The Case Of The Prospective Decorative Artwork Business Of...

The Case Of The Prospective Decorative Artwork Business Of...
In forming a business, it is essential to ensure that the entity is legally compliant with the governing regulations in the territory of operation. In
addition, it is imperative to take the necessary actions to protect the entity from any potential risks and avoidable financial expenditures associated with
its business activities. To this end, in the case of the prospective decorative artwork business of Tom, Dick, and Harry– they need to be properly
enlightened as to the pertinent components required for business affairs. In this regard, for this paper – the author endeavours to provide legal advice
to the prospective business associates concerning the possible business type along with categories of investors connected to the same. After,
information will be furnished as to copyright protection for the decorative art pieces. Next, the writer presents information pertaining to important
components that ought to be included in the terms of agreement of staff. The guidelines applicable to apprenticeship, will be covered since the business
intends to utilise an apprentice. Following the preceding, the writer examines the options available to house the business. Lastly, advice will be given
to Tom, Dick, and Harry as to the potential insurance requirements for the business.
Business Type Options
For this type of business, Tom and his two colleagues can either decide to form a partnership or to incorporate their business.
Partnership
In the case of a partnership, based on
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Intellectual Theft : Understanding Intellectual Property
Intellectual Theft
Understanding Intellectual Property
Historic Perspective
Before understanding the impact that cyberspace and technology as a whole has made on the concept of intellectual property there must first be some
understanding of the need for such laws. There must also be some understanding of how societies around the globe have come to fundamentally
address, apply, and enforce the laws of intellectual property. What is now known as trademark andcopyright laws make up the bulk of the intellectual
property frame work in most legislative and judicial systems around the world today. The laws used in such cases are now common place, but the road
to getting things where they are today was long and hard.
The ideas of man have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Statute of Anne was a monumental win for intellectual property laws. "This (The Statute of Anne) provided authors and proprietors of "copies" (or
manuscripts) with the right to print and reprint copies of their works (Sherman &Bently, 1999). The authors go on to add the fact that the rights of the
author lasted an initial fourteen years with an additional fourteen years if the author is still alive at the end of the initial period, and twenty years for
"old books" (Sherman &Bently, 1999). The enactment of The Statute of Anne was unquestionably something that changed how courts and the world
viewed intellectual property, and paved the way for what intellectual property laws are today.
Early U.S. Legislation
The intellectual property battle in the United States is first addressed in the supreme law of the land, the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution states that
(the copyright clauses inclusion is) "To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries" (U.S. Const. art. I, В§ 8, cl. 8). This once again points at the fact that while human
beings may feel that they have ideas that can better society, they may be reluctant to do so if they are not rewarded for these ideas in some form or
fashion. The aforementioned

Copyright Law Extension Act And The Copyright Term...
BRIEF AMICUS CURIAE OF ELDRED V. ASHCROFT IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER
QUESTION PRESENTED
Does the Copyright Term Extension Act, which extends the term of a copyright to 70 years after the creator's death, violate the "limited Times"
prescription of the Copyright Clause and the free speech guarantee of the First Amendment?
IDENTITY AND INTEREST OF AMICUS CURIAE We respectfully submit this brief amicus curiae in support of the petitioners, Eldred et al. The
petitioners owned the copyrights of works now in the public domain. They challenged the 1998 Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) on the grounds
that the act allows copyrights to exist in perpetuity and restricts free speech, so the act violates the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment of the
United States Constitution. Justice Ginsburg denied Eldred's challenges, finding that the terms established by the CTEA are limited terms and that the
act accommodates for petitioner's First Amendment concerns. We submit this amicus curiae in dissent of the court opinion that upheld the CTEA.
SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT TheCopyright Term Extension Actof 1998 established that copyright terms now expire 70 years after the creator's
death, which is a 20–year extension from the previous copyright law in 1976 that established term expiration 50 years after the creator's death. The Act
applies equally to future works and works with existing copyrights. The court in Eldred v. Ashcroft upheld the CTEA as a rational exercise of
congressional authority in that the copyright extension creates a significant benefit: encouraging copyright authors to produce more creative works.
However, the extension has little influence on the motivation of authors to create and it constructs roadblocks in the creation process. Overall, the
expected outcome of the 20–year copyright term extension is a reduction in the number of works being created and copyrighted in the future due to the
increased costs of production. Without works entering the public domain, the copyright owner monopolizes their work, creating social costs associated
with a monopoly market failure. The CTEA should be struck down as it is inconsistent with the ultimate goal of copyright law, which is to promote the

Fashion Art : Artistic Rights In The Fashion Industry
Natalie Langdale
Law and the Arts
Professor Collins
December 8, 2017
Artistic Rights in the Fashion Industry
Upon recognizing that marks on fabric are the same as paint upon canvas or ink upon paper, the United States Copyright Office expanded the scope of
its coverage to include textile prints and lace patterns as copyrightable material in 1958. Despite this enactment, which served as a significant step in
establishing the artistic legitimacy and profitability of the fashion industry, fashion designers still cannot protect their actual clothing designs today. So
how exactly could this be? In order to understand the technicalities of copyright in the fashion world, one must not necessarily look at the guidelines of
what is protectable under copyright law but rather, they must examine what is not. According to the United States Copyright Office, anything that is
functional cannot be copyrighted and with good reason. For example, if a company were to copyright something as functional as a window, then every
window–baring structure built from then onward would have to clear the usage of windows in their design and perhaps even pay large licensing fees.
If such a scenario were reality, the copyright would not be contributing to the advancement of culture and technology within a society, as copyright
laws were originally established to do, but rather it would be hindering this process of development. So, like windows which are designed to let in
light and allow for

Intellectual Property ( Ip ) Is Everywhere
Intellectual Property (IP) is everywhere. IP is inventions. IP is literary and artistic works. IP is designs or symbols. IP is names and images used in
commerce. Almost everything is IP. These things can be protected by patent, copyright, service mark, or trademark. These topics are very complicated;
the consolidated version of US patent laws and rules is over 200 pages long. While there are many good things about IP protection, there are also
many unnecessary problems with it that should be changed. Some of these problems include IP education, and the lack of it, the time frame that these
protections span, and the major lack of solid international laws. In most grade schools and high schools, the only IP protection education is your
English teachers telling you not to plagiarize copyrighted works, or a business class may go into it a little. The majority of patent and copyright
education is in law schools but it is important to all of us, even if we don't want to go into law, that we know these laws. Everybody is affected by
IP, everybody creates IP, and everybody is a copyright holder. Many people don't know that any original work is copyrighted from the moment it is
created in a tangible space, such as paper, film, or silicon chip, no registration necessary. Copyrightable works include literary works, musical
compositions, films, software programs, or paintings. Patents cover inventions, ideas, designs, and compositions of matter. To get a patent, you must
first

Copyright And Intellectual Property Are Still Valid
IPT Essay
"Do you agree or disagree that laws relating to copyright and intellectual property are still valid in social media?"
Copy right is the limited and flexible legal right, given to the creator for a fixed number of years, to print, publish, perform, film. The copyright law of
Australia defines the legally enforceable rights of creators of innovative and artistic works under Australian law. The extent ofcopyright in Australia is
defined in the Australian Copyright Act1968, which applies the national law throughout Australia.
Australian–operated websites offering copyright security or Australian registration of copyright for payment of a fee. No such registration or other
procedure is necessary for copyright protection in Australia. These websites have no right or ability to guarantee copyright protection. Copyright
provides legal protection for people who express ideas and information in certain forms. The most common forms are writing, visual images, music
and moving images. Copyright Act 1968, are responsible for the expansion of domestic copyright policy, as well as in engaging globally on
copyright issues. Copyright is a type of property that is founded on a person 's creative skill and labour. Copyright protects the form or way an idea
or information is articulated, not the idea or information itself. Copyright is not a tangible thing. It is made up of a bundle of exclusive economic
rights to do certain acts with an original work or other copyright

The Oldest International Agreement Of The Copyright For...
1886: Berne Convention:
The oldest international agreement in the field of the copyright for the defense or protection of literary and artistic works is the main Berne
Convention. Literary and artistic works are protected through a protection that is termed as copyright. The major area of the copyright is controlled or
governed by the most important convention that is Berne Convention.
This most important convention that governs copyright is an international copyright treaty to which India is also a member and it has also been signed
by 143 countries on April, 1928. The principal treaty that defends or protects the authors from various variety of woks was last revised in 1971.
Numerous rights that are enjoyed by the authors are provided under the Berne Convention, those rights are such as right to authorize, adaption of these
woks or prohibit reproduction and public communication. This Berne convention provides some rights to the treaty countries so as to apply certain
exceptions to protection. Photographic and cinematographic shall be protected through copyright for at least 50 years after the death of author but
author's are fee to provide their longer terms under the Berne Convention, as for matching the terms of copyright protection the European union did with
1993 directive..
World Intellectual Property organization that is in short WIPO, UN body based in Geneva, Switzerland, manages all the works and signatory countries
of the Berne Convention, current 168

E Commerce : A Great Tool For Promoting Business
A business through e–commerce can be a great tool for promoting business online and to generate sales and/or provides channels for a business to
engage with customers. The benefits of e–commerce include its around–the–clock availability and accessibility, a speed of access, and the worldwide
reach. In contrary, with the technology advances, a variety of rights are claimed and along with it in, online business became exposed to a large risks
without protecting of its rights. Consequently, the law created to protect the rights such as copyright and/or patents, database laws, trademarks,
industrial design law, and trade secret law to protect different types of intellectual property (IP) rights. The question here is, how much the laws can ...
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In the UK, copyright protect literary and artistic works vests automatically in a work, provided that satisfies certain criteria and there is no registry
or fees to pay. It is also an international right that gives authors and creators the right to control use of their material in a different ways, such as by
issuing copies, broadcasting and use online. For a 'work' to qualify for copyright in the UK; 1) The work must fall within one of eight categories of
work listed in the Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 (CDPA 1988). 2) The work must be recorded in a material form 3) The work must be
original. The test for the originality of the work, there must be sufficient "skill, labour and judgment" or "selection, judgment and experience" or
"labour, skill and capital".
Copyright protects the expression of an idea rather than the ideal itself: idea/expression dichotomy. This is the fundamental concept of copyright and
in the case of Donoghue v Allied Newspapers [1938] Farwell J. said that:
'If the idea, however original, is nothing more than an idea, and is not put into any form of words, or any form of expression such as a picture, then
there is no such thing as copyright at all.' And thus, distinction between an idea and an expression often under the spotlight of debate under copyright
law. "One may differentiate the form from the substance of a writing, equating the substance with the writing 's idea, but any idea must

The Protection Of The Citizen's Intellectual Property
It was 17th century philosopher John Locke who popularized the idea that the ideal government's principle duty was to protect the material property of
its citizens, but perhaps just as important to the health of a nation, is the protection of the citizen's intellectual property. Without the protection of
intellectual property innovators and artists would have no rights to their creations, therefore no incentive to create new works. To protect these men and
women, lawmakers drafted some of the most important pieces of legislation in our nation's history: copyright law. Copyright law guarantees that the
rights to a creative work are held by the creator. This means that works that fall under copyright cannot be sold or reproduced without the creator's
consent. This gives creators the security that their assets will not be stolen, and thus, creates and environment that encourages new innovation, and
fosters artistic expression. However, copyright law today is deeply flawed, often achieving the opposite of its original goals. Today, both individuals
and large corporations use copyright law as a tool to stifle competition, and remove works that they object to. From this, we have been left with a
copyright system that fails to protect people from false copyright takedown claims on the internet, that has copyright terms that are much too long to be
reasonably justified, and that does not guarantee the rights that are promised under fair use. To solve these shortcomings, it is

The Significant Area Of Concern Essay
The significant area of concern for Ernest Frank Pty Ltd (Ernest Frank) is the misuse of their confidential company and client information. It appears
that Josephine West (West) has used information obtained in the course of her employment with Ernest Frank and used it for the benefit in her
subsequent employment with Hale Bopp Pty Ltd (Hale Bopp).
It is essential that Ernest Frank take immediate steps to protect their intellectual property and to stop any further unauthorised use of their company
information by West and Hale Bopp from occurring.
I advise that the protections available to Ernest Frank include the following:
Duty of Confidentiality
It appears that West copied, removed and possibly deleted confidential information, which she had access to during her employment with Ernest Frank.
Such conduct by West would fall outside the realm of knowledge acquired by the employee as a routine part of performing their duties, that is, West
disclosed information that was not in the public domain.
In Prime Creative Media Pty Ltd v Vranijkova and Motoring Matters Pty Ltd (2010), the Federal Court explained that 'the protection that should be
afforded to information was not afforded due to its confidentiality or from any secrecy surrounding it, but rather afforded protection because of the
purpose for which the information had been compiled and because the information was not accessible to those other than business' employees.'
It is arguable that West's conduct breached the

Public Domain Research Paper
The topic of public domain is becoming increasingly important in the modern day. Legislation once enacted to protect the intellectual property of the
individual seems to have been flipped on its head to do the exact opposite. Copyright was originally created to inspire original works by individual
authors, inventors and scientists for a relatively finite amount of time. In the modern era, we see big corporate interests pushing for the extension of
these deadlines while buying and hoarding copyrights, using lawyers as guard dogs. Doing so infringes on the consumer's right to choose. Such
actions prevents fair competition in terms of price, quality, and service for an obscene amount of time. Many famous icons all the way from Uncle
Sam to Santa... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They believe that if they came up with the idea then they should be the one benefiting from any money it brings in. They would prefer to have longer
term limits until something goes into the public domain. The public believes that after a certain number of years the product should become available
to the public. The public also does not agree with Congress increasing the term limits, it is making things not available to the public until a long time.
Some corporations, like Disney, spend large amounts of money lobbying for Congress to increase the time until something is available to the public.
They do this because they make a large amount of money off of Mickey Mouse and they want to continue to make a large amount of money from their
creation. Not only do Disney and other anti–public domain businesses spend a lot of money introducing and passing bills to extend their copyrights, but
they also have a large influence on the government due to their position as business leaders. If the congress were to veto their legislation, these
powerful companies may decide not to contribute to certain government

Should Copyright Law Be Changed?
Should Copyright Law Be Changed?
We often experience the effects of copyright law on a day to day basis without even realizing it. Whether we are uploading a video to Youtube or just
listening to our favorite songs over the internet, copyright law affects us. For example, nearly everyone who has spent time on Youtube has come
across a video that has been taken down due to a copyright claim. Also, listening to Pandora radio for an extended period of time will leave users with
a prompt to verify they are still there. These are examples of the consequences of copyright law; but what exactly is it?
Despite copyright law 's prevalence in out everyday life, few are wary of the potential risks of its uncontested expansion. The law has been allowed to
continuously expand with little or no opposition due to a lack of public awareness surrounding the issue. That was until the mufti–corporation
sponsored bills SOPA and PIPA made headline news in 2011. These failed bills were an explicit attempt to increase the enforcement of copyright law
over the internet.
The proposed laws were met with tremendous protests and international outrage bringing copyright law and its enforcement under the public spotlight.
History and Background
In order to understand the issues surrounding modern copyright we must first delve into the history of the law. Most parties generally agree that
modern copyright law can trace its origins to the Statute of Anne. Bowker (1912) states that the act, passed by

A New Electronic Board Game
Paul Smith, Roberta and Theo are 3 friends whom want to start a new business based upon their idea of a new electronic board game, which will be
manufactured by the group themselves. Within this case, I have found many legal issues that must be tackled or understood for the business to run
legally and smoothly.
The first issue found in the case is based around the logo that has been created by Paul for their business. First, we have to ask if Paul has checked his
logo; which can also be known as a trademark, against New Zealand's list of registered trademarks and if their chosen trademark (name, brand, logo)
is the same or similar to any others registered companies. Secondly, we would need to see if Paul plans to register the company. Paul could decide
not to register the company but still successfully use their unregistered trademark due to S9 of the Fair Trading Act 1986 (FTA), yet a registered
trademark offer's the company better protection and it is strongly advised that companies register their trade mark under the Trade Mark Act 2002
(TMA). The TMA offers a number of advantages over the FTA in terms of trademarks. Trademarks are considered under statue law meaning it can be
both criminal and civil law, therefore meaning the company could be sued or face a large fine if their trademark is similar to another and they
continue to use it. This could misrepresent the original owners of the trademark, which may lead to loss for the particular company. In this case, the trio

The Issue Of First Amendment Law
For many years, there has been a struggle of protection and privacy between government rules and citizen freedoms under the First Amendment. The
controversial issues that fall under First Amendment law have been disputed continuously. Because the First Amendment protects citizens against
government interference of freedom of expression, the boundaries of this rule have always been pushed. One of the most common, yet controversial,
issues of First Amendment law is the subject of copyright and infringement. Although the subject may not seem major at first, many different issues
and controversies have risen and become more common than ever over the years. The issues that have become pertinent to this subject are endless,
including trademark infringement, piracy, theft, fraud, plagiarism, and many more. With the coming of age and advancement of technology, these
cases have become more common and appear more often than ever before. Government officials have always been strict about copyright rulings, and
have tried to deliver fair and just rulings for both parties involved under First Amendment rules. Because the owner's work and material is protected
under the First Amendment, it gets tricky when involving another party that can claim the same work of art. In short, the definition of copyright has
always been cut and dry: allowing owners of creative works the right to control and profit from their creations. It is basically recognized as a form of
property ownership.

The Pros And Cons Of Copyright Law
Part 1
1.What is copyright?
Answer:
Copyright is a manifestation of protection given to the authors or makers of original works of authorship. Copyright law gifts authors and craftsmen
the selective right to make and offer duplicates of their works, the privilege to create subsidiary works, and the privilege to perform or presentation
their works freely. The copyright in a work of authorship quickly turns into the property of the author who created it right now it is put into altered
structure. Nobody yet the author can claim copyright to the work, unless the author awards rights to others in a composed understanding, for example,
to the author's distributer or record organization. Generally, we can tell who the author of a work is the individual who created it. Anyway some of the
time, it is not exactly that simple.
2.Copyright is automatic when ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This does not encroach the copyright owner's selective distribution rights. This was accordingly systematized in Copyright Act of 1976. In the
connection of licenses, this law says that a buyer of a licensed article has the right to use, repair, and exchange the article with no obstruction from the
patentee. The patentee may at present hold control of the article through terms in the permit or sale contract.
8.What is "attribution" as it pertains to copyright?
Answer:
The act of attributing particularly the act of securing a specific individual; as the inventor of a works is lies under the cases of copyright. As
sometimes people think that they can use the copyrighted work by just putting a reference of the author/owner of the work. But it is not sufficient;
individuals who want to use any type of copyrighted work; they have to get permission from the author/owner.
9.What is "public domain" as it pertains to copyright?

Authors Rights In The 15th Century
n the early 15th century, authors received minimal recognition for their original works. Authors received no compensation for the reproduction of their
original works, and publication companies gathered all of the fruits of the author's labor. In 1710, The British parliament enacted the Statute of Anne
which granted exclusive protection to the original author of any given work, in addition to granting them the power to control reproduction of their
work. This was monumental for authors because up until this point, British authors were all subject to piracy, where publication companies would copy
work that did not belong to them, and often times change the meanings of what the author intended. For the first time, authors had legal protection and
the power to stop others from copying their work. This became known as copyright. Following this, the drafters of the US Constitution mirrored the
statue of Anne and established authors' rights in Article 1, Section 8, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Copyright Act of 1909, which would eventually be outdated by the Copyright Act of 1976 protected all published works between 1909 and
1978. Unpublished works were protected under common law which meant that the rights would be determined by previous court cases. Under
copyright law, a work is published if copies or phonorecords are distributed to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership or by rental, lease or
lending. This was primarily based on the printing press and its distribution of works which at the time was unfair to the original author. Due to
groundbreaking developments in technology in the next 60 years such as radio, television, communication satellites, cable television, computers,
photocopying machines, videotape recorders etc., there was a dire need to reform the law to secure works now, and in the

Intellectual Property on the Internet Essay
Intellectual Property on the Internet
On one of my first web sites I had an original graphic design, done by one of my friends. The design was interesting and eye–catching, two necessary
elements for my site. I kept the design on the site for over six months, before taking it down and rebuilding. Almost a year after the graphic went up on
my site, the person who designed it saw it on another site. After he showed me, he expressed his disappointment. He had put his time and hard work
into this and someone else had just copied the image off my site and used it for themselves. The design was my friend's work and his intellectual
property.
According to the United States Information Agency, intellectual property is
[i]nformation that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These early laws were limited in scope and restricted to only a few types of information; the broader interpretation of these principles used today in the
western world is quite modern, certain elements having been added only within the last few years. ("Some myths about intellectual property")
Although the concept has been around for a long time, protection of intellectual property has never been as much of an issue as it is today. Eric
Chabrow explains:
That's because pre–Internet, intellectual property was fairly easy to protect. Books, illustrations, and reports could all be held in your hands. Even
computer software, though trickier to protect, usually resides on disks that can be protected. But the Internet makes it a cinch for any PC owner to
copy and distribute–that is, to publish–virtually anything on the World Wide Web. This powerful technology threatens to makecopyright and other
intellectual property protections obsolete. (Chabrow, Copyrights: What's Left?)
The copying of text, sound, and graphics has become easy to do, but it is extremely hard to detect. With the increased use of the Internet and software
tools that ease the copying of information, text, sound, and graphics can be used without the permission of the author or creator. To copy a word,
sentence, or an entire paper all one needs to do is

Intellectual Property Is The Legal Term
According to Wikipedia, Intellectual property is the legal term that refers to the creation of minds, such as inventors, music, literature, artistic works,
words, phrases, symbol and designs. Under intellectual property law, the owner of intellectual property is granted certain exclusive rights.
Basically, Intellectual property is the term that refers to the creation of mind: inventions, literary and artistic work; names, symbol and images used in
commerce, trade. Intellectual property is divided into two kinds
Copyright: It covers literary works (for instance poems, magazines, novels and plays), music, films, artistic works (such as paintings, drawings,
sculptures and photographs) and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of producers of phonograms in their recordings,
television programs and artists in their performances.
Industrial property: It includes all the trademarks, patents for inventions, geographical indications and industrial designs and infrastructure.
E–business is the business application of data and communication technologies in support of all the activities of business. Commerce set up the
exchange of product and services between businesses, teams and people might be seen joined of the essential activities of any business. Electronic
commerce focus on the information and communication technologies and uses this to create relationships of the business with individual, groups and
other e–businesses refers to business with the

The Internet And Internet Stealing On The Internet
The internet may be the greatest invention in human history. It is able to connect almost all of the seven billion people on the Earth, and allows these
people to share their ideas, but it also creates an intellectual property nightmare. The internet's main goal is the spread of information, but sometimes the
information isn't obtained in a way which agrees with laws put in place to protect patent and copyright holders, and trademark owners. Since the
invention and mass adoption of the internet, IP laws have been struggling to keep up and law makers have had to start thinking about IP as it pertained
to the internet and how people used it.
Websites like Pirate Bay and Megaupload allowed for millions of people to illegally obtain copies of their favorite software, songs, games, and much
more. Stealing on the internet is not a hard thing to do, the costs of copying are not high, and people can do it anonymously. There has been a push in
the last twenty years for a more aggressive enforcement of rights and laws for new forms of media.
In 1998 the world saw the passing of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) which was an attempt by the US government to combat copyright
to strengthen legal protection of intellectual property rights holders in the midst of emerging new information communication technologies. The law put
pressure on internet service providers in order for service provider's legal liabilities to be limited in the event one of their users violated copyright

The Development Ofu.s Copyright Law
The Development of U.S Copyright Law
Simon Cho
The history of U.S copyright law came from England. As a matter of fact, copyright was not intended to reward creators but to prevent sedition. As the
number of presses grew in late fifteenth century in England, the authorities started to grant control over the publication of books to a group of printers,
called the Stationers' Company in mid–sixteenth century. The Licensing Act of 1662 confirmed that licensed printers have the right to publish the work
forever. The Stationer's Company didn't disappear even though the 1662 act lapsed in 1694. Rather, it shifted its focus from printers to authors.
Therefore, the Parliament enacted the first copyright law in 1710, called the Statue of Anne, which protects author's work if they registered their work
to the government. Under the Statue of Anne, authors had a right to control their creations and sell their rights to the third person. U.S. Congress has
revised the copyright law to broaden the sphere of copyright and to address new technologies as time goes by. This paper illustrates what have the
Congress amended in the copyright law and how has the amended law impacted proprietors by looking into major revisions in U.S. copyright law.
U.S Congress reviewed its copyright law based on the Statue of Anne in early–eighteenth century. The Congress first exercised its copyright protection
with the Copyright Act of 1790, which secure the copies of maps, charts and books to the

Intellectual Property And Ip For Short
IP Write Up Name: Alexander Tuma Intellectual property or IP for short refers to the creations of the mind. For example inventions, artistic work,
designs, logos and more. (Wipo.int) IP is also protected by the law. For example it protects the users work by putting copyrights, trademarks and
patents on his or hers work. This grants the users to get recognition or money from they want they made. (Wipo.int) Copyright: A copyright is a
legal term that is used to define the rights that creators have over their artistic work and designs. A copyright can be used on Art, literature, music,
film, broadcasts and computer programs. Patents: A patent is an exclusive right only given to an invention. A patent helps to provide the owner with
the rights to decide who or how the invention can be used by. Trademarks: A trademark is a sign used to help distinguish the goods or services of
one business from another business. Trademarks can be used on letters, numbers, words, colours, phrases, logos, sound, pictures and more. Designs: A
design is about the visual appearance of a manufactured product being protected, but it is not protected in a way that protects how it works it's only
how it looks. What is a copyright infringement? A copyright infringement occurs when someone copies how the idea is expressed. This is protected by
the copyright laws, but the idea and/or information behind the work. This is not protected by the copyright laws. (clickandcopyright.com) You can also
be

Intellectual Property ( Ip ) Essay
Intellectual Property (IP) can be broadly described as using human intellect to create something new or original, and it is collectively comprised of four
categories: Trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights, and patents. Intellectual property is a valuable asset that must be protected and strategically managed.
To fully foster innovation, intellectual property protection is crucial. If protection is lacking, than businesses and individual would not fully benefit from
their inventions and could possibly refrain from research and development. Intellectual property drives economic growth and competitiveness. "The
direct and indirect economic impacts of innovation are overwhelming, accounting for more than 40% of U.S. economic growth and employment"
(GIPC, 2015, para. 3). Intellectual property contributes tremendously to our national and state economies. IP accounts for 74% of all US exports, which
amounts to nearly $1 trillion. It is also important for consumers. Solid IP rights assist consumers in making choices about the safety, effectiveness and
reliability in their purchases.
Many industries count on sufficient enforcement of their IP, by means of trade secrets, trademarks, copyrights, and patents. According to the USPTO
(2015) "In the United States patents are available to any person who invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or
composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof" (para.6). There are three types of patents

Essay on intellectual property copyrights
Arka Bani Maini (10020510 )
Mid term paper on IPR : Copyrights
Intellectual Property
Intellectual Property refers to all the intangible creations of the human mind, from scientific inventions to literary and artistic works; from symbols
to names and images used in commerce. Earlier, Neo classical economics considered land, labour and capital as things of value. But slowly
information and energy are replacing them as wealth creating assets.[1]As , the world gets more and more mobile , information can be transported
instantaneously around the world , and any advantage gained by a rival company can be discarded effectively overnight. In such a scenario, a major
challenge for companies would be to provide a blanket of protection for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the important amendments to the Copyright Act in 2012 are[4]
1. extension of copyright protection in the digital environment such as penalties for circumvention of technological protection measures and rights
management information, and liability of internet service provider and introduction of statutory licences for cover versions and broadcasting
organizations
2. ensuring right to receive royalties for authors, and music composers, exclusive economic and moral rights to performers, equal membership rights in
copyright societies for authors and other right owners and exception of copyrights for physically disabled to access any works.
In the Copyright law of India , "Indian Work" means a literary, dramatic or musical work by an author who is a citizen of India , or which was first
published in India ,or in case of an unpublished work , an author who at the time of creation , was a citizen of India. The total term of protection for
literary work is the author's life plus sixty years. For cinematographic films, records, photographs, posthumous publications, anonymous publication,
works of government and international agencies the term is 60 years

Production Music Definition Essay
2.3 Definitions: The Terms and Definitions related to Production Music Library In order for the reader to fully understand the terminology appeared
in this research paper, the following definitions are given. Apparently, a lot of these terms will be familiar to any readers who have experiences in the
field of music publishing and music licensing. "Background" refers to music that "the actor(s) can hear coming from a radio, jukebox or party, it
also has the same definition as "Source Cue" and "Source Music" (AIMP, n.d.). "Blanket License" is "used to give blanket permission to use any
music from a specific catalog" and is commonly used in "a situation where issuing individual music licenses for each piece or each use would be
cumbersome". And paying the "Blanket Fees" to use a Blanket License means that the person or the company can use any music ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Their job "starts with breaking down the script and discussing the director's concept" and also "oversees all music–related business on a project",
which includes "assisting with the budget", "working with the director to find the right composer and music editor", and even "coordinating
soundtrack releases with record labels" (Get In Media, n.d.). "Performing Rights" is "the right to perform music in public. This is "a part of copyright
law and demands payment to the music's composer/lyricist and publisher when a business uses music in a public performance" and the "examples of
public performances are broadcast and cable television, radio, concerts, nightclubs, and restaurants" (Gammon, 2011). The income from these public
performances is called "Performance Royalties" and the organizations that collect such royalties is called "Performance Rights Organization (PRO)" in
which in the USA, these are "BMI, ASCAP, and

IT Developers and Copyright Management
IT Developers and Copyright Management
Any material or product given by the company says its copyright terms based on the act registered any volition would lead to penalty. The thing is that
we need to check that, is there any restriction that version.
Explained about the different theories their impact on the above topic each and individual theory has given its own importance all of those are being
detailed explain with a suitable example. How Australian computer society act on its principle.
In all the cases free version has less application compare to full version this thing is needed to be known. Its main intention is to educate on that
version to some extend if more demanded need to buy
Some of the examples
If we are logging to the university number of times that may make them think that we are hacking it. Information regarding username and passwords to
the third party will lead to violation of university act, material are used to educate their students not to use it those purposes that may lead to violence
of their terms.
Many applications in computers can be free downloaded such as media players and converters. As the number of people using it increase than that
product cost start decrease in the similar way, this is why many applications for computers are available for free. The version downloaded for free
does have any copyright violation Software they are giving has a copyright, terms and conditions which is need to be followed as per the company

Intellectual Property Protection and Enforcement Essay
Intellectual property (IP) is defined as property that is developed through an intellectual and creative processes. Intellectual property falls under the
category of property known as intangible rights, which includes patents (inventions of processes, machines, manufactures, and compositions of matter),
copyrights (original artistic and literary works of), trademarks (commercial symbols), and trade secrets ((product formulas, patterns, designs).
Intellectual property rights has a significant value to both individuals and businesses, providing in the case of large companies, over one half of their
value on return. Since intellectual property rights are so important to the U.S. economy and its citizens, federal and state law provides ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
By contrast, the constitutional basis for federal trademark law is the Commerce Clause." (Yeh, p.1, 2012).
As a result, many laws, such as the Uniform Trade Act, the Misappropriation of a Trade Secret, the Economic Espionage Act, theCopyright Act, the
Federal Patent Statute, and Lanham Act just to mention a few, have been enacted to provide legal protection against the unauthorized use, theft, and
other violations of the rights granted by those statutes to the intellectual property owners. For instance, the Economic Espionage Act (EEA) was
enacted by congress making it a federal crime to steal another's trade secrets for own or another's benefit. In addition, the EEA was passed to address
the ease of stealing trade secrets through computer espionage and using the internet, and to penalize those who commit these type of crimes.
Additionally, these laws allow the IP owners to recover any profits made by the offender, recover any damages, provide severe criminal penalties, fine
organizations, and impose prison terms and injunctions to all perpetrators as a remedy.
Furthermore, intellectual property rights gives their owners or holders monopoly rights as a protective measure for a specific period of time. For
example, in 1995, congress modified the U.S. patent law to make invention patents valid for 20 years and design patents valid for 14

Essay Intellectual Property and Copyrights Issues in China
Intellectual Property and Copyrights Issues in China
1. Introduction
China had made great improvement in deregulation and had complied with its obligations to follow rules and agreements such as Agreement on
Trade–Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) as a new member of the World TradeOrganization (WTO) since 2001. TRIPS introduced
intellectual property rules into the multilateral trading system. It ensures that computer programs will be protected as literary works under the Berne
Convention and outlines how databases should be protected under copyright section.
As the rush to riches continues to gain pace, people's legal right to own private property is protected by a law. However, Intellectual property and ...
The derivative works are encouraged with the condition that derivatives must be designated as freeware. Most prominent offering is the GNU/Linux
operating system.
When the original copyright holder explicitly relinquishes all rights to the software it is classified as public domain software. All intellectual works
and software are protected when they are committed to a medium. Therefore it must be marked as such to be public domain.
2) What's the difference? Copyrights, patents, trademarks, etc
They are treated differently because they use different types of creations. According to WTO definition, patents, industrial designs, integrated circuit
designs, geographical indications and trademarks have to be registered in order to be protected by law. However, copyright and trade secrets are
protected automatically according to specified conditions. There is no need to disclose and this is how copyrighted computer software is constructed.
2. Copyright Status
China ranked second for software piracy after Vietnam in 2000 report from Business Software Alliance. US is reckoned to lose $1.12bn in 2000 through
Chinese copyright abuse. Chinese authorities called for better implementations of Chinese copyright issues be implemented and they are trying to

maintain control over its expending internet population, which more than quadrupled during 1999 to 8.9 million users according to Chinese officials.

Copyright Research Paper
Across human history, societies adopted different political and societal systems. The same applies in term of trade, in which the system evolved from
basic barter, common sharing, up to the invention of gold coins, trade and commerce system. Today's world is dominated by western cultures. The
different political, economic, and societal systems in the world are strongly influenced by the western civilization values.
Laws for copyright, piracy, intellectual property somehow find the origins in the socio–economical system of our world.
In the following essay, we will try to explore the different characteristics of the worlds which may engender the need for copyright. We will next
explain what are piracy and intellectual property vis–Г –vis the notion of copyright.
Several characteristics of today's world and its business made copyright essentials for the course of everyday activities.
First the materialism has been the main philosophy of most individuals. People are commonly judged based on their material possession. The emphasis
is thus put on what someone's own, its goods, properties. The material benefit is of first importance, and it is the basis of world business. Thus, when
someone creates, produces or makes something of potential material benefit, he will definitely want to protect it. It's clear that in such context
copyright automatically becomes crucial.
The second point is the economy. Capitalism is the major economic system throughout the world. Here again the

Terms Of Service For [ Websitename.com
TERMS OF SERVICE FOR [WEBSITENAME.COM] Updated as of February 1, 2016 The following terms and conditions (the "Terms of
Service") govern your access to and use of the [WEBSITENAME.COM] ("Site"), any services provided by [INSERT COMPANY NAME]
(?Company?) through the Site ("Service") and any information, text, graphics, or other materials appearing on the Site or Service ("Content"). By
accessing or using this Site, Content, or Service, you agree to be bound by these Terms of Service. We reserve the right to modify these Terms of
Service from time to time. If this occurs, we will provide prominent notice of it on [WEBSITENAME.COM]. The revised terms will take effect when
they are posted. You acknowledge and agree that if you use the Site... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If you are at least 13 but not yet 18 years of age: Please have your parents or legal guardian review these Terms of Service with you and discuss any
questions you might have. Please have them give you their consent to use the service with both your and their full understanding of these Terms of
Service. By using the Services, you are confirming that you and your parent or guardian have joined in this agreement. Parents and Guardians: Please
supervise your children 's on–line activities. If you do not agree to these Terms of Service, do not let your child use the Services. If you have any
further questions about our Services please contact us. If you are the parent or guardian of a child under 13 and believe that he or she is using the
Services, please contact us at support@[WEBSITENAME.COM]. Parents and Guardians: please oversee your child 's use of the Site. The Site
facilitates the private sharing of user–generated–content. However, Company assumes no responsibility for screening, filtering, or monitoring the
content that is shared or viewed by its members, some of which may not be appropriate for children under age 18, and which may contain "R–rated"
material, comprise nudity, violence or mature subject matter. Minors ' parents or guardians shall be solely responsible for overseeing, screening,
filtering, and/or monitoring their child 's use of the Site and its Services. Company assumes no responsibility for

Copyright And Its Developments, Emphasis On Moral Rights
Copyright and its Developments, emphasis on moral rights The Law of Copyright and its historical development – Tracing back the historical
development of copyright protection of the authors work, the idea of copyright protection only began to emerge with the invention of printing,
which made it possible for the literary works to be duplicated by mechanical processes. Prior to that, hand copying was the sole mean of
reproduction. Following Gutenberg 's invention of printing press in 1436 in Germany, the necessity of protecting printers and booksellers was
recognized there. Consequently, German Principalities granted certain privileges to printers and publishers and also authors. The art of printing
spread quickly in Europe, King Richard Ill in 1483 allowed foreigners to import manuscripts and books into England and print them there. As a
result of this, much of the book trade came in the hands of foreigners. However, this freedom enabled England to emerge as a major center of
printing trade in Europe. The spread of technological innovation led to creation of a class of intermediaries who made the initial investment in
bringing out a book i.e. printers who at the same time also functioned as booksellers. They were called 'Stationers ' in England . In 1523 and 1528,
restrictions were introduced by Henry V Ill, prohibiting the importation of books altogether in 1533 on the ground that there were enough printers and
book–binders in England. In 1529, a system of privileges was

Intellectual Property Is The Legal Term
Introduction
According to Wikipedia, Intellectual property is the legal term that refers to the creation of minds, such as inventors, music, literature, artistic works,
words, phrases, symbol and designs. Under intellectual property law, the owner of intellectual property is granted certain exclusive rights.
Basically, Intellectual property is the term that refers to the creation of mind: inventions, literary and artistic work; names, symbol and images used in
commerce, trade. Intellectual property is divided into two kinds
Copyright: It covers literary works (for instance poems, magazines, novels and plays), music, films, artistic works (such as paintings, drawings,
sculptures and photographs) and architectural designs. Rights related to copyright include those of producers of phonograms in their recordings,
television programs and artists in their performances.
Industrial property: It includes all the trademarks, patents for inventions, geographical indications and industrial designs and infrastructure.
E–business is the business application of data and communication technologies in support of all the activities of business. Commerce set up the
exchange of product and services between businesses, teams and people might be seen joined of the essential activities of any business. Electronic
commerce focus on the information and communication technologies and uses this to create relationships of the business with individual, groups and
other e–businesses refers to

Copyright In The Music Industry
Since the recording of music began, the music industry has been very dependent on record labels to help artist reach mainstream success. The role of a
record label is to assist an artist/musician in gaining of the attention consumers. Along with that these labels also aid performers in marketing their work
through radio, magazines, newspapers, and television, but also involves the marketing of music recordings and live performances. The majority of the
time they would send artist's work to publishers that would work on trademarks, production, manufacture, distribution, marketing, promotion, but most
importantly is the enforcement of copyright laws for written and sound recordings.With that being said record labels are the ones who set the terms ...
For a jazz musician copyrights usually, applies to tunes and notes that are already written down and not solos. Copyright laws consider most early jazz
songs as derivative works. What that means is that copyright protection and rights are based not on what the jazz musician has added, but what he has
used. Under the Copyright Act," the owner of the composition copyright has the exclusive right "to prepare derivative works based upon the
copyrighted work." Categorizing jazz interpolations as derivative works have practical consequences that do not favor the jazz musician. As an initial
matter, there is the issue of how jazz musicians must go about obtaining the rights even to record the song. The Act creates a compulsory licensing
scheme for copyrighted compositions, which allows players to use any musical composition without having to negotiate with the copyright owner for
permission, so long as the musical work has been licensed previously to someone else for mechanical reproduction and the musician pays a statutory
royalty. Usually, all they needed was a mechanical license to perform the works that were covered. The license would allow them to automatically get
permission from the artist from the artist and the publishers in return guaranteeing them royalties from the cover. Musicians have more immediate
access to previous artistic works than artists in other mediums seeking to use prior works. The compulsory licensing scheme for musical derivative
works thus alleviates some of the transaction costs of bargaining. The problem is that obtaining a compulsory license does not protect the original
musical contributions added in the subsequent artist's rendition. That is, compulsory licensees convey only the right to record and distribute the
underlying work. A separate copyright does not automatically attach another form of the material to that copyright. If a musician wants to protect his
pieces, he

Intellectual Property And Copyright Property Rights Essay
Introduction
When we use our mind as the intelligent humans we are, sometimes out of that comes Intellectual property. Intellectual property is an idea that was
created by one with the intention to trademark, copyright or patent the creation they have made. There are many forms of intellectual property that exist
ranging from artistic sides to mechanical sides and etc. With those many forms intellectual property is broken down into two factions, industrial
property and copyright in which all the forms of intellectual property lye somewhere in those two factions. To understand intellectual property a little
more we need too look at the two and break down the factions. Also take a look at the protection and the laws that pertain to copyright, trademarks, and
patents.
Discussion
The term intellectual property refers to the innovations of the human mind. Intellectual property rights protect the interests of these innovators by
giving them property rights attached to those ideas. The term "intellectual property rights" stands for these legal rights that authors, inventors, and
other creators have. Intellectual property laws relate to a particular way in which ideas or information is expressed or displayed, but not the actual
ideas or exact concept itself. The first use of the expression "intellectual property" appears to be October 1845, in Davoll vs. Brown, a patent case in
Massachusetts. Justice Charles Woodbury said that "only in this way can we protect

The Copy-Rights Law : The Laws Of Copy Rights Laws
This particular article deals mainly with the different copy right laws that have been made throughout all these years and what exactly they do. Within
the article the reader can expect to find in–depth details on each copy right law, what it does, and how long it is effective for. The author mentions first
that around fifteen years ago it was President Bill Clinton that signed a copyright extension law. The article explains that when America was first
founded that copyright protection was only good for approximately twenty eight years. From there the author begins explaining to the reader how
copyright laws have advanced since that time. They talk about how in the mid–twentieth century Congress decided to double that period and make it ...
Senator Brown was also quoted saying that he did everything in his power to slow the progress of the Copyright Protection bill as often as he could.
The author also talks on the reason why it took the bill approximately three years to pass and the role the restaurant industry played in that. The author
adds in the fact that when the extension was signed by President Bill Clinton in 1998 that it took on some heavy legal challenges almost immediately
and how those challenges eventually died out. The paper article wraps up by talking about how if Hollywood wants to see away with this extension
and change the Copyright laws they are going to have to begin that fight now.
Copyright law originated with the United States Constitution. In Article I, Section 8, the United States Constitution states that "Congress shall have the
power to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective
wrights and discoveries" (Purdue). Copyright is a federal law. Copyright laws protect published works by preventing original materials from being used
or copied without the creator's permission. These protections extend to copying, adapting, publishing, communicating, and publicly performing
protected literary, dramatic, musical, or artistic works. Today, the laws are located in

Music And Its Effect On The Music Industry
Music plays a very vital role in every person's life. Music can change the emotions and senses of a person. No one can actually describe to what
extent music is importance but certainly it has a crucial role. Time has been changing with various artists and the creativity has been changing but
the music lovers are still the same as they appreciate and receive the music to the same extent as usual. What are the ways to enjoy music and the
different forms to access it? Music can be purchased, shared from peer to peer; it can be accessed via radio cassettes, CDs, apart from all these the
majority of music is being used by people by downloading from internet. Sharing of music has caused a serious damage to the music industry; in
1999 the debut of the online music sharing services called Napster has totally changed the scenario of the music industry. The topic that we are
going to briefly describe in the essay includes how the music transferring is taking place in today's world, is it the ethical way to download music,
what are the impacts of illegal downloading of music, who are the people getting affecting and how can be rectified to save music industry. The
Australian laws on illegal downloading have been briefly explained in the following paragraphs. According to Rabindranath Thakur who is famous
poet and novelist, "Music is the purest forms of art... therefore true poets, they who are seers, seek to express the universe in terms of music... The
singer has everything within

Essay about Piracy Of Copyright
Piracy Of Copyright
Introduction: The world today has entered into an era of instant communication. A person sitting in the remotest corner of India can enjoy live
performance taking place in the far away places like America or Africa, thanks to electronic (parallel) media. Telephone and fax have made it possible
to communicate oral or written messages across the globe within seconds. The computer–aided communication technologies such as E–Mail and
Internet have added altogether a new dimension to today's communication process by making it more speedy, informative and economical. The ways
through which different types of information can be communicated have also undergone a sea change. These days a film song can be put in or accessed
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Copyright and International Relations: The scope of copyright is not confined merely to the arena of creativity and its economic exploitation in the
country of its origin. It has emerged as a major factor in international relations. In the recent past, the trade relations between the US and China
deteriorated considerably over the issue of protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). The US maintained that China is the worst violator of IPRs
and the loss to the US economy is more than 2 billion dollars annually because of violation of its IPRs in China's territory. The dispute took a serious
turn when US trade groups wanted trade relations with China to be stopped completely. It was only after the intervention of the heads of both the
countries any further deterioration was averted.
Copyright in India: The copyright in India has travelled a long way since it was introduced during the British rule. The first law on copyright was
enacted in the year 1847 by the then Governor General of India. When Copyright Act 1911 came into existence in England, it became automatically
applicable to India, being India an integral part of British Raj. This act was in force in the country until after independence when a new copyright act
(the Act of

Copyright Term Extension Act Research Paper
The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, also known as CTEA, extended the previous copyright terms from 1976. The new CTEA of 1998
extended the copyright terms to the life of the author plus 70 years for an individual and for works of corporate authorship, up to 120 years after
creation or 95 years after publication whichever endpoint is earlier. Copyright protection for work before January 1st, 1978, was increased by an
additional 20 years from their publication date to make a total of 95 years from their publication date. The previous Copyright Term Extension Act of
1976 lasted the life of the author plus 50 years for an individual, and for corporate authorship, it lasted 75 years. This Copyright Protection Act of
1998 earned the nickname of the "Mickey Mouse Protection Act". The Walt Disney Company lobbied on behalf of this new Act. The new Copyright
Term Extension Act delayed the entry into the public domain of the earliest Mickey Mouse movies. This new act gave Disney an... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
For instance, when their copyright terms go out it allows others to use their work or characters without having to get permission. When this happens
the company will lose money, because whatever they have created can be used without charge. It may seem selfish on the outside but I can see where
it would make me mad if something I created lost its copyright terms and was being used everywhere without my permission. For Walt Disney World,
a company that is creating new things almost every day, it is important that they can reward the creators with income, because that product is exclusive
to the company. I feel that copyright terms help the artists in the world, it makes them think more creatively and make something of their own instead
of taking what someone else has done. Copyrights also encouraged new work being brought into the world, new movies, new music, and new art,
instead of seeing the same things over and

Technology Commercialization And Information Controls
GUEST LECTURE SUMMARY:
Technology commercialization and information controls:
Technology commercialization: The main aim of this lecture is to make us understand about technology commercialization and information control.
Firstly the key terms (discovery, invention, technology, commercialization) are used to make us understand the term technology commercialization by
showing the relationship between them.
Discovery – finding a previously unknown natural law, material, property or other information – basic science/research (quantum mechanics, genetics,
periodic table, relativity, DNA)
Invention – creating a prototype of a machine or process based upon discoveries (first transistor, LASER, radio, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Information control:
In business and accounting, information technology controls (or IT controls) are specific activities performed by persons or systems designed to ensure
that business objectives are met. They are a subset of an enterprise 's internal control.
Commercial companies protect information for making profits and to increase the share value. The main three things in commercial information
control are patent, copyrights and trade secrets/propritery information.
1)Patents are used to protect concepts, inventions and designs.
2)Copyrights protect publications like books and recordings
3)Any information protected as proprietary or trade secrets (business processes, internal organization, internal research).
Employees may have to sign agreements not to disclose sensitive information outside company (NDA, PIA).
Employees to have to sign non–compete agreements should they change employers Suppliers and partners may also be bound by NDAs or PIAs.
Most technology commercialization involves information control. If the customer is from another company then the information will be provided on
contractual obligations. Like business plans and organization, inventions and trade secrets, suppliers and organization and all the vital information is
not shared if they have to share the information its all done in contract bases.
Commercial technical information often termed "Intellectual Property" or "IP".
US Legal Basis – Commercial Information

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