Autism And Childhood Of Autism Essay

Autism And Childhood Of Autism Essay
Introduction
Conceivably the utmost prolifically explored of all youth psychiatric disorders, Autism continues to
be a captivating condition. The conception and description of the disorder has evolved significantly
over time leaving some philosophies once held with principle to later verify to be unproven.
Scientists and clinicians have provided the highest influences to the understanding of the illness,
however, history does illustrate countless teachings and initial interpretations of a possible genesis
of autism to be uncertain. The socio–political transferences along with research conclusions have
fundamentally transformed ones grasp of the disorder in addition to the attention and treatment
given to those with autism.
History
Revealed over seventy years ago, autism has been a deeply researched complex disorder of brain
development. The mental disorder has produced two international Journals: The Journal of Autism
and Developmental Disorders; this particular journal generated life in 1971 as The Journal of
Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, with Leo Kanner and Stella Chess as its foundation editors;
and lastly, Autism: the International Journal of Research and Practice which originally appeared in
1997 (Wolff, 2004). Contributing everyday articles on care, treatment, and instruction–for a
multidisciplinary audience–an additional two journals devoted to autism were manufactured: the
journals which are titled Focus on Autism and other Developmental Disabilities which
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Autism : A Type Of Autism
One in 100 children will be born with a type of Autism. This number has doubled since the mid–
1990's (Nature Education). Autism affects 1.5 million people (Howard). Autism develops within the
first years of life and is four times more likely to be present in boys than in girls (Kinsey). Some
researchers believe autism caused by failure to prune sufficient nerve cells, or to get rid of damaged
nerve cells in the proper manner (Howard). There is treatment for all types of autism and are
available but none are known to be curable. Autos, which means self is the Greek work for Autism
(Kinsey). In the 1920's Dr. Leo Kanner concluded that the cause of Autism was because of
"refrigerator mother". Kanner used that term to refer to mothers that were cold and distant from their
children and reasoned that it was the mothers fault for the child having autism (Parks). Autism
actually has nothing to do with parenting and you cannot grow out of it (Freedman). Intensive
behavior and/or developmental therapy, along with speech, occupational and physical therapies– are
likely to be similar no matter what the official autism spectrum diagnosis (Rudy). There is no single
cause for any of these disorders and they are all due to abnormalities in the structure or function of
the brain (Kinsey). Therapy that all disorders use is behavior therapy, psychotherapy, special
education, structured treatment, program with speech therapy, and occupational therapists (Kinsey).
Treatments work better than

Autism : Children With Autism
Running head: AUTISM 1 AUTISM 10 Autism Name: Institution: Autism Introduction Autism is a
disorder that is encompassed in the autism spectrum (ASDs) (Landa, 2007). Autism spectrum
disorders describe the brain development disorders and encompass Asperger syndrome, autism, and
pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD–NOS) disorders. Features of the
ASDs includes sensory and cognition problems, difficulty in communicating with other people, and
repetitive behaviors. This paper will discuss autism with respect to what it is, the causes, autism in
the inclusive classroom (what can be done to enhance total inclusion) and the role of the community.
Meaning and Causes Autism is a brain disorder that is characterized by slow and difficult
comprehension of spoken and non–verbal communication and repetition of behaviors. Autism is
normally noticed in the first two years of a child (Myers & Johnson, 2007). Asperger syndrome is an
autistic disorder that has almost the same similarities with autism. People with Asperger syndrome
have little comprehension of the world and its surroundings and poor communication with other
people. People with Asperger syndrome are hard to recognize, as they do not show on their outward
appearances. They are average or above average intellectually and have fewer problems in terms of
speech and specific learning disabilities unlike in autism. These difficulties include dyslexia,
epilepsy, and attention

Autism And The Prevalence Of Autism
The term autism has become a hot topic in recent years. The increasing number of children being
diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) coupled with the uncertainty of the cause and
treatment methods has only added fuel to the fire. The Center for Disease Control currently reports
the rate of diagnosis at 1 in 68 children (Baio, 2014). This number is a startling when you consider
the studies conducted in Europe in the 1960's and 1970's reported the prevalence of autism to be 1 in
2,500 children (Baio, 2014). Like with any intellectual disability, autism affects the person
diagnosed as well as the caregivers. Various studies have demonstrated that a child having a
diagnosis of autism can have negative effects on the parent's mental health (Benson & Karloff,
2009). This finding is understandable if one considers the added emotional and psychological
stressors that can come along with adjusting to a lifelong diagnosis for the child. Access to potential
treatment resources and the finances to pay for such treatment add another layer of stress to an
already overwhelmed parent. In the replication study, Benson & Karloff noted that depression, anger
and psychological stress were all higher for parents of children with autism (2009). One of the
frustrating things for parents can be the uncertainty of treatment efficacy. Many an wait on lists for
months or years to begin a particular program only to find the treatment may or may not be effective
for their child. Studies

The Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism )
Autism is also known as classical autism as well as an autism spectrum disorder or ASD. Classical
autism is one of the five types of autism spectrum disorders in which all are developmental brain
disorders. The development disability challenges children to have social, communication and
language problems and a limited range of activities and interests. The other types of autism
spectrum disorder include Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett syndrome,
and pervasive developmental disorder (autism.emedtv.com). Autism differs from child; they don't
experience the exact same problems therefore the severity ranges. According to Dr. Ananya Mandal,
it is possible for autism to result from one or more cause. She describes some of these causes to be
the advancing age of the parents, defective immune systems and responses, inflammation of the
brain, environmental toxins, premature birth, and genetic problems or syndromes. Defective genes
play an important role, but the severity of the condition depends on the factors mentioned. Given
that autism is a range of disorders, there are several interacting causes that may lead to ASD. Due to
the complexity of the disorder making each autistic child unique, the precise cause is difficult to
determine (news–medical.net). An example of an environmental toxin is viruses. Dr. Mandal
explains that some infections that relate to the development of autism include encephalitis caused by
measles, congenital rubella, herpes simplex

Autism And Autism
The Effects of Music Therapy on Autistic Children
As the late poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow once said, " Music is the universal language of
mankind." Music is one of the few forms of communication that transcends language barriers and
time. A person in Canada and a person is Madagascar, a person with a mental disorder and a person
without, they both will perceive the expressiveness of music in the same way (Torres,
2016).Researchers and therapist have utilized music as a means to facilitate the development of
communication and acceptable social behaviors in children who may have developmental issues and
mental disorders. One such disorder is the Autistic Spectrum Disorder (otherwise known as ASD).
Autism defined as " developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal
communication and social interaction, generally before age 3," (as cited in Gilsenan, 2011). While
there are factors that influence the overall efficacy of the therapy such as age and parenting, music
therapy is an efficient form of early intervention for treating autism.
Autism defined as " developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal
communication and social interaction, generally before age 3," (as cited in Gilsenan, 2011). These
impairments ( social interaction and communication) ,as well as the impairment of imagination(
imaginative play and understanding of alternate outcomes), are called the triad of impairments,(
Lowth, , 2014, para. 8). While the

Autism And Family
Autism's Impact on the Family Dynamic
For this section, I will refer to results of questions 7 through 10 from the questionnaire.
(Question 7:Do you think families, once discovering their child has Autism, should continue to
procreate even if it increases the chances of their next child having the same disorder?)
Primary Research
The majority of females were indecisive about whether families, with an autistic child, should
continue to reproduce, even if it increases the chances of their next child having the same disorder.
Possible reasons for this could be because they may believe a woman should be allowed to decide
for herself whether she continues to procreate or not. Meanwhile, 23% of males were against the
idea of allowing women to continue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is research which indicates that high levels of testosterone in the amniotic fluid of pregnant
women is associated with autistic traits in children(India Parenting,n.d). Those that have given birth
to a child with Autism have an increased chance of having a second child with a similar
disorder(Raising Children Network,2014). There are also prenatal tests that exist for other
conditions such as Down's syndrome which can be compared to ASD. Families upon learning their
fetus could have this intellectual disability, between 70 and 85% of pregnant women choose
abortion(Chew, 2013). However, a large percent of individuals choose not abort their child as many
have religious beliefs which condemn the act of aborting

Autism : A Child With Autism
A Child with Autism
By Shawn Wirth
Arkansas State University Beebe Autism is not a disease, or a reaction; it is a developmental
neurobiological differences in brain function. People with autism have difficulty with
communication and interaction with others. The symptoms of autism may range from total lack of
communication with others to difficulty in understanding others' feelings. Since there is such a range
of symptoms it is now called Autism Spectrum Disorder(Disabled world 2008)
Literature Review High functioning autism (HFA) is at one end of the spectrum. Signs and
symptoms are less severe than with other forms of autism. In fact, Asperger's Syndrome (AS) and
high functioning autism (HFA) are often referred to as the same diagnosis. As of right now they are
two different diagnosis but there is a debate as to if it is necessary. In the future they may be
combined as one diagnosis. Individuals with AS or HFA have average or above average intelligence
but may struggle with the social interactions and communication. "Persons with autism may exhibit
repeated body movements (hand flapping, rocking), unusual responses to people or attachments to
objects and resistance to changes in routines. Individuals may also experience sensitivities in the
five senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste." (Disabled World 2008). Some people with high
function autism or Asperger's Syndrome demonstrate the ability to remember dates, maps, phone
numbers or other factual

Autism And The Autism Spectrum Essay
Autism is a developmental disorder, which is characterized by a dyad of difficulties in a)
communication and social interaction and b) restricted interests and imagination (American
Psychiatric Association, 2013). Individuals on the Autism Spectrum might find it challenging to
understand what other people think or what the reasons for their behaviours are, as their 'theory of
mind' may not be well developed (Schuwerk, Vuori & Sodian, 2015). It is possible that this is why
they might behave in socially inappropriate ways, being unable to differentiate between different
contexts, while they might also find it difficult to make friends. Moreover, it is likely that they are
fond of routines, repetition and structure (Carnahan, Musti–Rao, & Bailey, 2009), as they might be
nervous with unknown, new situations. In addition, some of them might not do eye contact with
other people, whereas some others might not endure to be touched and might have a difficulty
developing speech (Jordan, 2005). Individuals on the Autism Spectrum might sometimes be
prohibited to initiate conversations and might struggle with finding different ways to play and
behave, due to the possible deficit of imagination, which in some cases might result in them having
a narrow sphere of interests. Nevertheless, it should be noted that this group of people is rather
heterogeneous, as characteristics of autism may differ from one individual to another (Gwynette,
2013). Another point is that people with Autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER "Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general
terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development." Those with autism may have a
number of difficulties such as in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and
repetitive behaviors. It is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments that have lifelong
consequences. This paper will discuss how it is found in people, what the effects are, the levels of
autism, and how you can help those with autism.
Annually in the U.K., the support is between 3.1–3.4 billions Euros. Almost fifty percent of that is
towards special education, for parental productivity and respite care is about fifteen percent, and for
medical is ten percent.
One out of forty–two boys and one out of 189 girls, are born with autism. Autism affects one in
sixty–eight kids. Prevalence rates have gone up ten to seventeen percent in recent years. Autism is
one of the fastest growing developmental disorders in the United States. It usually costs families up
to $60,000 a year on average. Girls are five times less likely than boys to have autism. It is
characterized by social interaction difficulties. Severity varies across three core areas.
Practitioners call autism a spectrum. One end of it there is those who cannot function in society due
to the impairments of the disorder. Then there are those who are at the other end, they seem quirky
and can have independent and successful lives. The level of

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism )
Intro
Autism Spectrum Disorder, abbreviated as ASD, refers to a range of characteristics, signs, and
symptoms that are unique. Autism Spectrum Disorder is an umbrella term and has five conditions,
which are different but related. The five conditions of Autism Spectrum Disorder: 1) Autism, 2)
Asperger Syndrome, 3) Rett's Disorder, 4) Childhood Disintegrative (CDD), 5) Pervasive
Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (PDD–NOS). While each condition may have
similarities there are primary differences in regards to their behaviors, social interaction, and ability
to communicate. Autism is a developmental disability that can affect both verbal and nonverbal
communication and social interactions. Evidence of autism is generally seen before the age of 3 but
one can also be diagnosed after this age. Some characteristics associated with autism are resistance
to environmental change or change in routines, unusual responses to sensory experiences, engaging
in repetitive activities, and stereotypical movements. These characteristics will affect a student's
educational performance. Close to 50 percent of children with autism do not speak at all, while
others have echolalic speech (Houston–Wilson). Echolalic speech refers to a mimicked response.
For example, when given a command the child may repeat the command word for word without
comprehending what is being said. This type of communication may not be immediate. A child may
recall a song from a movie he or she

Autism Between Autism And Autism
Parents, teachers, and professionals around the world are baffled by the startling statistics
surrounding one diagnosis that is affecting so many of the children they know and love. The Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that 1 in 68 children are diagnosed with autism
spectrum disorders in the United States alone, including almost five times more boys than girls
(2015). Autism is a neurobiological developmental disability that has swiftly become the fastest–
growing developmental disability, as the rate of diagnosis continues to rise. Autism encompasses an
entire spectrum of disorders, meaning that symptoms and severity can vary greatly from child to
child. In addition, the symptoms seen in one individual can vary from day to day (Woliver, 2008). It
is critical to fully understand autism in order to fully understand the children that it affects. Despite
the fact that autism was first discussed in the 1940s, very little was known about the disorder until
recent decades. Today, scientists are still unsure of the exact cause. Research suggests that genetics
and the environment both play a role and that there is not a single cause. The case for genetics is
supported by the fact that children are two to eight percent more likely to have autism if they have a
sibling with autism. Studies have also been done on the link between vaccines and autism, but
currently there is not enough evidence to suggest a correlation exists between the two (National
Institute of

Autism Vs Autism
Mental disorders, also known as mental illness these diseases contain a wide range of conditions.
These diseases can affect your personality, moods, thinking and your behavior. There are many
different mental disorders they are commonly known for affecting a person's ability to think, process
information and your behavior. Some examples of mental disorders are: anxiety disorders, bipolar
disorder, depression, mood disorders, personality disorders, psychotic disorders. There are many
causes to mental disorders, your genetics and your life experiences, such as history of abuse or
stress. Focusing in on one of the mental disorders, Autism also known as autism spectrum disorder.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are believed to have genetic and environmental origins, yet in only
a modest fraction of individuals can be identified (Neale, 2012).
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex
disorders of brain development ("What is Autism," 2014). Autism is very common, it affects over
200,000 people in the United States per year. Autism can be treated but there is no known cure for
autism, it can only last for a couple of years or a lifetime. This disorder is a serious development
disorder that impairs the patient's ability to interact and communicate with others. This disorder
attacks the nervous system, it is known to affect ages 3–60 and is more likely to affect males over
females. The symptoms can vary, the most common symptoms include

Autism And Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay
Jaylin Haley
Mrs. Szopinski
English III
29 April 2016
Autism
Scientifically, autism and autism spectrum disorder, also known as ASD, are commonly used names
for difficult disorders that have to do with brain development. Disorders like these are grouped by
someone's difficulty in social interaction, repetitive behaviors, and nonverbal communication. To the
people who are diagnosed with this disorder and the families it affects; it is so much more than just
science. Autism had many different names and age when it occurs depends on the multiple
symptoms. Before they were all combined into one, they were grouped as autistic disorder,
pervasive development disorder, Asperger syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder. Most
people do not realize that some people affected by ASD surpass in visual skills, art, math, and
music. Most signs of autism or symptoms start to occur between the age of two and three (Autism
Speaks ). The term "autism" has been used for approximately one hundred years. Autism comes
from the Greek word "autos" which means "self." Self applies to autism because people are taken
away from their social life and isolate themselves. A Switzerland psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, was
the first person ever to use the word autism in 1911 towards symptoms of schizophrenia. From 1940
through the 1990s, doctors have had many theories on how autism affects children. They came to
the conclusion that autism medically affects each child differently. Towards the 1980s

The Effects Of Autism On Children With Autism
What is autism? To some people it can mean many different things. Autism Spectrum Disorders are
a range of intense developmental disorders that can cause problems with an individuals' thinking,
feeling, language, and the ability to relate to others. Autism is a neurological disorder which means
that it affects the functioning of the brain. ("Autism Spectrum Disorders" n.d). Some symptoms of
autism may include repetitive body movements and communicating with gestures instead of words.
Others are intense tantrums and showing aggression. ("Signs and Symptoms" 2015). Many children
with autism can lead a very happy life if they get the right help. They must have patient teachers and
people around them that are always positive. Living with autism can be frustrating for both the
parents and children. Children with autism become frustrated when they cannot do things that others
can. There are many unanswered questions about autism; however, more and more cases of autism
are showing that the children are able to eventually lead independent lives.
What is Asperger's syndrome? Asperger's is a more mild form of Autism, it is a functioning disorder
where those who have it can be high functioning, hyper production, obsessive compulsive and
socially awkward. (Rosin 2014) "Adolescents with high–functioning Asperger's Disorder (high
functioning autism spectrum disorders, HFASD) appear to be particularly at risk for behavior and
emotional problems, especially depression and anxiety" (Rosin

Autism Spectrum Disorder And Autism
Autism Spectrum Disorder, more commonly known as Autism, is a prevalent developmental
disorder that has grown to a major extent recently in the United States, UK, Japan and Europe as
well (Landrigan 219). According to an article written in 2014 by Chris Bateman, 1 in every 50
children aged 6–17 in the United States are diagnosed with autism, compared to decades ago where
it wasn't nearly anywhere close to that (Bateman 1). As autism continues to grow, it is important that
we learn about the different aspects, the classification, different therapies and the disorder itself so
we understand how to interact better with people who have the disorder. Because Autism hasn't
always been around, the history of it is pretty short. The word autism itself has a mini history of it's
own. Autism derives from the Latin word, autismus, where a Swiss psychiatrist, Eugen Bleuler, used
the word to describe early symptoms of schizophrenia in 1910. Autismus comes from a Greek word
called "autos". In the Greek language, autos means one's self, which alludes to someone removing
themselves from a social situation, and being isolated (Vatanoglu–Lutz 427). A removal of one's self
from social interactions and the desire to be alone are characteristics of autism, so it makes sense
where the word originates from. Bleuler viewed the symptoms of autism as early signs of the
disease schizophrenia, but Leo Kanner had different thoughts. Kanner, a psychiatrist and physician,
had suspicions and clues as to

Autism Essay
Autism
In the United States, autism may affect up to 115,000 children between one and 15 years of age with
an uncertain prevalence in adults (Rapin, 1998). Because of the high number of cases in the United
States alone, testing has grown and encompasses many different ages and areas of autistic patients
and their symptoms. Because of increased testing, researchers have found different options to meet
the challenges autism presents.
Testing has been administered before the knowledge of autism in the patient and throughout the
knowledge of its existence as well. Testing has also been administered to control the chemical
aspects of autism in patients of all ages. Therapists have gone so far as to believe that a hands off ...
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What he discovered from his testing was that autistic infants showed abnormalities in these
movements. For instance, normal babies use a corkscrew motion to go from back to stomach or vice
versa. However, autistic babies either didn't learn to roll over or did in a peculiar fashion. They
would roll to their stomach or back by raising their head or pelvis and then throw the upper legs
forward and topple over, moving all body segments together. Unlike healthy babies, autistic babies
would lose balance easily from a sitting position and would fail to break their falls with their hands.
Also during the testing Dr. Teitelbaum discovered that autistic babies showed an asymmetrical lack
of support in the arms or legs and when they crawled supported themselves on their forearms rather
than on their hands. One baby crawled by scooting his left knee on the floor but used his right foot
to push himself forward.
What Dr. Teitelbaum and his colleagues found is the beginning of what has long been a goal of
autism researchers, early diagnosis. From this beginning, others will be able to expand testing to
encompass more specific areas of autistic development at an early age. However, until this is done,
tests have been conducted to help screen toddlers who are potentially autistic.
The CHAT (Checklist for Autism in Toddlers) is performed by general practitioners or health
visitors during the 18 month developmental check–up. It

The Link Between Autism And Autism
Introduction
There have been several controversies regarding the cause of autism over the years. For example,
the main cause was assumed by some to be bad parenting. Today, however, there is general
agreement that the symptoms of autism, with the exception of those of abandoned children, are a
behavioral response by young children to an organic disease affecting their brains. In fact, it is now
generally understood that autism is a complex developmental syndrome representing a
heterogeneous group of disorders with similar symptoms, but with different biological etiologies.
Realizing that autism does not have a single cause has been important for enhancing the
understanding of its etiologies, prevention and treatment.
There have been many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Biology of Autism
A great deal of research and funding has been devoted to understanding the cause of autism.
Scientific studies presently are focusing on identifying neurotransmitter abnormalities, metabolic,
genetic and environmental factors, involvement of the immune system, and structural and functional
changes in the brain.
Neurotransmitter abnormalities
Some studies are characterizing involvement of the neurotransmitter serotonin in autism (Chugani,
2002; Piven et al., 1991; Veenstra–Vander Weele, Anderson & Cook, 2000) and genetic factors
affecting serotonin metabolism (Williams et al., 2003). Serotonin levels are higher in children and
begin to decline during puberty. Many persons with autism have elevated levels of serotonin in their
blood platelets, suggesting that people with autism might have a defect in the gene that produces the
serotonin transporter the protein that removes serotonin from the space between two nerve cells.
Supporting the hypothesis that abnormalities of serotonin metabolism are frequent in autism is the
finding that depletion of tryptophan (a precursor of serotonin) in the diet worsens behavior in a
substantial fraction of autistic children tested (McDougle,

Autism
The aim of this assignment is to critically discuss the speech, language and communication
difficulties which children and young people with Autism Spectrum Disorder face, and the ways in
which they affect their behavioural, social and emotional development. It will also look at the effects
of Autism on the child's family and problems they may face within society. The methods which are
used to recognise Autism and the support strategies which can be implemented will also be
discussed.
Communication
Communication is defined as the activity which takes place when information is conveyed between
individuals through speech, signs and behaviours (Webster cited in Tat 2012:51). Bercow (2008:6)
explains that communication is so important, even within ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
A study conducted by Berry (2013:73–80) found that when children attended pet therapy sessions
and interacted with dogs their social isolation appeared reduced and they became more aware of
their social environment when in the presence of the dog. This may be because the child feels at ease
with the dog and has something to focus on therefore reducing their feelings of being overwhelmed
and anxiety. Similar results were also found when using rabbits and llamas, the results of social
interaction were more favourable when pets were involved as opposed to typical standard
techniques. Having a pet for a child with Autism can also have a positive impact on the whole
family, if the pet influences behaviour and social interactions parents may feel more at ease having
the dog around the child when being in an environment where the child would be expected to
socially

Abstract
There is a lot to know about autism, but like any medical phenomenon there is still more to be
learned and discovered. This paper incorporates the research of various studies in accordance to the
distinguished disorder known as Autism. It is also referred to, interchangeably with classic autism as
well as autism spectrum disorder. The title represents the paper's goal in classifying autism as the
word spectrum is used to classify something but it also shares the name with autism spectrum
disorder. The intro also contains a short narrative of the author's personal experience with a child
who was diagnosed with Asperger syndrome. The various disorders that are divulged according to
origin, diagnosis, symptoms, occurrence, and treatment in this paper are as follows: autism spectrum
disorder, Asperger syndrome, pervasive development disorder, Rett syndrome, and child
disintegrative disorder. Studies of stereotypes and talent assumed in the autism category are also
considered.
Keywords: autism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Asperger syndrome (AS), pervasive
development disorder (PDD), Rett syndrome (RTT), child disintegrative disorder (CDD)
"There are about 2,000 instruments known to mankind, each grouped specifically based on
structure. I can safely say that I can play at least 100 of these instruments today."
–From the mind of an autistic child He was a high school freshman that looked and seemed
relatively normal– besides the fact that he carried his tuba

Autism And Autism
Autism is a developmental disability that appears in children during their first three years of life.
Autism affects the development of social and communication skills. This paper will discuss autism
and the role that Occupational Therapist play in treating autism, and why this topic interests me.
Autism is a spectrum disorder that refers to a range of conditions characterized by challenges with
social skill impairment, repetitive behaviors, speech and nonverbal communication, as well as
unique strengths and differences.
In the article Autism Society, Studies shown that autism caused by having a surplus of synapses,
connections between brain cells. The surplus slowdown in the normal pruning process that occurs
during childhood and adolescence brain development. In many families, there are patterns of autism
or related disabilities that have a genetic basis. Children who have autism may have inherited,
although researchers don't know the direct cause of autism, they're still investigating many numbers
of theories, including the links among heredity, genetics and medical problems. The reason why I
chose the topic autism because it is the most common disorder. Individual with autism are unique, so
they need special care and treatments that varies in degrees that range of social interaction, verbal
and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors.
Autism is the most difficult disorder people have a problem of understanding. Those who have
autism have exceptional abilities such as visual skills, music skills, and academic skills. In the
article, Autism Speaks about 40 percent have average to above average intellectual abilities. Others
with autism have significant disability and are unable to live independently. About 25 percent of
people with Autistic Spectrum Disorder are nonverbal but can learn to communicate using other
means.
The U.S Center for Disease Control and Prevention says autism is four to five times more common
among boys and girls. An estimated 1 out of 54 boys and 1 in 252 girls diagnosed with autism in the
United States. More children diagnosed with autism each year than Aids and cancer combined.
Autistic Spectrum Disorder occurs in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic. In the

Autism Essay
Autism
A little girl named Sally, quietly sits alone in a corner, rocking back and forth, humming to herself.
Her classmates roam about in a chaotic manner, casually conversing, and inadvertently ignoring the
little girl. Sally's parents begin to wonder; is it just a phase or something more. Her parents soon
learn that it is something more.
With little more to go on than that of what the parents have observed, Sally's pediatrician has
decided that she should be tested for autism. There is no blood to be drawn, no pulse to be taken, for
there are no medical tests that can diagnose an autistic child.(2, pg 16) Through careful observation
a team of neurologists, psychologists, developmental pediatricians, speech and language ... Show
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Though it is four times more likely to appear in boys. Could Sally's parents have prevented her
diagnosis?
"There is no known cause of autism. Current research links autism to biological or neurological
differences in the brain – although at this time no gene has been directly linked to autism."(2, pg
105) Several theories, which exist, link the disorder to environmental and genetic factors. One such
research project, performed by Vijendra K. Singh, Ph.D., is based on the concept of "Neuro–
immunopathogenesis in Autism." (1, pg. 26) Doctor Vijendra K. Singh identified his research and
resolution as follows: "Based on our ongoing research of a reciprocal relationship between nervous
system and immune system, we studied autism as a neuroimmune dysfunction syndrome in which
auto–immunity to brain was strongly implicated. We found that autoantibodies to M[yelin] B[asic]
P[rotein] were selectively present in up to 80 percent of the autistic children, but they were only
rarely detected in the controls. Regarding virus serology, autistic children had a significantly higher
level of measles virus antibodies as compared to controls; however, the antibody level of [the] other
three viruses [assessed] did not significantly differ between the two groups. This suggested a
temporal link of measles virus with autoimmunity in autism. This examination of brain auto–
antibody and virus serology data revealed that there was a

Autism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay
What is it like to be a direct family member to a person who has Autism? Growing up with a person
with Autism can be a challenge for the whole family. However, a person with Autism teaches the
people around them how to adjust to situations in different manners as opposed to the traditional
ways that are inculcated. This report will consist of both my personal experience with my younger
brother who lives with Autism as well as important details about Autism Spectrum Disorder.
According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, "Autism spectrum
disorder (ASD) refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive
and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction
(Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet)." The spectrum described refers to the severity and the
distinct forms the disorder presents in people with Autism. The severity can range from an
individual who needs little to no assistance in their daily lives as well as those who are impaired and
need assistance throughout. The distinct forms of Autism include intellectual disability, language
impairment, Asperger syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental
disorders (Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet). Overall, Autism is a broad overview of different
neurological disorders that are confronted by those diagnosed within the spectrum. To continue,
Autism ranges in disorders as well as ranges in

Autism Spectrum Disorder Many of us have heard about Autism, also knows as Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD). Some have a family member, a friend, or know someone who has ASD.
Increasingly it is becoming a more common disability. "Autism is one of the fastest–growing
developmental disorders in the U.S" (Autism Speaks). Autism has no respect for gender, race, social
class and or ethnicity. "Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder that involves abnormal
development and function of the brain." (Autism Center of Excellence) People who have autism
have a lot of difficulties with social skills, communication and also will develop behavior issues.
These behavior problems of an individual with autism can vary at times and can go from mild to
severe. According to the Autism Science Foundation it says," Many people with the Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD) also have unusual ways of learning, paying attention, and reacting to
different sensations. The thinking and learning abilities of people with ASD can vary–from gifted to
severely challenged." The causes and symptoms, as well as the diagnosis, and the treatments of
autism vary. There are a lot of controversial theories about what is causing autism. The organization
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM), this group has a movement called Defeat Autism
Now (DAN). Through this movement, a lot of professionals and families who have children with
autism unite to work together to see if they can find different theories of what is

Autism Disorder
Mohamed Ayoub
Community College of Aurora Autism Spectrum Disorder
We are living in a time where a remarkable and advanced medical treatments exist. However,
scientists and medical professionals are constantly faced with diseases and disorders that
contemporary humanity needs a cure and treatment. Amongst the disorders that affecting our young
people today is the autism spectrum disorder. It is a "complex and life long behavioral disorder
marked by impairment in social and communicative abilities"(Evans, et al., 2008). People living
with autism range from those with high IQ's to those with intellectual retardadtion.
Therefore, to understand autism syndrome disorder, scientists and medical professionals have
constantly continued researching about the disorder. The focal point of researches have always been
on: the factors contributing to autism, diagnosis and early symptoms,as well as treatments and
therapies that could help people living with autism.
Literature Review
Factors contributing to Autism According to Shattock and Savery in their work "Autism as a
Metabolic Disoder" they assert that autism continues to be a disorder that has no etiology; meaning
there is no a comprehensive study that explains the origin and causes that can be linked to the
disorder (as cited in Evans, et al., 2008). This claim is based on the findings that were established in
1998 at Sunderland university UK. Howver, in a recent findings, a number of factors have been

Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism is a form of "ASD," Autism Spectrum disorder and is
experienced all around the world. Autism is a developmental disorder that consists of many
neurodevelopmental disorders of the brain. People with autistic disorder think and act in different
ways than most people. There are many different forms of autism spectrum disorder that include the
pervasive development disorder, Asperger syndrome, and autistic disorder. These disorders are
called spectrum disorders because they affect people differently and on different degrees as well as a
spectrum of different occurrences. These disorders are best diagnosed at early stages in life.
Diagnosing earlier in life is very beneficial because early treatment has significantly improved
outcomes of these patients. The cause of autism spectrum disorder is not a proven theory but has
been researched and said to most likely occur because of abnormalities in brain structure as well as
genetic predispositions. This disorder can be very costly to families and create a nuisance financially
because healthcare does not cover many costs that occur with this disorder.Out of the three forms of
autism spectrum disorder, autistic disorder is the most severe. Autism is a disorder that can cause
social, behavioral, and communication difficulties in people. There are so many different aspects of
this disorder because every case is different. Each person will not have the same symptoms and it is
rare for any case

The Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism )
I. Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder is a range of complex neurodevelopment disorders,
characterized by social impairments, communication difficulties, and restricted, repetitive, and
stereotyped patterns of behavior. There is more classification of Autism that is based on the severity
of symptom. Childhood disintegrative disorder, also known as Heller 's syndrome is a rare condition
characterized by a late onset of developmental delays in language, social function, and motor skills.
Asperger Syndrome is a developmental disorder related to autism and characterized by higher than
average intellectual ability coupled with impaired social skills and restrictive, repetitive patterns of
interest and activities. Atypical Autism is the term used when the person has symptoms but don't
have all the symptoms to diagnose Autism. Atypical autism usually differs from autism in terms
either of age of onset or of failure to fulfill all three sets of autism diagnostic criteria.
Children with autism don't know how to communicate. Some do not talk at all, then some will talk
very little and only do one answer questions. The children with autism that is able to talk. Normally
will hear something that a family member said, or something said on television and repeat
something that was said over and over. A lot of the time, they will have mental breakdowns when
they need to say something and can't. The main symptom of autism is the problem with social
interaction. People with autism are

Introduction
Autism is the most rapidly growing developmental disorder in the U.S. Autism spectrum disorder
(ASD) and autism are both similar terms for a group of complicated disorders of brain development.
Autism Spectrum Disorders are characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and
communication skills with the presence of extremely odd behaviors. Autism is a spectrum condition
meaning that while all individuals with autism share somewhat common challenges in their
conditions they will all be affected differently. Social communication, interaction and imagination
are three main areas of which all of those with autism share. Numerous individuals with ASDs have
distinct ways of learning and behaving towards certain situations. Autism affects tens of millions
globally and 3 million individuals in the United States alone.
The cause of Autism is not quite specified but there are numerous studies indicating that the root of
the problem is genetically based. Males are more likely to be diagnosed with autism than females.
Autistic individuals have a difficult time communicating and expressing their feelings so it is
important that those in the care of an autistic individual to be very mindful and not make
assumptions. In today's world Albert Einstein would have been diagnosed with autism. Although, he
was a very bright individual, he had difficulty in his speech and learning in school. The reason may
have been because he did not have different teaching styles

Throughout the course of life there are several different disorders that have been well known from
many years ago. There is one disorder that was diagnosed in the early 1800's but it wasn't until a few
years ago that it gained lots of attention. What used to be known as Autism was later renamed in the
DSM to Autism Spectrum Disorder meaning, a neurodevelopmental disorder rather than a pervasive
developmental disorder (Gargiulo, 2015). Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder
characterized by abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a
restricted repertoire of activity and interests (Gargiulo, 2015). The IDEA describes autism as
developmental disability that affects all areas of communication in an individual and also interferes
with his/her education (Gargiulo, 2015). Autism is one of the fastest growing developmental
disability (Xin & Sutman, 2001). Autism was first dianosed in 1943 by a psychiatrist named Leo
Kanner in a hospital in Baltimore. Kanner described eleven children with an "inability to relate
themselves in the normal way to people and situations". Kanner used the term autistic, which means
"to escape from reality", to describe this condition. The word autistic was borrowed from a term
used to describe schizophrenia that means to withdrawal from relationships (Gargiulo, 2015). In
2004 Autism was added to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (Gargiulo, 2015). In this
paper we will discuss the

Summary Of Autism And Autism
In the article, "Autism and ADHD: Overlapping and discriminating symptoms" (2012), it speaks
about how the symptoms in the children, who have ADHD and autism spectrum disorder, are very
similar. Therefore, it makes it very difficult when diagnosing one or the other. Because of this, the
children being diagnosed could, and sometimes are misdiagnosed. Therefore, a study is done to
determine what symptoms overlap when assessing a child and at what degree they overlap.
Key Points There are several key points to this article. First, the main one being some symptoms
that are found in a child with autism can be very similar to ADHD. For example, hyperactivity and
impulsivity. Another key point is the fact that a lot of children that are

Autism And The National Autism
Autism has become an increasingly important public health concern as the number of yearly
diagnoses of the disorder has increased since the late 20th century. The National Institute of Health
estimates that 1 in 88 children in the United States are classified as having an Autism Spectrum
Disorder (ASD) (NINDS, 2009), a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs children 's
ability to learn and causes issues with social interaction and communication. Symptoms of ASD
include delays in speech and language, issues with social interaction, and unusual
behaviors/routines.
Currently, efforts are being made by foundations, such as Autism Speaks and the National Autism
Association not only to bring awareness of seriousness of the disorder, but also to establish ways
towards the cause and a cure for autism. In 1997, Congress requested the National Institutes of
Health (NIH) and the Autism Coordinating Committee (ACC) to "enhance the quality, pace and
coordination of efforts at the NIH to find a cure for autism" (NINDS, 2009 p.18). ASD is too
extensive of a disorder to find a single cure for it; these "cures" would require millions of dollars in
further research and testing, just like any other medication or treatment. While there have been
autistic geniuses in the past, not all with ASD should be hailed as such; instead of trying to justify or
cure the disorder, more people should be willing to accept it.
Historically, autistic persons have proven themselves to be geniuses.

Autism Research On Children With Autism
When you hear about Autism you generally think of children; however, the children with Autism
grow up. Most people with Autism are adults. Autism research from 1998 shows that adults are:
underrepresented in autism research and studies into old age are extremely needed. Most of the
Autism adults lack services or even diagnosis. People with Autism are prone to anxiety and
depression. The young adults are vulnerable when leaving high school especially in low income
families, previous gained skills and their behavior slowed down or plateaued. Some good news
emerged from Mailick's study: Autistic symptoms: Impaired verbal and nonverbal communication
and social interaction decreased over time among one–third to half of the study participants. They
stayed stable in many others. Independent living skills remained stable. The adult autistic women
showed a decline in vocationally occupied hours Dr. Lisa Croen reports that elevated rates of:
hypertension, diabetes and obesity from medical records of more than 2,000 adults with Autism. (F
Happe, 2014) From the reports Physicians need to be aware that patients with Autism may have
communication problems that could hinder the autistic adult from telling the doctor. We must devote
more resources to improving adult services and address lifespan issues of those living with ASD (
Autism Spectrum disorder) Autism is not just about children. There are people with milder forms of
autism; however they don't do better in life than those with

Conspiracy Theory Of Autism And Autism
Millions upon millions of people would die everyday form deadly disease and there was nothing
anyone could do about it. As a result, vaccinations were created to stop the sickness and mass
tragedy that came along with them. The measles, mumps and rubella vaccinations (MMR), that are
supposed to help are being questioned by people believing they are linked to Autism. Numerous
studies have shown that there is no connection between the two. The holes and lies in this theory are
prevalent when looking in depth at how this theory was established, whom it benefits if it's true, and
the facts that disprove it. Science is supposed, to tell the truth, but because humans are the ones
performing the experiments sometimes there are flaws. For instance, Andre Wakefield in 1998 of
Royal Free Hospital in London, England, said the Measles, Mumps, and rubella vaccines were to
blame for autism. Andrew Wakefield came to this conclusion based on results found in eight out of
twelve children. His results were then published in a medical journal called Lancet. Andrew
Wakefield condemnation of vaccination caused the public to become scared ("vaccinations and
Autism". . .). Andrew Wakefield's research was the starting point of the conspiracy theory that the
measles, mumps, and rubella vaccinations cause Autism. Furthermore, It made people, especially
parents of autistic kids, question and lose trust in vaccinations. Without Wakefield's research people,
might not question vaccinations as much as

Autism Spectrum Disorder : Autism, Asperger Syndrome, And...
Autism spectrum disorder is a spectrum of psychological conditions which all consist of problems
pertaining to social interactions, communication, and highly repetitive behavior. There are three
main forms of Autism spectrum disorder: Autism, Asperger syndrome, and Atypical Autism. Autism
is a developmental disability which results from a neurological disorder that affects the normal
functioning of the brain (Lord, Cook, Leventhal, & Amaral, 2013). It first appears during the stages
of infancy to early childhood stages. Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically
appears during the first three–five years of life. Autism is a result of a neurological disorder that
affects the functioning of the brain (Carter, Messinger, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kanner began using the term to describe children whose behaviors were socially and emotionally
withdrawn from other peers. from then until the 1960 's, many researchers and therapists believed
that autism and schizophrenia were liked disorders (Rogers, & Vismara, 2008). During that time,
initial treatments for autism included the use of LSD, electric shock, and behavior change
techniques, which regularly relied on punishment and pain in order to change their behaviors
(Rogers, & Vismara, 2008).
In order for an individual to be diagnosed with Autism, the individual must have qualifications
stated in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–IV) (Kim, Fombonne,
Koh, Kim, Cheon, & Leventhal, 2014). These qualifications that are included in the DSM–IV are
symptoms of qualitative impairment in social interaction and communication, restricted repetitive
and stereotypical patterns of behaviors, interests, activities, and delays in functioning (Kim, Y. S.,
Fombonne, tell. 2014). Researchers have found that structural differences, such as size and
composition, can have a significant impact on how the autistic brain processes information.
Therefore, there is a variation between what researchers describe as a "normal person" and one who
is diagnosed with Autism. Structural differences cause children who have autism, would have
impaired social interaction and difficulty with communication, both verbal and nonverbal. During
the early stages of Autism,

Autism : What Causes Autism? Essay
What is Autism? How is Autism classified? What causes Autism? Why do Autism happen? There
are some many questions about Autism, and what it is. Many of those questions are still unknown.
Everyday researchers are exploring reasons for these questions.
However, Autism was introduced in the 1940s autism was first described in the 1940s. Leo Kanner
in the United States and Hans Asperger in Austria independently published papers describing
children with severe social and communicative impairments. Both Kanner and Asperger used the
term "autism" (meaning "alone") to describe the syndromes they had identified. Kanner described
children who had impoverished social relationships from early in life, employed deviant language,
and were subject to behavioral stereotypies. Asperger's description identified children with normal
IQs and normal language development who suffered from social and some types of communicative
impairments. (slaughter)
Kanner and Asperger both thought that autism came from the environment you live in. They blamed
the mother for doing something wrong.
Kanner observed that the parent–child relationships in cases of children with autism appeared to be
somewhat unusual. This suggestion fit with the tenor of the times, in which psychology and
psychiatry were dominated by Freudian theories. They suggested that children developed the
syndrome as a result of cold, abusive, or confusing home environments (references were made to
"refrigerator mothers"), and early

"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex
disorders of brain development." Those with autism may have a number of developmental
difficulties such as problems with social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and
repetitive behaviors. It is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments that have lifelong
consequences. This paper will discuss how it is found in people, what the effects are, the levels of
autism, and how you can help those with the disorder.
Annually in the U.K., the support is between 3.1–3.4 billions Euros. Almost fifty percent of that
goes towards special education, parental productivity and respite care is about fifteen percent, and
ten percent after medical. Prevalence rates have gone up ten to seventeen percent in recent years.
Autism is one of the fastest growing developmental disorders in the United States. It usually costs
families up to $60,000 a year on average. Girls are five times less likely than boys to have autism.
One out of 42 boys and one out of 189 girls are born with autism. Autism affects one in sixty–eight
kids. It is characterized by social interaction difficulties. Severity varies across three core areas.
Practitioners call autism a spectrum. On one end of it there is those who cannot function in society
due to the impairments of the disorder. Then there are those who are at the other end who seem
quirky and can have independent and successful lives. The level of

Autism : The Rise Of Autism
Autism awareness Parents try their best to keep their children from getting hurt or sick, but no
matter how hard they try, sometimes something will always go wrong. We cannot avoid all
uncertainties; Autism is among one of these uncertainties that parents try their best to avoid.
According to the center for disease control One out of every one hundred and fifty children are born
with autism each year in America, that is one percent of American children with autism, eighty
percent of which are male and about forty to twenty percent of females (CDC). One point five
million children have already been living with this diagnosis, of autism long before the media
brought into public attention, so as the rise of autism increases it is also important that the
knowledge of autism increase. The history of autism dates back to about one hundred years ago, the
word autism was by Eugene bleuler in 1908 to describe a group of people similar to schizophrenia.
Later in the 1940s the united states began to use it to describe a group of children with emotional
and social problems. Autism and schizophrenia were regarded in the same context, till 1960 when
medical professionals began to separate their understanding of autistic children. For a very long time
autism and psychosis continued to be confused and till this day many parents find a hard time
understanding the real meaning of autism and till this day researchers still haven't found the cause of
autism. Autism is a complexed

Autism Between Autism And Autism
Many people believe that autism is its own disorder that children are diagnosed with. However,
autism is actually a term used for a wide range of disorders. Autism 's clinical name is Autism
Spectrum Disorder. The term spectrum is used because of the range of symptoms, intensity, and
behaviors autism effects. There are also many different types of autism. There is "classic" autism
which is associated with being non–verbal and anti–social. Another form of autism is Asperger
Syndrome which is associated by having peculiar social skills and play. Other types of autism
include Autistic Disorder, Asperger Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, Rett Syndrome,
and Pervasive Developmental Disorder. The first signs that a child many have autism are usually
noticed between the ages of fifteen and eighteen months when a loss of skills or delays in
development are noticed. Prenatal stress may be a leading cause of autism. Yet, there are no true
known cures. Autism is characterized by back–and–forth gestures, sounds, attention, play, and
conversation. Temper tantrums that are uncontrollable are also a sign of autism. Lastly, a child may
use pictures or signing to be understood. All of these symptoms are a key to diagnosing a child with
autism. The earlier a child is diagnosed, the better the prognosis for this child. While there isn't a
cure for autism, there are ways to make sure children with autism have the best developmental
outcome. This is possible through early

Autism Spectrum Disorder And Autism Essay
Abnormal psychology is arguably, one of the most interesting subgroups in the world of psychology.
There is an abundant amount of research done on abnormal diseases to understand the causes,
functions, and effects or the diseases. One of the most widely known abnormal disorders is Autism
Spectrum Disorder. Autism is a complicated disorder because it represents a wide range of
developmental disorders categorized by criteria such as: impaired social interactions, verbal and
nonverbal communication breakdowns, and repetitive behaviors.
Since Autism Spectrum Disorder is on a spectrum, as the name suggests, there are individuals with
mild to little symptoms classified by Autism Spectrum Disorder and others who classify severely in
most categories. The mildest form of autism is known as Asperger's syndrome, these individuals
often become obsessively interested in a single topic or object, can be socially awkward, but often
have normal or above average intelligence. The next step up is Pervasive Developmental Disorder,
Not Otherwise Specified (PDD–NOS). This is a more severe form of autism than Asperger's
syndrome but is often hard to generalize. The final step us is Autistic Disorder, which meets more of
the rigid criteria for a diagnosis of autism. Individuals with Autistic Disorder often have several
social and language impairments and repetitive behaviors.
One in 68 children are affected by autism, but these children could fall anywhere on the spectrum
listed above. In

Autism And Childhood Of Autism Essay

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