all product. This process is strictly reciprocal. If one grows a
substantial amount of crops and provides them to the headsmen, then later the crops are stolen, or
the storage system is compromised in another way, the person who provided the crops receives no
reward. This part of society can be described as unfair, and unrewarding for the labor provided by
the crop grower. However, the market economy would provide a reward for this crop grower. Taking
a market society perspective, if the person who grew the crops sold them instead of reciprocated
them, then the storage system would be irrelevant to their daily survival. They would then take the
money and use it as they wish. Looking at the most historic type of survival called "house holding",
or what the Greeks called oeconomia (meaning economy), it can be defined as providing for only
himself or his/her family (Polayni, 53). House holding differs from market society, as there are no
other families or people to share the goal of survival with. It is strictly a family having to provide
clothing, food or other

A Summary of Keynes’ and Hayek’s Views on Economics Essay
In 1929, the stock market crashed. The values of production gone down, work force lost their jobs,
millions of families lost their homes as well as millions of saving accounts were lost because banks
closed for good. Those events resulted in the Great Depression. As a result, the world was plunged
into economic turmoil. However, two prominent economists emerged with competing claims and
sharply contrasting approaches on how a capitalist economy works and how to revive it when
depressed. John Maynard Keynes an English economist believed that government has responsibility
to intervene in an economical crisis whereas, Friedrich Hayek an Austrian–born economist and
philosopher believed that the government intervention is worthless and ... Show more content on
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Unlike Keynes, Hayek, in his book The Road to Serfdom, points out that any form of government
intervention is dangerous and leads to serfdom. He argued that central government planning leads to
serfdom or servitude which destroys personal freedom. Society has tried to ensure continuous
prosperity by centralized planning which leads to totalitarianism. For example, socialism was
supposed to be a means of assuring equality through restrain and servitude whereas democracy
seeks equality in liberty–personal freedom and economical freedom. On the other hand, planning
which is coercive is the least method of regulation where as cooperation of free market is superior
because it is the only method that can adjust our activities with each other without the intervention
of the authority. Furthermore, he argued that central planning is undemocratic because it imposes the
will of the minority upon the majority. In pursuing their centralized goals, they take money or
properties of the majority thus, destroying individual freedom. In addition, centralized planning
reduces the individual to merely a means to be used by the authority as well as, giving away
individual's economic liberty. Unlike centralized planning, an open society offers more personal and
economical freedom even to the very poor. He concluded by saying "The guiding principle that a
policy of freedom for the individual is the only truly progressive policy remains as true today as it

Hayek Road To Serfdom Analysis
Joel Lahman
Professor Emma Cummings
Econ 202–005
13 April 2015 Friedrich August Von Hayek was a great contributor to economics as well as being an
intellectual in multiple subjects. He was raised by his father and mother in Austria and is the most
recent member of the Austrian School who was actually born and raised in Austria. His father was a
"renowned botanist and noted physician"(famouspeople). With this he had an upscale upbringing
with a "noble lineage in his name on his mothers side."(famouspeople) At age 18 he joined an
artillery section of the Austro–Hungarian army and fought in WW1. After the war he decided to
devote his life to education and "finding out ways to overcome situations that gave rise to World
War 2." This led to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many people say that this Nobel Prize is what rejuvenated Hayek's career. He was unable to mimic
the success of the road to serfdom and it was said that this put him in a depression until he accepted
this award. Hayek and Mydral won the award for "their pioneering work in the theory of money and
economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social
and institutional phenomena"(Nobelprize.org). It later says in the press release of 1974 that they
both started their careers with significant works and continued their education and broadened their
fields of study throughout the years. He was 74 when he accepted the prize. Most people are known
for becoming more accepting of other ideas as they age; however Hayek is known for having radical
ideas towards the end of his

Karl Polanyi, Max Weber And Robert Heilbroner
Material and ideological conditions are present in the modern society and those before, each
influencing the other. Material conditions determine an individual's way of life, the wages they
collect, and how such earnings determine social class. It is through ideological conditions that ideas
derive, which give birth to the ways civilization behaves and operates. This paper will look at a
series of theoretical works by Karl Polanyi, James Rinehart, Max Weber, and Robert Heilbroner,
deliberating the market society and its progression in relation to the material and ideological
conditions that are constantly transforming throughout societies pivotal points in history. Each
theorist offers excellent insight into the modes of production and ... Show more content on
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Members of society are no longer able to fathom how those who live in small communities are able
to grow and harvest their own foods for survival (Heilbroner 3). Just as Polanyi argues, Heilbroner
concludes that the market indeed runs itself with a dialogue that reaffirms the notion of the system
being in control of all modes of production and distribution without human intervention (13). Before
the great transformation, no economy was subject to being a prisoner of the market (Polanyi 43).
Polanyi discusses previous forms of economic organization that function effectively without the
system of markets (43). It can be said that through the social being of man and his relationships, that
he values material goods only as they serve to an end (Polanyi 46). Within Tribal communities, each
member takes on the ideology towards noneconomic ends, that is, not connecting the means of
production or distribution in significance with the ownership of goods (Polanyi 46). Members of the
tribe place no desire upon economic interests of the individual, but rather on the collective.
Reciprocity and redistribution are certain behaviours that communities maintain (Polanyi 47).
Reciprocity, regards the sexual organization of society, and redistribution is functioning under a
common chief representing domain and authority

Family Theory
Introduction After reviewing the theories, I have chosen Family System theory to discuss how
various factors may impact at different stages in the family lifecycle in a Singapore context. "Family
systems theory grew out of the general systems theory, a conceptual framework developed in the
1960s by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968), and family therapists applied these ideas to marriage and
family as a system." (Olson, 2003, p.71). He proposed that a system is characterized by the
interactions of its components and the nonlinearity of those interactions. In the family cycle context,
a family member is only a piece of the whole family and his dynamic interactions with his family
and environment will determine his functionality as an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mrs tan is overwhelm with the infant's demanding attention and have not been able to get back into
shape after delivery. Mrs Tan tends to catch up on her sleep whenever the baby is asleep and does
not cater to Mr Tan sexual needs. This sudden decrease in sexual factor has caused a dent in their
marital life as they have unrealistic expectations of each other.
Mr Tan is trying to fit himself in the role of a father and try his level best to care for the infant. But
unfortunately, he feels that Mrs Tan is always trying to correct the way he handles the baby thus
lessen his interaction with the baby. The baby crying late at night and Mrs Tan constant nagging
causes Mr Tan to have a weary sleep at night which affects his performance at work. This is a chain–
effect in which it is illustrates changing one part of the system, results in changes to other parts of
the system. Mrs Tan on the other hand feel that Mr Tan thinks she is having an easy life because she
is able to sit at home all day. She feel that she is not being appreciated for her tender care towards
their baby and thus she tends to make a big fuss of everything in front of her husband to show she is
carrying big responsibilities. The key process in this stage, which is emotional factor, is strained due
to the 'closed' or morphostatic communication between the couple, the role contiguity of how Mr
Tan should be as a father and the constant presence of each other in–laws' who drop by often to see
their first

The Main Ideas About Community
This report aims to summarize the main ideas about community available in literature and to
describe briefly modern concepts such ' Community Development '. In order to examine end
establish what are the main assets of a particular community , a wide range of networks , issues,
services, resources will be explored. An overview of a theoretical framework and models will be
given, to analyze critically the findings, offering viable solutions, that replace the old, traditional
strategies with new approaches that value the skills , knowledge and capacity of every individual or
community.
CONTENT–Literature research
Changing views about 'Community '
The definition of the term community has a long and detailed history, encapsulating concerns of
belonging and identity, time and place, difference and similarity, exclusion or inclusion. There is no
much social literature about this concept before 1910. In 1915, C.J Galpin is the first one who coins
it, offering a clear sociological definition . It was used to demarcate the small rural communities in
terms of service area and trade surrounding a central village. (Harper and Dunham 1959). This first
attempt of defining the community, was quickly followed by various competing definitions. Some of
them described community as a geographical area, others, focused on community as a group of
people living and sharing a particular location, place, while another category, looked at it as a
common area of life. For example, Frazer

Von Hayek's The Road To Serfdom
Friedrich August von Hayek was born in Vienna, Austria in 1899 to a notable family. At the age of
19, Hayek started to attend the University of Vienna. While attending there, he received doctorates
in law (1921) and political science (1923). During that time, Vienna was one of the top three
universities for studying economics. Hayek went to college right after World War I, when Vienna
was in poor conditions. Hayek hoped to better improve the social conditions in Vienna. During his
time in Vienna, Hayek attended Mises's private seminars, Privatseminar.
Hayek became the director of the Austrian Institute for Business Cycle Research in 1927. In the
1930's, Hayek was part of the first group to leave Vienna. Hayek went to join the faculty at the ...
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His work on industrial fluctuations has had an impact on the business cycle theorists. Margaret
Thatcher was influenced by Hayek's The Road to Serfdom. After reading Hayek's book, "she
absorbed deeply Hayek's idea that you cannot compromise with socialism" and realized that "her
own party had done just that." ("Thatcher, Hayek & Friedman."). She was a devout politician against
socialism. Hayek influenced many, including but not limited to Winston Churchill, Milton
Friedman, Robert Nozick, George Orwell, Karl Popper, Virginia Postrel, Ronald Reagan, Julian
Simon, Hernando de Soto, and Thomas Sowell" ("Friedrich Hayek."). He helped to set the
groundwork for economists and politicians to understands the basics needed for a free

Difference Between Classical And Keynesian Economics
Parts of economic theories seem to constantly change because there is no perfect economy;
however, there are two categories in which most economists fall under: Classical and Keynesian.
Classical economists follow the theory described in Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations regarding a
Laissez–Faire policy with no government intervention. People who are considered to follow the
Keynesian economic theory generally favor government intervention in the economy during
recessions in the business cycle (Colander p. 524). Three well known economists fall into these
categories: Milton Friedman and Friedrich von Hayek were considered to be classical economists,
while John Maynard Keynes, developed the Keynesian theory. Friedman was a firm believer in
capitalism and that the market's guiding hand would help to regulate the economy. According to the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Similar to Friedman, he promoted a Laissez–Faire style economy and figured that government
intervention during recessions would only make problems worse (Encyclopedia of World Biography
222). He also believed that the more regulations the government had on the economy, the less
freedom consumers had when making a purchase (223). During the Cold War, many economists
though the Soviet Union's economy would grow at such a high rate that it would be larger than the
United States' economy; however, Hayek found holes in these arguments and did not think this was
true. According to economist David Peterson, Hayek's argument was, "...prices that efficiently
allocate resources cannot be set by government fiat. When an economy lacks the daily input of the
individual decisions of millions of consumers...the result is colossal waste and inefficiency (86).
This contributes to Hayek's free enterprise view on the economy, that it should be consumers who
determine the prices of goods based on their demand, not the

Economic Theories and Policies After World War II
Throughout the United States' history, especially after World War I, there have been many
competing economic theories about government policy. The architects of the most referenced
policies tend to be John Maynard Keynes, Friedrich Hayek of the Austrian School of economic
thought and Ayn Rand (though it can be argued Rand's ideas are more philosophy than economic
theory.) These three theories seem to be always in the forefront of any economic discussions taking
place in the United States. Ayn Rand's main belief in the economic system is to have a completely
unregulated laissez–faire economy. She espoused the need for government to leave the people alone,
and let them try to fulfill their own desires. She argues that the government are "looters" that take
with threat of force the earnings of the people and then redistributes the ill–gotten capital to
"moochers", or people who depend on the government for some sort of assistance (Seabrook, NPR).
She contends that government interference will cause the producers or capitalist to pack up and
leave everyone else behind. She demonstrates her argument through her most well–known novels,
"The Fountainhead" and "Atlas Shrugged"(Ayn Rand, Wikipedia). Ayn Rand's theory tends to mesh
well with libertarian and conservative ideals, and has found a home with Congressman Rand Paul,
Congressman Steve King, and many Tea Party idealists (Seabrook, NPR). Friedrich Hayek's theories
are based more on the macro level than Ayn Rand's. Hayek

The Theory And The Biopsychosocial Theory Essay
Introduction To Paper Introduction In this paper, I will both explain what the ecosystems theory and
the biopsychosocial theory are and demonstrate how to use these theories to analyze how events and
circumstances in one's life might affect how they develop later in life. I have interviewed Kari, my
mother, and asked her a few questions to get an idea about the kind of childhood she experienced
and the kind of environment she was raised in. It is very interesting getting the chance to ask your
own mother, the woman who raised you, about a more personal experience during her childhood. I
always wonder why she parents the way she does and it's very thought–provoking when you learn
about struggles and events she experienced when she was younger. Luckily, my mother and I have a
close relationship so it was fairly easy for her to open up to me when I asked her these questions.
She didn't seem hesitant or nervous at all which helped me get good information from her. I will
start this paper by introducing Kari and giving some insight on her background. Then I will relate
her experiences to the ecosystems theory and the biopsychosocial theory. Introduction Of Kari Kari
Krueger My mother was born and raised in Oakfield, WI, a very small town outside of Fond Du
Lac. She lived with her mother, father, and older brother. Her mother was a waitress at a supper club
nights and weekends and her father worked in a factory during the day. Her relationship with her
parents, especially

Essay on Commanding Heights Part 1 Summary
The "Battle' in this documentary is basically the struggle between free market and increased
government control in the era characterized by globalization. These economic revolutions that
would follow would turn out to determine the future of our planet. Essentially, it was John Maynard
Keynes v. Friedrich von Hayek, two of the most well–known economists of their time. Keynes could
see the faults of free market in the time after the war and that all of those errors could be fixed if the
government regulated the economy. However, Hayek thought that the free market would fix itself,
with no government control. World War I laid a whole continent to waste and drew attention to the
problems of political organization. People were looking for ... Show more content on
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However, on Black Thursday, stocks prices plunged and the downward spiral could not be stopped.
During the 30s, values and prices spiraled downward and left people with no ability to earn, repay,
spend, or consume. The banks also went down with it and people tried to rush to withdraw all of
their savings. Millions of people lost everything and the government could not do anything about it,
but instead made it worse. There was extremely high unemployment. Keynes was the real inventor
of macroeconomics during these time period, as well as GDP, rate of inflation, and many other
things. When Roosevelt came into office, he had to face the debt and his confidence rallied the
whole nation, along with the New Deal. He created new agencies to regulate banks and the stock
markets. Under the New Deal, industry came under many new rules and regulations. Keynes ideas
began to gain ground during this time and World War II is what it took for his theories to become
government policies. As the war began, high unemployment ended and the depression was gone,
which was a demonstration of Keynesian ideas. Commanding heights derives from Lenin's speech,
who appealed to those who criticize his amendments regarding the Marxist economics, that as long
as the government owns the major industries such as oil, finance, and steel, it is okay to let
individuals have some of their properties. The Keynesian idea states that the government must have
control over the commanding heights

Analysis Of The Sound Of Music
Summary The Sound of Music is a musical that tells the story of a family living in Austria during
the years leading up to World War II. The movie begins with Maria, a failed nun, becoming a
governess to a family consisting of seven children and their widowed father. As the film develops,
Maria falls in love with the kids and their father, Captain Georg von Trapp. The Captain is a
decorated, retired officer of Austria's imperial navy who strongly opposes the Nazis. Maria and the
Captain eventually get married and their family forms a singing group called the von Trapp family
singers. Later in the film, after the Anschluss occurs, Georg is told that he must accept a commission
in the German navy, causing him and Maria to flee to Switzerland with their children. The movie
shows the numerous perspectives that people in Austria had about the Nazi regime and the
Anschluss. These major events can be seen from the views of those in support of the Nazis, those
who opposed of the Nazis, neutralists, and even children. Overall, it is made clear that there is much
controversy surrounding the idea of Germany absorbing Austria.
Historical Accuracy Due to the fact that The Sound of Music is based off of a memoir by Maria von
Trapp, it was not extremely difficult to determine the historical accuracy of the film. While the
overarching idea of the von Trapps fleeing Salzburg, Austria to avoid a life under Nazi rule is true,
not much else is. The list of historical inaccuracies and

Classical Liberalism : Through The Ages
Isaac Oraweme
POL 2400
Fall 2015
Northeastern University
Prof. Florencia Gabriele
11/21/2015
Classical Liberalism – Through The Ages
In order to evaluate both concepts of liberalism, we should take in to consideration their historical
contexts. Because every political philosophy is the product of a certain time and circumstance and
therefore has its limitation(s).
Classical Liberalism, which is also known as traditional liberalism, laissez–faire liberalism, or
simply liberalism all over the world is a doctrine that stresses the importance of human rationality,
individual property rights, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, constitutional limitations of
government, free markets, and individual freedom from restraint.
At its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
< Raico, Ralph. "The Rise, Fall, and Renaissance of Classical Liberalism." – 01 Aug. 1992. Web. 20
Nov. 2015.> Essentially, western civilization is a product of classical liberalism.
The principles of Classical liberalism are exemplified in the writings of John Locke, Montesquieu,
John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith, Voltaire and others. Classical Liberalism is basically seen as the
combination of economic liberalism and political liberalism. Another contention of classical
liberalism is that part of what makes society civil is the ability of its members to help each other.
Classical liberalism also sees the market as a major part of civil society. It asserts that people want
and ultimately need to do good by others, and claims that part of that includes freely exchanging the
fruits of their labor with fellow members of society.
Classical liberals don't just promote the market, limited government, and voluntary association,
classical liberalism asserts that in order for society to remain functional, it has to be democratic, and
maintains that people do not simply need to do good by their fellow man but that they must also
love doing good. Liberals are hopeful that members of a civil society will do the right thing, but
readily they acknowledge that people can be vicious, specifically members of society who are in
positions of

Implementing A Systems Theory : A System Theory
Implementing a Systems Theory In order for any organization to be successful, they must find
effective ways to change systems and policies that are ineffective in creating a successful
environment. A system consists of four things, elements, attributes, internal relationships, and the
system environment. The systems theory is transdisciplinary study of the abstract organization of
phenomena, independent of their substance, type, or spatial or temporal scale of existence
(Heylighen & Joslyn, 1992). The study investigates all the principals common to all complex
bodies, and the models which can be used to describe them. Von Bertalanffy (1971) was the creator
of the "system" concept, he developed this idea as an answer to the limitations of individual
disciplines in addressing complex social issues (Mitchell, 2005). The underlining principal of this
theory is that an organization consists of multiple, interdependent parts that collectively form more
than the sum of their parts. Developed from the systems theory, are three separate theories with the
basis of each being the systems theory. The activity theory considers the entire program versus just
one single sector, it sees the operation as a whole instead of sub departments, it combines both micro
and macro elements of the organization. The chaos theory does not mean a chaotic hectic situation,
rather a situation where there appears to be little to no order, there really is a hidden underlying
order. The complexity theory is

The Liberal World Order Essay examples
The Liberal World Order
The liberal world order is as much an economic idea, as it is a political one. The liberal world order
is very much based on the rule of law. Such things are apparent in a liberal world order such as
individual liberties, private property and free trade.
According to Ludwig von Mises, a liberal world order was inseparable from liberal economic
policies:
"A nation's policy forms an integral whole. Foreign policy and domestic policy are closely linked
together, they condition each other. Economic nationalism is the corollary of the present–day
domestic policies of government interference with business and of national planning, as free trade
was the complement of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of these stated by Mises was a free market for labour, in other words, the level of wages
and conditions should be set by the employers, after negotiation with the employees, rather than
being controlled by the government.
The second economic constraint set out by Mises was that there should be a market economy,
whereby the forces in the market should be left to work freely, that supply and demand should be
left to determine price rather than the government regulating this.
Thirdly, free trade is seen as an essential aspect of a liberal world order, he stated that it must be free
to import and export between countries, with out control by governments.
Finally, there must be a free market monetary system in place, in that the government must not
control either the value or the flow of money in the economy
Mises also argued that, if a country's domestic economic activity was to be fully privatised, this
would mean that the economic activity in that country would effectively be free from political
influences, as it would not be the government controlling it.
He argued that the way to attain peace and prosperity was not by governing and controlling, but
rather by limiting the level of governance, and that society would naturally sort itself out.
This idea was also agreed by Ricardo:

"Under a

Hayek Contribution To Economics

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