The document discusses various Latin verb forms including the future passive participle, gerunds, gerundives, and the passive periphrastic. The future passive participle forms the passive counterpart to the future tense and is used to form the passive periphrastic construction. Gerunds are verbal nouns formed from the future passive participle that function as nouns rather than verbs. Gerundives are formed the same way but function as adjectives modifying other nouns. The gerundive construction is used when a gerund would normally take a direct object in English.

1. The Future Passive Participle,
Gerunds and Gerundives,
&
The Passive Periphrastic

2. The Future Passive Participle
• When we learned participles, we left out the future
passive participle because, although it does exist, it
is not usually used as a participle.
• The future passive participle is formed by adding
-ndus, -nda, -ndum onto the present stem, and
then declining it as an -us, -a, -um adjective.
laudandus, -a, -um about to be praised
monendus, -a, -um about to be warned
ducendus, -a, -um about to be led
faciendus, -a, -um. about to be done
audiendus, -a, -um about to be heard

3. So how DO we use the
future passive participle?
The future passive participle is used to form
a common Latin idiom called...
THE PASSIVE PERIPHRASTIC

4. Passive Periphrastic
The verb ‘to be’ with the future passive participle creates a
finite verb form that expresses obligation or necessity.
Discipula laudanda est.
The student should/must be praised.
If an agent is expressed, it is in the dative case (with no
preposition) rather than an ablative of agent with a/ab.
This is called Dative of Agent with a Passive Periphrastic.
Discipula magistro laudanda est.
The student must be praised by the teacher.
Liberi matri puniendi sunt.
The children must be punished by their mother.

5. Passive Periphrastic
• The passive periphrastic can be
expressed in the past or the future,
too.
Aqua ferenda puellis erat.
Water had to be carried by the girls.
Tyrannus necandus nobis erit.
The tyrant will have to be killed by us.

6. Passive Periphrastic
• What about these?
Metuo ne aqua ferenda vobis sit.
I’m afraid that you’re going to have to carry the water.
Putasne puerum puniendum istis esse?
Do you think that the boy should be punished by them?
Dic mihi cur discipulam laudandam esse putes.
Tell me why you think that the student should be praised.

7. Gerunds
• A gerund is a verbal noun.
• It sounds like a present active participle in English (-ing),
but it is not used as a participle; it is used as a noun.
• When an English gerund is the subject or direct object of
a verb, it is represented in Latin not by a gerund but by a
subjective or objective infinitive.
– Reading is fun. Legere est iucundum.
– I like reading. Amo legere.
• For the other case uses, English AND Latin use the
gerund.
– I give a lot of attention to studying. (dat.)
– I gave up french fries for the sake of eating well. (gen.)

8. Gerunds
A gerund is formed from the future passive participle.
Future Passive Participle Gerund
laudandus, -a, -um laudandum, -i, n.
monendus, -a, -um monendum, -i, n.
ducendus, -a, -um ducendum, -i, n.
faciendus, -a, -um faciendum, -i, n.
audiendus, -a, -um audiendum, -i, n.
But the gerund is a verbal noun, not an adjective, and as a noun it is
-ALWAYS 2nd DECLENSION NEUTER
-ALWAYS ACTIVE
-ALWAYS SINGULAR

9. Gerunds
Since a gerund is never used as the subject of a
verb in Latin (a subjective infinitive is used instead),
there is no nominative case of the gerund.
Nom. x
Gen. laudandi of praising
Dat. laudando to/for praising
Acc. laudandum praising
Abl. laudando by praising
That’s the whole declension right there.

10. The Gerundive Construction
(now pay attention!)
The following sentence is fine in English:
We learn a lot by reading books.
In Latin, however, that sentence is not
grammatically correct, because they were
pickier about grammar, and, let’s face it,
reading is a gerund, a verbal noun, and as a
noun, it cannot take a direct object (books).
To get around this problem, Latin uses a
construction that we call...
THE GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTION

11. The Gerundive Construction
(keep paying attention!)
The form of the gerundive is identical to the form of future
passive participle.
‘Gerundive’ is simply the term we give the future passive
participle in this context.
When a gerund wants to take a direct object, Latin instead
uses the gerundive to modify the noun that is the direct
object. The gerundive is translated passively, but not
necessarily as a future. This is an IDIOM, and therefore
sounds awkward when translated literally into English.
We learn by reading books.
Discimus libris legendis.
(We learn by books being read)

12. The Gerundive Construction
(keep paying attention!)
The noun that would be the direct object of the gerund
takes on the same case as the gerund would be, and then
the gerundive modifies that noun as an adjective.
A good way to understand this is to practice
composing using the gerundive construction.
Scribendo plurima efficire potes.
You can accomplish a lot by writing.
You can accomplish a lot by writing letters.
Epistulis scribendis plurima efficere potes.
(You can accomplish a lot by letters being written.)

13. The Gerundive Construction
(keep paying attention!)
The noun that would be the direct object of the gerund
takes on the same case as the gerund would be, and then
the gerundive modifies that noun as an adjective.
Feriendo nihil efficies!
You will accomplish nothing by hitting!
You will accomplish nothing by hitting your friend!
Amico feriendo nihil efficies!
(You will accomplish nothing by your friend being hit!)

14. What’s the difference between a
gerund and gerundive again??
Gerund Gerundive
verbal noun verbal adjective
always neuter sg. can be any gender & #
always active always passive
Helpful tips:
-A gerundive is an adjective. If the -nd- word in the
sentence is not modifying anything, it’s a gerund.
If it is modifying another word, it’s a gerundive.
There is no such thing as a substantive gerundive!
-If the -nd- word is plural OR masc. OR fem., it must
be a gerundive.

15. Gerunds & Gerundives
There are three common uses of gerunds
and gerundives.
• Ablative of means
– pugnando by means of fighting
– pugnandis bellis by means of fighting wars
• Genitive with preceding causá or gratiá.
- videndi causá for the sake of seeing
- videndorum amicorum causá for the sake of seeing
friends.
• Accusative with ad to express purpose.
- ad videndum for seeing (in order to see)
- ad videndos amicos for seeing friends (in order to see...)

16. Gerunds & Gerundives
Although those three uses are most common, gerunds
and gerundives can be used in all oblique cases (all cases but
nominative) in any number of other constructions. For example...
Discipuli se dederunt Latinae linguae studendae.
The students devoted themselves to studying the Latin language.
dative indirect object (with dederunt)
gerundive construction
Soror mea est peritissima pilo iaciendo.
My sister is the best (most skilled) at throwing the javelin.
ablative of specification
gerundive construction

17. Gerunds & Gerundives
Bene edere melius est male edendo.
Eating well is better than eating badly.
ablative of comparison
gerund

18. GOT ALL THAT?
Cheer up! It’s not so bad.