The Etiology Of The Disorder

The Etiology Of The Disorder
Describe the etiology of the disorder Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) is an example of a
disruptive disorder. Although there are no clear cut causes of ODD, there are factors that play a role
in the development of the disorder. They include biological factors, psychological factors, and social
factors (American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2009). Biological factors include
having a parent with a history of ADHD, ODD, or Conduct Disorder (CD), a parent with a mood
disorder such as depression or bipolar disorder, parent has a problem with drinking or substance
abuse, there is a brain–chemical imbalance, exposure to toxins, and poor nutrition (2009).
Psychological factors include having a poor relationship with one or more parent, a parent who is
neglectful or absent, and having difficulty or inability to form social relationships or process social
cues (2009). Whereas social factors of ODD include poverty, chaotic environment, abuse, neglect,
lack of supervision, uninvolved parents, inconsistent discipline, and family instability such as
divorce or frequent moves (2009). Functional consequences include experiencing frequent conflicts
with parents, teachers, supervisors, peers, and romantic partners with result in significant
impairment which will affect the emotional, social, and academic, and occupational adjustment
(2013). On the other hand, there are protective factors that lower the cumulative impact of ODD
they include higher levels of intelligence,
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Summary Of Special Education Terminology, Concepts, And...
According to the "Dictionary of Special Education Terminology, Concepts, and Procedures" by
Zachary Fenell, et al, autism is defined as "a complex developmental disability that typically
appears during the first three years of life and affects a person's ability to communicate and interact
with others. Autism is defined by a certain set of behaviors and is a "spectrum disorder" that affects
individuals differently and to varying degrees" (Fenell et al).
A cognitive disability is also known as an intellectual disability. According to Fennell et al, an
intellectual disability is defined as a "significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning,
existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental ...
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According to the "Dictionary of Special Education Terminology, Concepts, and Procedures," a
hearing impairment is defined as "an impairment in hearing, whether permanent or fluctuating, that
adversely affects a child's educational performance" (Fenell et al).
According to IDEA, an orthopedic impairment is defined as "a severe orthopedic impairment that
adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term includes impairments caused by a
congenital anomaly, impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis), and
impairments from other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy, amputations, and fractures or burns that cause
contractures)" ("IDEA – Building The Legacy of IDEA 2004").
Fenell et al define a speech and language impairment as, "a communication disorder such as
stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment or a voice impairment that adversely affects
a child's educational performance" (Fenell et

Eassy On Autism
Autism is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as being "a developmental disorder of variable
severity that is characterized by difficulty in social interaction and communication and by restricted
or repetitive patterns of thought and behaviour". Autism is one of 5 Pervasive Developmental
Disorders and is a form of a bio–neurological disorder that can often be found in children before the
age of 5. The other 4 Pervasive Developmental Disorders are Childhood Disintegrative Disorder,
Rett's syndrome, Asperger's Syndrome.
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is one of the most well–known PDD that there is and is normally
characterised for having an impairment on social development and is associated with having
difficulties when interacting in social situations. Autism can also be noticed as people may be have a
difficulty in understanding emotions. . Autism can lead to a delay in the skills of ... Show more
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Autism is the cause of a wide wealth of difficulties that have an impact on someone's physical,
intellectual, emotional and social health (P.I.E.S). Autistic people are comparable in their symptoms
as they all have a unique way of how they view, hear and feel the world. Autism can be recognised
in a variety of ways and can be characterized by finding it difficult to understand and empathise with
other people. The cause of autism is still unresolved as it was believed that vaccines and one of their
ingredients, Thimerosal was the root cause of the Autistic Spectrum Disorder. However, scientific
studies have proved that this is not the case but there is still no tangible reason as to the cause of
autism. There are many different causes of autism that have been discovered because of the
scientific research. There is a variation of scientific research to suggest that autism is called by a
multitude of physical factors. Scientific research thinks that genetics may be responsible for some of
the causes of

Autism Spectrum Disorder Analysis
Introduction Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) comprises of a group of conditions including autistic
disorder, Asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (DSM–
5, 2014). ASD are a type of neurodevelopmental conditions diagnosed on the basis of three core
behavioural domains: 1) Persistent deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication; 2) Impairments
in social interaction; 3) Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of activities, interests, and
behaviours (DSM–5, 2014). The variation in the severity of behavioural traits between, and within
these three disorders is extensive. It should be emphasised that due to this high phenotypic
heterogeneity, and clinical variability, caution in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Earlier diagnosis of ASD may allow for more effective intervention strategies that maximise
developmental progress and reduce further maldevelopment. Importantly, it should be emphasised
that the scope of this essay is limited to an overview of the pertinent neurobiological aspects of
ASD, however as ASD is extremely heterogeneous these encompass a diverse group of
abnormalities. Epidemiology and Aetiology The prevalence of ASD in the population is high, with
recent estimates reporting around 1 in 100 people are diagnosed with the condition (Simonoff,
2008). Alarmingly, this indicates a dramatic increase of diagnoses over the last few decades, with
prevalence rates of ASD only around 1 in 1000 in 1970 (Newschaffer et al., 2007). However, rather
than an increase in prevalence of ASD it has been suggested that changes in the awareness,
concepts, and definitions of ASD in both the lay and professional public are a more probable
explanation (Bauman and Kemper, 2009). In regards to variation in the prevalence based on race
and ethnicity, little consistent information is available with multiple conflicting reports
(Newschaffer et al., 2007). In contrast, studies on variation in ASD prevalence based on sex ratios
have been consistent with a skewed average ratio of

Childhood Sexual Assault
According to the National Sex Offender Public Website, "Approximately 1.8 million adolescents in
the United States have been the victims of sexual assault." Most people are unaware of the
magnitude of sexual assault in children; however, it is far more common than one might think. As
stated by Darkness to Light, "About one in 10 children will be sexually abused before their 18th
birthday."
As described by the United States Department of Justice, sexual assault is "any type of sexual
contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient. Falling under the
definition of sexual assault are sexual activities as forced sexual intercourse, forcible sodomy, child
molestation, incest, fondling, and attempted rape". Looking ... Show more content on
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From recent studies concluded by Nichole Yuan, et al., "women who reported childhood sexual
abuse were five times more likely to be diagnosed with PTSD compared to non victims" (2).
According to Briere and Elliott, "groups of adult sexual abuse survivors have been found to display
more intrusive, avoidant, and arousal symptoms of PTSD than those not abused as children" (56).
Ranna Parekh defines PTSD as, " a psychiatric disorder that can occur in people who have
experienced or witnessed a traumatic event such as a natural disaster, a serious accident, a terrorist
act, war/combat, rape or other violent personal assault." Especially prominent for adult survivors are
PTSD related flashbacks–sudden, intrusive sensory experiences, often involving visual, auditory,
olfactory, and/ or tactile sensations reminiscent of the original assault, experienced as though they
were occurring in the present rather than as a memory of a past event" (Briere & Elliott 56).
Although, PTSD appears to be significantly increased due to childhood sexual assault, others are
debating upon whether it is as prominent as it is said to be. Cameron Boyd claims, "Some authors
are critical of PTSD as a concept for understanding victim/survivors. The primary reason for this is
that PTSD, as a psychiatric diagnosis, implies that the individual survivor suffers from a medical
problem, and that her

Identify And Explain The Causes Of Developmental Delay
When a child does not achieve their developmental milestones, within the normal age range, they
are considered to have developmental delays. Developmental milestones are made up of five
different group of skills: language, cognitive, social, fine and gross motor. Often a delay in one area
of development is accompanied by a delay in another area. For example, children with cognitive
delay often have a coexisting delay in other areas such as language or social. There are many
different causes for developmental delays such as genetics and complications during birth or
pregnancy; however, the specific cause if often unknown. Some causes can be easily reversed if
caught early, thus it is important to identify and treat developmental delays early

Childhood Abuse : A Child 's Intellectual Growth And The...
Introduction Early child abuse poses threats on a child's intellectual growth and the potential of
developing psychiatric disorders such as eating disorders later on within adolescent stages. Eating
disorders affect up to 24 million Americans and 70 million people worldwide. 1 in 5 women
struggle with an eating disorder or disordered eating. It is estimated that 90% of those who have
eating disorders are women between the ages of 12 and 25. The purpose of this study is to explore
the possible associations between early childhood abuse which includes, physical, emotional,
sexual, verbal and psychological abuse and it's association within adolescents who suffer from
various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All 12 articles that will be further discussed are all peer reviewed and pertain closely to the topic of
childhood abuse and eating disorders. In a research study conducted by Neumark–Sztainer , Mary
Story, Peter J. Hanna, Trish Beuring and Michael D. Resnick ( 1999), It was noted that questions
pertained to first, whether or not individuals who experienced abuse are at higher risk for disordered
eating than others who have not experienced abuse and if so, whether the increased risk was due to
the experienced abuse or to the overall disturbances in family dynamics and second, the level of risk
in developing a disordered eating that other types of abuse may have among adolescents (Neumark–
Sztainer et al., 1999) The study population included a representative sample of 9,943 Connecticut
public school students in grades 7, 9, 11 who participated in a state–wide anonymous survey of
adolescent health from 1995–1996. It was a 225–item comprehensive assessment of adolescent
health, health behaviours, and associated risk and protective factors. After data collection, the
analysis of the data was done separately for boys and girls. Sexual abuse was strongly associated
with disordered eating among both girls and boys. More Boys than girls who experienced sexual
abuse reported disordered eating. Physical abuse was also strongly associated with disordered eating

Essay On Psychiatry
It 's our pleasure to welcome you to the 2nd International Conference on Psychiatry and Psychiatric
Disorders, during May 02 – 04, 2016 at Chicago, USA. The conference will be organized around the
theme "Analysis of contrasting triggers and distinct therapeutic approaches for psychiatric
disorders".
Psychiatry is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of emotional,
mental and behavioural disorders. With recent life style most of us are suffering from psychological
issues one or other. Every year, nearly 42.5 million American adults suffer from some psychiatric
issues. One in four adults that is approximately 61.5 million citizens experiences mental illness in a
given year; around 13.6 million live with a serious mental illness such as chronic depression, bipolar
disorder and Schizophrenia; about 20% of youth of age 13 to 18 experience severe mental disorders
and for ages 8 to 15 the estimate is around 13%. Despite effective treatment, there are long delays
sometimes decades between the first appearance of symptoms and when people get help. American
spends nearly $193.2 billion for serious mental illness per year. Psychiatric disorder such as
depression can be listed in top 3 causes of hospitalization in the U.S. for both young and adults
between ages 18 to 44. Suicide is the tenth leading cause of death in the U.S.A; more than 90% of
those who die by suicide had one or more mental disorders.
Scientific Sessions:
TRACK 1: Psychiatric

Mental Health Records : Psychological Issues
The claimant was a 15 year old boy who alleged disability because of psychological issues. His
mother reported that the claimant was attending school and was receiving special education services.
He did not participate in any community or school activities. He was taking psychotropic
medications for behavioral problems and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however,
when he was not compliant he had problems at school. The mother indicated that the claimant had
recently started counseling services at a facility that was closer to their home.
The comparison point decision (CPD) date was 09/02/2009.
Per mental health records (2009), the claimant had a history of poor grades, behavior problems at
home, at school, and in social settings. He had failed the 2nd grade for the second time and had been
"kicked out of daycare" multiple times because of behavior problems. A few times, when he was
angry he wanted to hurt himself. In one occasion, he wanted to poke himself in one eye with
scissors, but his cousin held him back. His mother also reported that he had auditory and visual
hallucinations; he was receiving individual and family therapy. He was exposed to domestic
violence for several months; he was staying in a shelter with his mother and his twin sisters. He had
child traumatic stress symptoms. The diagnoses listed included adjustment disorder, anxiety
disorder, and rule out ADHD.
The claimant had a psychological evaluations on 04/29/2009,

Write An Essay On The Causes Of Autism
Autism and its Disorders Autism, it is not a disease and not something contagious, but to me autism
is disability that needs to be noticed. It is something that affects millions of people. By knowing the
signs and facts about autism it can help the people that have not been diagnosed. If we can get all
autistics diagnosed that would change education and health care.
Being able to identify autism or related disorders can be difficult, but not impossible. Some key
things to look for is: social awkwardness, avoided eye contact, being non–verbal or they could have
difficulty having fun. These are not always seen in people, other disorders such as Asperger's
syndrome, can be hard to see because the person tends to act like a "normal" person. One of the
most commonly seen behaviors is having trouble learning or excelling greatly at learning in addition
autism is seen to be five times more prominent in boys than girls. So not everyone that has autism is
"stupid" or "weird."
The way learning and being social is so hard makes life in general to be very challenging to an
autistic. But this does nothing to stop some amazing people that have changed the world. Temple
Grandin is one of the most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The biggest and most radical idea is that the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination (MMR)
causes autism or related disorders. The reason why this suspicion is so popular is due to the matter
of when the signs of autism are shown. When you are baby, symptoms can be tough to see, until the
baby develops into a toddler you most likely will not have noticed any delays. The MMR vaccine is
usually distributed at the peak of autism's symptoms. So if a child has the disorder and autism does
not become visible until after the shot then suspicions may arise. But a woman did everything
organic for her baby and the child developed autism. The MMR vaccine has nothing to do with
autism in her

Outline For Autism Essay
Autism Body #2
II. Main Point– Autism is having complex disorders of the brain development. It is not curable but it
is treatable. So told in childdevelopmentinfo.com, prepared by office of Scientific and Health
reports
A. Sub point 1: Autism is unique for everyone who is diagnosed with it, so each treatment is
different and needs to address specific needs. There are many different treatments, such as
behavioral treatments, medicines or both so told in www.autismspeaks.org
1. Sub sub point: In the Office Of Science and Health reports speaks of how there is no present cure
for Autism but there is treatments such as therapies, designed specifically for the certain type of
symptom each individual that has autism. Studies have show that children at a young age learn
faster and effectively. So therapy should start as soon as possible. There has been recent evidence
that the early interventions have helped influencing brain development. In Centers for disease
Control and Prevention gave specific types of therapy that children with autism could go to. There is
Occupational Therapy, which teaches them to give ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Sub point 2:However medications is an other way to help with treating autism. It is most effective
when used with behavioral therapies. 1. Sub sub point: Medicines are used to cure three core
symptoms of autism are communication, social challenges and repetitive behavior as said in Autism
Speaks. There are medicines such as selective serotonin re–uptake, which treats imbalances in the
body's chemical system. It might reduce anxiety, irritability, tantrums, and aggressive behavior.
Tricyclic; this treats depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder. Psychoactive or anti–psychotic
medications affect the brain. Approves for 5–16 year olds with autism. Stimulants increase focus
and decrease hyperactivity. Anti–anxiety medications, this can help relieve anxiety and panic
disorders. Anti–consultants treat seizures and seizure disorders such as

Childhood Sexual Abuse And Its Effects On Children Essay
Childhood sexual abuse has long been researched for both its short–term and long–term effects on
its victims. Sexual abuse is defined as any sexual act that is done on a child through coercion, and
causes lasting psychological impact (Hall & Hall, 2011). Given the importance of psychological
development throughout childhood, sexual abuse can hinder the mental health of its victims through
the occurrence of other psychiatric disorders. While children should be growing into mentally
healthy adults, with the choice of starting sexual experiences at their own pace, they are forcibly
exposed to sexual experiences prematurely. This coerced subjection to sexual experiences has been
linked to negative psychological effects such as depression, guilt and anxiety (Hall & Hall, 2011).
Although sexual abuse is usually linked to multiple degrees of mental health effects, the
developmental pathway of childhood sexual abuse is rarely researched on. When considering the
effect on childhood development post–sexual abuse, it is important to highlight the possible
underlying cause for the variety of psychological disorders child sexual abuse victims experience. In
an article by the psychiatrist Scott Mendelson (2013), he suggests that stress is the primary cause of
related mental health disorders. The damaging effect of high levels of cortisol is evident on the
victim. When a child goes through sexual abuse, these cortisol levels are consistently high in
reaction to the

Natural Therapies For Autism Essay
Autism statistics in today's world are alarming. Even more alarming is having your own child
diagnosed with autism.
In the past, there were few treatments that promised improvement in the symptoms of autism, and
therefore parents viewed a diagnosis of autism as a sentence of doom. Recently, however, an
alternative approach called Functional Medicine has made great strides in identifying the
biochemical causes of an individual child's autism and in delivering significant improvement.
Autism's Symptoms
Typically, autism is diagnosed at 30 months or earlier. It is a neurological disorder that disrupts
normal brain function. Early diagnosis is key to effective treatment.
Autistic children tend to have difficulty with verbal and non–verbal communication, ... Show more
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By testing a child's blood and urine, we can assess his or her neurotransmitter and nutritional
deficiencies as well as the presence of toxins and thereby determine the appropriate therapy for that
individual.
Natural Therapies for Autism
If the laboratory test results indicate a deficiency in neurotransmitters, the Functional Medicine
practitioner would prescribe their replenishment. Neurotransmitters involve a chemical makeup in
the brain that is responsible for behavior and learning.
If the lab tests indicate the presence of heavy metals or other toxins, the Functional Medicine
practitioner would eliminate these through detoxification protocols, including the use of nutrition
and detoxifying the gastrointestinal tract with natural botanical substances.
Nutritional deficiencies would be corrected through a change in diet and a prescription for natural

Where Does Bad Behavior Do Children Come From?
Where Does Bad Behavior in Children Come From? Many bystanders perceive that young children
with bad behavior want attention from whoever is around. In most cases this is true, but sometimes
there is an underlying root to this behavior. In order to handle an outraged child, one must consider
why he/she is like this. Three of the reasons why a child could be acting out are separation anxiety,
the size of the child's family and birth order, and disorders. Separation anxiety is defined as the
troubled reaction of a child when the parent is absent. This anxiety materializes during the second
half year in infants. Separation anxiety usually becomes less frequent and less intense at the end of
the first year, but sometimes when the child doesn't understand why the parent has left fear is
created and the child becomes distressed. Cultural practices have a huge impact on this anxiety. In
some cultures, such as the Japanese, infants show a more intense reaction because of the cultural
norm prescribing constant contact between mother and infant. Also, the degree of distress depends
on the individual child's own temperament. If the child has a short temper then the degree of the
tantrum could be high. This could involve screaming uncontrollably, kicking, hitting or biting;
anything to defend him/her. While this anxiety is normal up until the age of one, a parent should
become concerned of this persists into the toddler or preschool years. Doctor's state, If a

Term Papers On Autism
Research Paper on Autism
Just imagine your child was diagnosed of having autism. The realization of your child perhaps being
autistic may be lurid. You now know that your child will be found with many challenges, and may
have a severe difficulty making sense of the world. Autism is an illness that can affect your
communication, socialization, intelligence, and you may act in many unusual behaviors. To try to
help an autistic child is being very courageous. Having a child will who is autistic will be a struggle
throughout both of your lives.
Autism can be described in many ways. Autism medically, is a neurological disorder, which can
affect the brain from trying to properly function normally. Autism is always a childhood disorder. It
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another, is repeating parts of a conversation heard in the past (delayed echolalia). May repeat
certain sounds over and over again (verbal perseveration) it also may be difficult for a child to
convey his or her own needs. Examples are, if the child is hungry or ever in pain. This is one of the
most lurid obstacles for a parent to come to realize. It is also very hard to socialize with an autistic
child. Frequently autistic children will want to play alone, have no interest in making any friends,
cannot make contact into your eyes, and will not show any sign of affection. This is very hard for
family, friends, caregivers, and teachers to have to deal with. Most autistic children also have an IQ
of under 70, that of an average person. About 20–40% of autistic children that have an IQ of fewer
than 50 may start having seizures before adolescence. There are also many variances of autism,
sometimes called childhood–onset pervasive development disorder or atypical autism. This may
begin later then 12 years old. They start to behave in many bizarre mechanisms. The child may also
be diagnosed with tourette's syndromes, obsessive compulsive disorder, or hyperactivity. It is very
difficult for a doctor to diagnose one symptom or disorder from another.
To help your child through autism at the

Essay about Challenges in the Classroom: ADHD and Autism
The modern classroom has many challenges that face it. Shrinking budgets, less parental
involvement, higher expectations, and growing class sizes, just to name a few. If this list was not
daunting enough you also have the special needs students that have an array problems in your
classroom that need specialized attention, lessons and seating. There are many forms of diverse
learners from students who suffer from ADHD to physical disabilities to students with autism to
ones that are bullied in school. There are so many things going on in our students lives we
sometimes forget they have lives, pressures and disabilities that affect their performance and attitude
in our class that have a profound impact on how they learn. For this paper I ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Students, who have ADHD have trouble focusing in class, are easily distracted, have very short
attention spans, have trouble following through and completing projects, often jump around between
tasks, and following simple conversations and instructions. This would obviously make being
successful in a traditional classroom very difficult for students who have this type of learn disability.
Simple things like going over instructions, explaining assignments or completing homework. These
students could easily become behavior problems in the classroom as they have growing frustrations
levels over not being able to complete tasks get good grades or follow along with the class. They
would require preferential seating and one on one contact with the teacher. By sitting towards the
front of the room that would allow to the teacher to constantly check for understanding and make
sure the student is on task. They would also require ILP or individual lesson plans. ADHD students
would need long term projects and complex assignments broken down into smaller more
manageable segments and would need the curriculum and grading expectations adjusted according
to the student's ability. You could also pair an ADHD student with another student in the class to
help them with simple task and assignments. These are some of the challenges and solutions that
would face students that have ADHD in a classroom.
The second diverse learning

Richard 's Behavior At School
The school counselor noticed several irregularities with Richard's behavior, such as the obvious
inattention, distractibility, lack of organization, reoccurring daydreaming, and inability to follow
directions in multiple settings, which suggested that his difficulties were not solely based on a lack
of intrinsic motivation or understanding.
The school counselor described that every year Richard performed exceptionally well on
standardized tests; however, he performed poorly on assignments and achievement tests and had
terrible penmanship. His reading level was proficient, and he was talented in physical education and
art. Yet, Richard was easily distractible, disruptive in class, and highly disorganized. Richard also
struggled in mathematics and socially because he did not get along with his classmates. Although he
remained in his seat in the fourth grade, Richard had difficulty remaining in his seat and touched his
classmates' belongings constantly in the first and second grade. Although isolation, structured
classroom environment, and consistent negative consequences improved Richard's behavior at
school, the school counselor was concerned because he still performed at a level below what was
expected of him. Additionally, his distractibility and difficulty following directions occurred in the
classroom, at home, and during baseball. Thus, based on the wide variety of inconsistencies in his
behavior, the school counselor may have suggested that Richard should receive

Auditory Dysfunction
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a continuum of neurodevelopmental disorders clinically
characterized by social difficulties, impaired communication skills and repetitive behavioral
patterns. Despite the prevalence of ASD, the neurobiology of this disorder is poorly understood.
However, abnormalities in neuronal morphology, cell number and connectivity have been described
throughout the autistic brain. Further, there is ample evidence that auditory dysfunction is a common
feature of ASD.(1) The majority of individuals with ASD demonstrate some degree of auditory
dysfunction. The level and expression of this dysfunction ranges from deafness and increased
thresholds to hyperacusis and difficulty listening with background noise and impairments ... Show
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In the real–world listening situations, auditory information is processed by two ears, often in the
presence of background noise.(4) Binaural interaction is reflected in electrophysiological activity of
neurons activated by binaural stimulation central to the cochlear nucleus. Binaural interaction is
known to occur at three levels of the brainstem: superior olivary complex (SOC), lateral lemniscus
and inferior colliculus (IC).(5) Binaural interaction component (BIC) manifests binaural interaction
and is valid and proven response which reflects ongoing binaural processing. A BIC in ABR is
defined as the difference between the binaurally evoked ABR waveform and a predicted binaural
waveform created by algebraically summing the left and right monaurally evoked ABRs at
amplitude of waves IV–V.(6, 7) There is a significant correlation between the amplitude of the BIC
and the ability to lateralize a sound image as a function of interaural time differences (ITDs) and
interaural level differences (ILDs). In addition to the dependence of BIC amplitude on stimulus
lateralization, BIC presence is also an indicator of binaural stimulus fusion. Together, this suggests
that the BIC reflects the spatial processing of sound in the horizontal plane in the

Spectrum Approach Research Paper
The term 'spectrum approach' describes a ' continuum with other diagnostic entities', this term refers
to a series of linked conditions that have some similar characteristics or symptoms.
The autism spectrum is therefore thought of as a "wide range of symptoms, skills , and levels of
impairment or disability" associated with autism.
Autism spectrum disorders come in many forms , with wildly different manifestations, and 2 people
with the same diagnosis may not appear to have any similarities between them.
The main ways in which ASD can be observed fall under 3 specific areas of difficulty;
Social communication
Social interaction
Social imagination
These are known as the triad of difficulties, where abilities that most people might

Childhood Trauma And The Personality Disorders Essay
Abstract Trauma affects more than twenty–five percent of children in America every year (NCMHP,
2012). This astounding statistic implies that multitudes of individuals are now dealing with the
chronic results that these traumas induce, one reoccurring result being personality disorder. The
purpose of this paper is to find the connections between the severity of childhood trauma and the
personality disorders that can come from it. The purpose of this paper is to find the connections
between the severity of childhood trauma and the personality disorders that can come from it.
Findings indicate that if children are exposed to long–term trauma during their developmental
stages, they are at a higher risk of a personality disorder; these results can be seen through childhood
and brain development of those undergoing sever trauma. Both findings can help answer the overall
question of how these two saddening occurrences intertwine and possibly, how to prevent them.
Childhood Trauma and Personality Disorders Trauma is defined as "Any event (or events) that may
cause or threaten death, serious injury, or sexual violence to an individual, a close family member, or
a close friend" (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). These horrifying experiences leave
individuals scarred and mentally shaken for an extensive period. However, what happens when it
occurs in one of the most influential periods of mental development? Childhood development is a
critical time in a person's

Autism Spectrum Disorder
According to DSM–5's classification, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) refers to various types of
autistic disorder, including Autism, Asperger's Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and
Rett's Disorder (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Although all ASD patients may
have the same inability in performing certain skills, they suffer from different degree of sth .ASD
are the lifelong neurodevelopmental severity of the impairments that affect humans' communication
skills and social skills but the degree are varied amongst different patients (). Since the early life of
autistic children, they started to display behavioural disturbances in social and emotion level (e.g.
lack of interest in socializing), delay in language ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to a research from Osterling and Dawson (1994), they discovered that the autistic
children failed to use pointing, gesturing or eye contact when performing the task with their peers,
forbidding the usage of joint attention in non–verbal communication. While the non–clinical group
could demonstrate their non–verbal skills on gesturing by the end of age 1, which was another
evidence to prove their social skills were better than the autistic counterpart. In short, the ASD
patients had delayed development on both verbal and non–verbal skills, resulting in their poor social
skills and relationship with peers.
With a view to diagnosing whether a child is suffered from ASD, advancing diagnostic evaluation is
a must. The widely accepted symptoms of Autism are depicted by DSM–5 categorization: ASD
patients start to develop autism disorder since their early life, resulting in impairing social skills to
sustain a reciprocal relationship and forming repetitive behaviour, which affect their daily
functioning (APA, 2013). Psychologists evaluate ones' condition through upon behavioural
assessment, and they rely on it to execute different types of psychological intervention, including
drug treatment, behavioural training and inclusion strategies on dfdfd to integrate soc.
To

Autism Behavioral Intervention
Introduction
Autism is a mental condition that presents from early childhood; this condition is a complex
neurodevelopment disorder that characterized in different degrees, such as difficulties in social
interaction, both nonverbal and verbal communication, repetitive and patterns of behavior. These
symptoms are always being a challenge for affected child's daily functioning. The behaviors in
autism children can range in impact from mild to disabling. Autism show up with different
characteristic and its severity are not equal in affected children; the symptoms may go unrecognized
for some period of time especially in mildly affected children. There isn't certain about the causes of
autism, but it's possible that genetics and environment play ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is a great concern because autism rate have been increasing in the society without any tangible
facts that can explain the causes. Some researchers have show a number of genes associated with
autism and Imaging studies of children with autism have discover some strange development of
regions of the brain. This means that autism might result from disruptions in normal brain growth in
early development. These disruptions may affect how cells of the brain communicate with each
other and result to defects in genes that regulate and control brain development. Studies show that
autism disorder is more rampant among the premature children. Environmental factors may have
impact in defect gene and brain development, but there is no real evidence to prove and show that
environmental involve in development of this disorder. Many studies have made it clear that
vaccination for childhood infectious diseases does not contribute the risk of autism in the

The DSM-5: Autistic Disorder (ASD)
The DSM–5 was published in 2013, after being revised by a task force and work groups of 160
researchers and clinicians (APA, 2017). The DSM–5 removed Autistic Disorder, Asperger's
Disorder, and other pervasive developmental disorders to replace them with the umbrella diagnosis
of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), in 2013 (Autism Society, 2016, para. 2). The reasoning for the
change was that diagnosis was difficult, professionals would change diagnosis of the same
individual often, and there was overlap of the previous disorders, therefore, a spectrum would make
diagnosis easier. The spectrum includes Level 1, requiring very substantial support, Level 2,
requiring substantial support, and Level 3, requiring support. AD is considered high–functioning

Research Paper On Rett's Syndrome
Rett's syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by the gradual loss of purposeful
hand movements and development of characteristic, stereotypical hand movements (hand– wringing
or hand – washing movements); loss of previously acquired speech; psychomotor retardation;
ataxia; truncal apraxia; deceleration of head circumference; and autistic symptoms. These
characterizations start to appear in a normally developed child after 6 months to 48 months of
age170.
In the past, RS has been generally associated with autistic syndrome, but recently it has been
identified as a genetic disorder with a mutation on the X–chromosome. However, RS is now
classified in the category of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (according to the DSM–IV–TR)

The Documentary ' Child Of Rage '
The documentary, Child of Rage (HBO & Monet, 1990), is sad and disturbing. According to the
American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2013), the child meets much of the criteria for conduct
disorder. The child was shown to frequently bully, threaten, intimidate, use pins on people and
animals with the intention to harm, was physically cruel to people and animals, stole and hid knives,
sexually molested her little brother and stated she wanted to kill her parents and brother which are
many of criterion A set forth in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual – 5 (APA, 2013). She did not
seem to be remorseful or feel guilty at the beginning of the HBO & Monet (1990) documentary but
did express remorse as evidenced crying at the end. While she was talking with the interviewer she
seemed to exhibit a lack of empathy and did not show emotion and would most likely have a
specifier of childhood onset with limited prosocial emotions and is severe (APA, 2013). I felt it was
remarkable the therapy she received did so much for her and literally saved her life.
Reactive attachment disorder is described (Kress & Paylo, 2014) as a disorder in which the child
received extreme neglect by the primary caregiver and as a result does not form emotional bonds
with others. Recent studies, state Kress & Paylo (2014), show that all children in order to develop
emotional bonding with others need their basic physical and emotional requirements met. This was
also the case with the little girl in the HBO &

How Do Repetitive Behaviors Affecting Autistic Children?
Autism is becoming more prevalent in the US. According to the CDC "Approximately 1 in 68
children in the United States has an Autism Spectrum Disorder". Not all children with autism are
getting the proper oral health care. They are secretly suffering from tooth decay.
Autism is a lifelong brain disorder that affects the development of the brain and makes it harder for
a person to communicate and interact with others. Different parts in the brain fail to work together.
Repetitive behaviors are manifested in autistic persons. Since Autism is a spectrum disorder, their
condition will affect them in different ways. One child can have mild autism and another child can
have severe autism. Since people with autism have a harder time trying to talk and interact with
other people, they will have a harder time trying to establish a friendship. Many children with
autism, have unusual behaviors or repetitive movements. Some repetitive behaviors include:
Twirling, opening and closing doors, switching lights on and off, and walking in circles. Children
with autism may become fixated on a particular object. Sometimes, so fixated that they ignore
everything that's around them. It is very important the parents of an autistic child have patience and
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most children with autism hate the way some foods feel in their mouths and so they will not eat the
food. This can cause the majority of problems, since most of them cannot speak, the parents cannot
tell what is wrong with them and therefore cannot help them. A lot of children with autism are
malnourished, meaning they are not getting the nutrition they need to grow properly. This also can
affect their learning abilities and it can cause breathing problems. When one is malnourished the
immune system cannot function properly and will have a harder time trying to fight off diseases.
One will become more susceptible to

The Relationship Between Autism And Gender
Autism
The main goals of this research is to define autism, causes of autism, and the relationship between
autism and gender. Therefore, the terms autism, causes, and gender were used as a key words. The
following research, which has been summarized from numerous articles, introduces a brief
information about these key words.
Autism are a general term that is used for a combination of complicated disorders of brain
development. These disorders cause, in varying level, difficulties in verbal and nonverbal
communication and interaction with the society (1). Autism leads to intellectual disability, troubles
in attention, movement and general physical health problems. However, some autistic patients may
surpass the healthy individuals in visual skills, art, and math (2). Autistic patients see, hear and feel
the world differently from other people. They believe that the world is overwhelming and this could
make them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, a study conducted in England found that 1.8% of males surveyed had autism,
compared to 0,2% of females (9). In 2015, according to NAS, the ratio of the males who have
autism to females was 3:1(10). For this reason, all questions revolve around that why autism
presents differently in males than females. For instance, why are there more cases of male with
autism than females? Are males more susceptible to develop autism? Some theory explained that
males are less empathetic and more logically minded than females. Also males' general personalities
are naturally more likely to inclined toward some features of autism. Moreover, females naturally
have better social skills and more socially involved than males. Furthermore, females are more
actively in imagination and more pretend play. All the previous theories provide a fine explanation
that can help us to understand why males are more possible to be affected by

Asd Case Study
1. As a "spectrum" disorder, ASD doesn't consist of just autism, but rather the conditions of delayed
developments, such as the Asperger's syndrome and autistic disorder.
2. Knowing beforehand the conditions of ASD will increase one's knowledge in providing care for
children and decrease the chances of the side effects harming a person's daily life. Also, depending
on how severe the effects are, certain actions will be taken.
3. In addition to meeting with their doctors, families should understand that a person with ASD will
live with this illness for a lifetime, so meeting with a psychologist or joining clinical trials will help
find treatments to cure ASD.
4. Not everyone with ASD develop a repetitive behavior, however, if they do, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
9. It has been discovered that boys have a higher risk in getting ASD than girls though the reason
has yet to be found. Boys may have a different DNA that could cause ASD than girls. Since genetics
is the main cause of ASD, that could be the case.
10. If a child pass the first step in screening and has been diagnosed with ASD, they would continue
on with the next step to further understand their condition. After understanding how complicated the
symptoms is, doctors may prescribe some treatments such as therapy or the TEACCH programs for
the child.
11. Pediatrician are doctors who specialized in the development, care, and illnesses of children.
Working with a variety of doctors may give parents different or similar opinions, but that just mean
that there are more options and strategies parents can use to try and teach their children. After all,
not a single method is the number one best.
12. Adults are a little more difficult in diagnosing for ASD due to the fact that children are more
often seen in records with ASD. There are cases where adults have autism which may be concerning
as it would change their life before they could even prepare for it.
13. Doctors will do blood test during a woman's pregnancy beforehand to check for any possibility
of ASD. It's worrisome that the exact cause of ASD has yet to be discovered, but new

Childhood And Adolescent Mental Health
Childhood and Adolescent mental health disorders are highly debated and controversial area of
health care. There are a few disorders that have been researched deeply and they still have
controversy attached to them, some about them being a disorder and some about the treatment
regimen prescribe for the disorder. There are three classes of these disorders, the internalizing, the
externalizing, and the neurodevelopmental disorder. The internalizing class is a class of disorders
where the patient directs the emotional stresses inward on one's self. The patients that have this
emotional response to their disorders are more likely to hurt themselves by self–mutilation, suicide,
substance and alcohol abuse. Examples of these disorders are Pediatric Bipolar Disorder, Selective
mutism, and separation anxiety disorder (Sue et al., 2014). With the externalizing class, they direct
their emotional stresses onto other people. These patients can be violent, but not necessarily. Their
behavior is socially unacceptable and disruptive to others. Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct
disorder are two of these types of disorder in this class (Sue et al., 2014). The third class of disorders
can have both externalizing and internalizing manifestations due to the fact that these disorders are
caused by an impairment of the brain and nervous system. Patients with this class of disorders may
have physical movement issues with tics and hyperactivity, and they may have learning difficulties.

Essay On Glts
Introduction Anxiety disorders are more frequently diagnosed during adolescence and childhood
years. Studies looking into childhood disorders have displayed an outstanding level of comorbidity
among other types of disorders including depression and alcohol addictions. Very little knowledge is
known about the study of anxiety disorders from childhood to adolescence and throughout life.
Childhood anxiety disorders have received little to no attention, until 2004 when longitudinal studies
explored the symptoms of anxiety rather than the diagnoses itself. The goal of this research is to
explore the long–lasting effects of anxiety throughout life, other than just childhood and adolescence
years. Methods The Great Smoky Mountains Study, or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The diagnoses of childhood psychiatric disorders before age 13 years could only be obtained from
the 1,008 participants. Comparing the participants for childhood and adolescents diagnoses could be
obtained with subjects who only participated in childhood survey; researchers only looked at 22
variables and found very little differences between the two groups. The participants who only added
information on childhood psychiatric disorders, were less likely to have parents who were teenagers.
The participants were later interviewed with the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment, or
otherwise referred to as CAPA. If the participant had a symptom, he/she has was told to report it by
either parent, child or both, as it is clinical practice. Interviews were to be held at the participant's
home, and the interviewers had at minimum 1 month of training. Results Researchers estimated that
more than 16% of the participants had met the standard for a anxiety disorder in the study. Having a
specific phobia like CD or ODD remained stable throughout adolescence and childhood years;
unlike SAD or ADHD, the rates of these disorders decreased from childhood and adolescence years.
Girls had a higher rate of anxiety disorders and depression compared to boys throughout this study.
From 61 cases resulting a child having SAD throughout their childhood, only 18% had more than
one assessment during their childhood. From 21 OAD cases, only 28.6% of

Autism: Autistic Disorder
Autism, also referred to as autistic disorder, is a childhood disintegrative disorder, or pervasive
developmental disorder. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are terms used for a group of
disorders of brain development, with symptoms that some times appear during the first three years
of childhood and progress throughout life. These disorders are categorized in different degrees, by
difficulties in social interaction (verbal and nonverbal communication), and by repetitive behaviors.
Autism is an extremely incapacitating developmental disorder. Autism has been recognized as
distinct subtypes including autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, pervasive
developmental disorder, and Asperger syndrome. Now all autism disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorder (AAT)
Society has certain expectations when it comes to social interaction and communication between
people. These expectations could be eye contact with one another, smiling when a person delivers
good news or a pout when a sad event happens during a movie. Basic social interactions and
communication are usually very natural to people because we are social creatures, we thrive on
contact with one another. Some people find basic social interactions difficult, they may have trouble
sustaining a conversation, or have difficulties understanding a person's tone of voice. These people
could be on the Autism Spectrum Disorder or ASD.
Autism Spectrum Disorder is a disorder of brain and stage development, "by difficulties in social
interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors... intellectual disability,
difficulties in motor coordination and attention and physical health issues such as sleep and
gastrointestinal disturbances" (Autismspeaks.org, 2012). The disorders on the spectrum include Rett
syndrome, classic autism, atypical autism or pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified
Asperger syndrome, and childhood disintegrative disorder. ASD can be caused by many ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A man named William Tuke allowed patients at the facility to wander the grounds of York Retreat in
England with a small population of small domestic animals (Serpell, 2000). The affects of animals
on people are usually a positive benefit. Animals have been known to reduce cortisol; which
contributes to stress, anxiety, and blood pressure. They also increase the life span of people,
oxytocin, dopamine, while providing people with a sense of responsibility and give people
unconditional love and attention. AAT can aid in social, behavioral, and communication skills as
well as help children overcome common behavioral, verbal, physical and social hurdles (Pavlides,

Childhood Conduct Disorder Essay
Introduction: A History and Brief Overview of Conduct Disorder Conduct Disorder has been a part
of the American Psychological Association's Diagnostic Statistical Manuel (DSM) since its original
release date in 1994. Although, there is new information about the disorder that was previously
unknown, Conduct Disorder is distinguished by a "repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in
which the basic rights of others or major age–appropriate norms or rules are violated" (American
Psychiatric Association, 1994.) This mild, moderate, or severe antisocial behavior begins to appear
either in childhood, categorized as early–onset conduct disorder , or in adolescence after ten years of
age, classified as adolescent–onset conduct disorder ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Moffitt contends adolescent–onset is due to socialization and idolization of socially deviant peers
and public figures (Passamonti et al., 2010.) However, the theory of the early–onset subgroup being
biologically based is contradicted by the fact that the children with either a biological parent or an
adoptive parent (with no biological relation) with Antisocial Personality Disorder are more likely to
develop the disorder themselves than other children (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) This
suggests that both subgroups are heavily influenced by environmental factors more so than
biological and that there modeling is taking place when the disorder is developing. Other differences
between the early–onset Conduct Disorder and adolescent– onset Conduct Disorder is that with
early–onset, the children are more commonly male, have heavily disturbed peer relationships, and
show more physical aggression towards others. This is compared to those diagnosed with
adolescent–onset Conduct Disorder where it is less likely that there will be aggressive behaviors
displayed and the relationships tend to be more normative (American Psychiatric Association,
1994.) There is also a difference in symptoms with gender. Males are more likely to be aggressive
and destructive

Synesthesia Effects On Autism
The synesthesia is a neurodevelopmental condition is that one kind of stimulation evokes the feeling
of another, such as hearing of a sound produces the visualization of a color. According to the
research article, the synesthesia occurs in 4% of the population while in autism spectrum condition it
occurs. Autisms is usually diagnosed in children between the age of 2 or 3 years old and the main
features of the autisms that are social interaction difficulties, verbal and nonverbal communication
problems, engage in repetitive behaviors. Additionally, sometimes in autism's, there could be some
physical health problems such as mental retardation, movement coordination difficulty problems.
However, in some individuals with autistic spectrum impairment ... Show more content on
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Based on the findings of the research, findings showed that synesthesia only occurred in 7.2% of
typical individuals, it occurred in 18. 9% of people with autism. The study of the brain imaging
showed that brains of individuals with synesthesia have different property pattern than typical
brains, and additionally the neuroimaging studies of autistic brains show abnormal and complex
connections affecting both gray and white matter, therefore the same can be said for autistic brains.
For this study, at the Autism Research Centre at Cambridge University, a group of 927 adults with
autism and 1,364 adults without autism was invited to participate in the study. From these group,
164 adults with clinically diagnosed autism and 97 adults without autism. For this research, all
volunteers had been completed online questionaries' to determine any experience of synesthesia, as
well as their autistic traits to check on the original autism diagnosis. Following, the next text used to
study the consistency of the participant's synaesthetic knowledge and additionally ensure that they
were reporting the real experiences. This reliability checked involved "matching" words or sound to
favorite colors. The most common sort of the latter was "grapheme –color", in which letters are
shown as colored and "sound color", in which during which hearing a sound triggers a visual
experience of color. Also, another forms of synesthesia reported were either in taste, touch, or smells
triggering a visual experience of color. Based on these test, to be thought of synaesthetic, the
participants had to state that they full–fledged synaesthesia and will not meet any of the exclusion
standards. These standards are included people who had medical conditions affecting their brain,
vision, or who had past of seeing hallucinogenic drug use. Purpose of this was making sure that
synaesthetic

Early Brain Development And Autism Case Study
Introduction:
Autism affects millions of children and their families all over the world. Boys tend to have a higher
occurrence of autism than girls: four out of every five people with autism are male (Straus et al,.
2004). Autism affects the development of the brain. These effects seem to appear in early brain
development. Although, the most obvious signs tend to emerge between 2 and 3 years of age
(Autism Speak), at 15 to 18 months parents first notice loss of skills or delays in development
(Straus et al,. 2004)
Autism spectrum disorder, a broad term used to describe this condition of the brain. Autism and
related disorders are grouped under the broad term of autism spectrum disorder. These disorders can
be characterized, in many different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over the last 20 years, there has been an increase in the number of studies investigating the use of
music as an intervention with children with autism. There are studies that identifies music playing a
key role in not just motor development but in social–motivational aspects. These social–
motivational aspects play a central role in ASD. In article, published on the Social Motivation
Theory of Autism, it is said that "social motivation is a powerful force guiding human behavior and
the disruption of social motivational mechanisms may constitute a primary deficit in autism"
(Chevallier et al., 2012). This study investigated the behavioral analysis, through social–
motivational aspects of musical interaction between the child and the therapist in improvisational
music therapy. A number of studies have reported that individuals with autism demonstrates a
preference for auditory stimuli over other stimuli, when the auditory stimuli is presented in music
(Chevallier et al., 2012). Which is one of the few reasons why music can be beneficial to individuals
with

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
What is obsessive–compulsive disorder?
Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic psychiatric condition characterized by
obsession, compulsion, or both. The condition typically affects individuals during childhood or
adolescence and often continues until adulthood. Obsessions are characterized by intrusive thought
or urges that lead to anxiety and distress. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that the person feels
compelled to accomplish according to set rules.
Patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder often have coexisting psychiatric disorders such as
depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Symptoms may lead to significant social and functional
impairment. Due to the importance of this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most of these medications typically take at least 2 weeks to a month for individuals to notice any
symptomatic improvement. They should be trialed for at least 6 weeks in most cases. Refractory
obsessive–compulsive disorder may require the use of antipsychotic drugs such as Risperdal
(risperidone).
Summary:
Obsessive compulsive disorder is a chronic a psychiatric condition characterized by obsession,
compulsion, or both. It is likely caused by genetic and environmental factors.
Studies show that a network in the brain called the cortico–striato–thalamo–cortical circuit
contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease.
The condition typically affects individuals during childhood or adolescence and often continues
until adulthood.
Obsession are characterized by intrusive thought or urges that lead to anxiety and distress.
Compulsion are repetitive behaviors that the person feels compelled to accomplish according to set
rules.
The diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder is based on criteria set by the diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental

Research Paper On Autistic Children
Most Autistic kids have different abilities and have different thing they can not do . It is important to
raise awareness for kids with Autism. Most people do not realize how many kids are diagnosed with
Autism. Autistic kids are not always the same, there are other kids diagnosed with different types.
According to Autism Speaks, "Autism appears to have its roots in very early brain development.
However, the most obvious signs of autism and symptoms of autism tend to emerge between 2 and 3
years of age" ("What Is Autism"). Autism spectrum disorder and autism are different types of
complex disorders of the brain development. These types of disorders are shown by their
characteristics per person and also shown by their difficulties in social ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Not long ago, the answer to this question would have been "we have no idea." Research is now
delivering the answers. First and foremost, we now know that there is no one cause of autism just as
there is no one type of Autism." ( Autism Speaks). Over the past five years, Scientists have found
that there was a rare number gene change that was connected with Autism. A small number of the
gene that is affected by Autism is made by themselves. Most cases of Autism has been found to be
caused by a sequence of Autism risk genes and conditions affecting early brain development. The
number of non genetic and genetic or conditions can increase a child's risk of getting Autism. The
verification of the Autism risks requires events that has happened during or before birth. It involves
the parents age around the time of getting pregnant including both parents, illness relating to the
mother while pregnant and difficulties while or during birth. Complications during the pregnancy or
labor due to the lack of oxygen to the baby's brain. "It is important to keep in mind that these
factors, by themselves, do not cause Autism. Rather, in combination with genetic risk factors, they
appear to modestly increase risk." (Autism Speaks). A growing body of research recommend that
women can lower the risk of having a baby with Autism by taking prenatal vitamins. Searchers are
now looking at the immune system in Autism kids. "Autism

Twin Study Of Autism
Introduction
Autism is a mental condition, shows up or present from early childhood, characterized by great
difficulty in communication, forming relationships and in using language and abstract concepts. It is
also referred as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Parents usually notice signs of autism in the first
two years of their child's life. These signs often develop slowly and take time.
Through twin studies, scientists have determined that autism is a genetically based condition. If one
identical twin has autism then there is a high chance that the other twin will also be diagnosed with
an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). For non–identical twins, the chance is very low compared to
identical twins, that both twins will develop autism spectrum

The First Three Years Of Life
Autism is a complex developmental disability that typically appears during the first three years of
life. This is the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain.
Autism is four more times prevalent in boys than girls. Autism shows no racial, ethnic or social
boundaries. Family income, lifestyle and educational levels do not affect the chance of autism's
occurrence. Autism and its associated behaviors have been estimated to occur in as many and one in
500 individuals. In this essay, I will discuss the signs and symptoms of autism, types of autism, the
diagnosis of autism and studies done on autism.
Autism affects the normal development of the brain in the areas of social interaction and
communication ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although a specific cause is not known, current research links autism to biological or neurological
differences in the brain. In many families, there appears to be a pattern of autism or related
disabilities. This suggests that there is a genetic basis to the disorder. Buty there has been no gene
linked directly to autism. The genetic basis is believed by researchers to be highly complex,
probably involving several genes in combination.
Autism is not a mental illness. Children with autism are not unruly kids who choose not to behave.
Autism is not cause by bad parenting. These are just some of the several theories that are false about
the cause of autism. They have been proven false. Furthermore, no known psychological factors in
the development of the child have been shown to cause autism.
An accurate diagnosis must be based on observation of the individual's communication,
developmental levels and behavior. Because many of the behaviors associated with autism are
shared by other disorders, various medical tests may be ordered to rule out or identify other possible
causes of the symptoms being exhibited.
Because the characteristics of autism vary so much, a child should be evaluated by a
multidisciplinary team which may include a neurologist, developmental pediatrician, pshycologist,
learning consultant, speech/language therapist or another knowledgeable professional about autism.
In some

The Etiology Of The Disorder

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