The Problem Of Needle Exchange Programs

The Problem Of Needle Exchange Programs
Currently in Kentucky, the prevalence of preventing the spread of dangerous pathogens and diseases through tainted needles is the controversial topic.
The provocative matter of needle exchange programs will always be as such. The aspiration of this text is to provide comprehension on what is needle
exchange programs, Kentucky, educate on public health, funding, and comflict between drug and disease
In the United Stated, stated by the Hepatitis C Support program, exchange programs have been documented legitimately and illicitly since the 1980s.
The Hepatitis C Support Project states: the first needle exchange program was developed in 1984 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands by a drug users '
advocacy group called the Junkie Union. The major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported that syringe exchange programs can be effective in linking hard–to–reach
individuals to health services, and that the programs do not serve to encourage drug use or initiate." (Needle exchange, 2009) Kidorf states that the
community based programs increased motivation to participate in substance abuse programs and treatments.
Kentucky
The majority of states have illegal drug problems, and for Kentucky. Use of illicit drugs are the major choice for youths and adults (Office of Drug
Control, 2015) from the range of 2007–2008, Kentucky was in the top ten states for several drug use categories involving ranges of 12 and older; the
rate of deaths by illicit drugs are above national average stated by Kentucky Drug control. "Approximately 8 percent of Kentucky residents reported
past–month use of illicit drugs; the national average was 8 percent." (Whitehouse, 2009)
"The Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service, VADM Regina Benjamin, M.D., M.B.A., has determined that a demonstration needle
exchange
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Seattle Persuasive Essay
The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football team based in Seattle, Washington. They are an amazing franchise that first played in the
1976 NFL season. The Seahawks are known for its fans and intimidating stadium. They are also a team known for it's amazing stadium and their
lividness at home. To conclude, theSeattle Seahawks are an incredible franchise in the NFL.
To begin, the Seattle Seahawks had to go through a lot to become an organization. Just before the Seahawks became a team the NFL began planning to
expand from 26 to 28 teams due to the AFL–NFL Merger. On June 15, 1972, a group of Seattle business and community leaders known as the Seattle
Professional Football Inc. was started by Herman Sarkowsky and Ned Skinner. Their intention was to acquire an NFL franchise for the Seattle
Seahawks. Finally, after all their hard work, the NFL awarded its 28th franchise to Seattle on June 4,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They are often referred to as the 12th Man or the 12s due to their intensity and intimidation, which makes the team feel like they have an advantage
or a 12th Man. The Seahawks fans had such an impact on the success of the team in the 1980's that Seahawks President Mike McCormack retired
the number 12 jersey on December 15, 1984, as a tribute to the best fans in the NFL. At every home game just before kickoff, the 12th Man flag is
raised in honor of the 12s. Their are many incredible records that these fans have accomplished. On January 8, 2011 Seahawks fans literally shook the
Earth during the NFL playoff game against the New Orleans Saints when Marshawn Lynch scored a 67–yard miraculous running touchdown. Also, on
December 2, 2013, at CenturyLink Field, against the New Orleans Saints, Seahawks fans registered a decibel reading of 137.6, the second loudest
recording in the world. To conclude, the Seattle Seahawks fans are some of the greatest fans around the

Relationship Between Audiences And Films
Unit 24 Assignment 4
Audiences and Films
The BBFC has commissioned me to undertake research as part of a project to ascertain to what degree films can be regarded as powerful within
contemporary society. In this assignment, I will comprehensively explain the relationship between audiences and films with well explained examples. I
refer to the different sectors relating to the topic that include the following:
a)active and passive audience models
b)the preferred readings theory
c)reception theory and viewing contexts
d)your own research into the relationship between audiences and films
Active and Passive Audiences
An active audience is the opposite. An active audience can interact with the programme and tell them their views, and what they would like to see.
They can influence the outcome of the whole show.
A passive audience is an audience that has no influence over the outcome of the programme. They cannot change it in any way and it is up to the
writers to decide what happens and when.
Hypodermic Needle Model
The Hypodermic Needle Theory is one of the oldest in the field of media studies. Also known as the Magic Bullet Theory, it states that media has a
direct, complete and immediate effect on the audience. The message for the media is directly received and wholly accepted by the user. The audience
is considered to completely passive entities that are left at the mercy of the media. Media is considered to be super strong with the potential of
mesmerizing its

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) Or Acquired...
A major epidemic across the world is the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Accredited with
10% of the HIV cases annually is injection drug use (AIDS.gov, 2014). A study done in 2010 showed that injection drug use affected nearly 47,500
new HIV infections in the United States. With 625 being males and 38% being female. Breaking it down even further, African Americans made up
50% of the newly affecting using injection drugs, Whites 26%, and Latinos/ Hispanics with 21% (CDC.gov, 2015). Injection drug use can spread the
HIV virus by any of the following acts: using blood–contaminated syringes to prepare drugs, reusing water, reusing bottle caps, spoons, or other
containers ("cookers") to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A basic response for injection users can be strategies that are aligned with all drug users such as: access to sterile injection and drug preparation
equipment; treatment for substance use and mental disorders; opioid substitution therapy; or counseling (CDC.gov/mmwr, 2015). Helping to provide
greater preventative measures for all drug users can potentially reduce the contraction of the HIV/AIDS virus.
The townspeople or community might be hesitant to provide assistance for injection drug users. Stigma exists around substance use and abuse
especially when it comes to needle–exchange programs. The belief that providing clean needles encourages drug use, rather than discourages needle
sharing. Studies done by the AIDS Foundation of Chicago (AFC) argues that this response can be dangerous since it ignores other studies that
demonstrate how clean needle exchange is an effective took for reducing HIV and hepatitis transmission. This program provides support for the
inflected. Through access to counselors, treatment options, or education about safer needle use are all provided all from one program (Sosin, 2012). It
can also benefit the larger community of drug users or those how suffer from hepatitis. A program in Rhode Island called ENCORE (Education, Needle
Exchange, Counseling, Outreach, and Referrals) is designed for outreach to those at–risk individuals who may not otherwise present for prevention,

Medicl Prduct Company
Harvard Business School 9–694–065 Rev. March 17, 1995 Medical Products Company At the beginning of their three–day meeting in March 1990, Mr.
Roberto Hausman, the president of the Disposable Devices Sector of the Medical Products Company (MPC), welcomed the group assembled around
the conference table. This promises to be a very productive meeting. A window of opportunity has opened up for us, and it appears that we finally
have a chance to resolve, once and for all, some of the issues our European organization has been struggling with over at least the last six years. The
recent acceleration in the projected growth rate for our hypodermic and diabetic products makes it possible to discuss possible changes without having
to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
MPC's International Organization MPC was a major supplier of diagnostics systems and disposable medical devices to health care institutions such
as hospitals, physician's offices, clinical laboratories, and pharmacies. In 1990 the combined sales of its two product sectors, Disposable and
Diagnostics, were slightly over $2 billion (Exhibit 1 provides a summary of financial information). After a decade of rapid growth, MPC's sales
outside the United States now approached 40% of the total, two–thirds of which took place in Europe. Professor Robert H. Hayes prepared this case as
the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Certain names and numbers
have been disguised. Copyright © 1993 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials,
call (800) 545–7685 or write the Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means–electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise–without the permission of Harvard Business School. 1 This document is authorized for use only by Christiana Brownell
(cbrownell1222@gmail.com). Copying or posting is an

Risks of Nursing Essay
According to Dictionary.com a nurse is a person formally educated and trained in the care of the sick or infirm. The encyclopedia states that a
nursing diagnosis may be a part of the nursing process and is a clinical judgment about individual, family, or community experiences or responses to
actual or potential health problems that life processes. The actual nursing diagnosis could possibly be a factor before one can even become a
certified nurse. The nursing diagnosis is a critical part of making sure all the knowledge for the practice is obtained precisely. Risk factors for nurses
are currently at its highest peak, because of a lot of new diseases that have spread overtime. Although local hospitals and the government have been able
to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unlike regular people that visit the hospital nurses are around patients all the time. The nurses are more prone to receiving all different types of
infections, sicknesses, and diseases. Nurses not only can receive certain types of sicknesses and diseases from being around in a sick environment, but
also certain disinfected sprays. For example the first disinfecting spray alkaline glutaralyhede, is a disinfectant is used to sterilize medical instruments.
Research in the article of the Assessment of Patients, found that the certain type of spray has association with respiratory problems and often results in
respiratory therapy. The hospitals worldwide try their best to enforce the rules of preventing client to nurse transmission, but sometimes the sickness is
bigger than they think. "A communicable disease is caused by an infectious agent that is spread from person to person, either directly or indirectly. In
their practice, nurses may accidentally or inadvertently transmit a communicable disease to clients" (crnbc.ca/). The article, Injection Safety states
that," The reuse of needles, syringes and other injection or infusion equipment can result in transmission of blood borne pathogens, endangering
patients/residents and staff." Injection Safety is prevented by making sure one does not reuse needles and syringes. Although it may seem simple and
very unbelievable that one might forget; it is not. Majority of needles and syringes that are

Stersterile Couples: A Case Study
The controversial issue of whether to distribute sterile needles and Narcan or Naloxone to addicts has been an increasing issue. The increase in the
use of injectable substances such as opioids has caused a rise in the number of blood borne diseases, such as HIV. Programs have tried to combat
this rise by distributing clean needles to addicts through needle exchange programs. These programs trade unsanitary, used needles for fresh, sterile
ones. These programs also distribute the reversal medication for opioid overdoses, Naloxone. Programs like these are trying to benefit everyone with
supplies they believe will be helpful to the addicts. These supplies are continuing to hurt the addicts as well. The needles allow for profit to be made
by the

Star Trek Research Paper
Communicator – A communicator gives the characters on Star Trek the ability to contact individuals or starships directly through a communication
system. It also serves as an emergency signaling device. A communicator could be either an intercom or a hand–held device. Prototypes of the
communicator inspired the creation of cellular phones. Now, cellular phones and smartphones apps become more vital to the medical field. Scientists
are using smartphones for medical purposes with the technology that already exists. For example, medical personnel can use the microphone and
camera flash as a medical tool. Applications are currently being developed so smartphones can become mobile laboratories. These apps would give a
smartphone the capabilities... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scientist used this process and created dangerous, intelligent and prominent genetically–engineered superhuman Khan Noonien Singh. Khan becomes
Captain Kirk's nemesis and Khan's tyranny leads the Federation to ban genetic engineering for fear of creating others like him. I was interested in
learning that in 2016, Britain approved a license application to perform gene editing on human embryos. The license permits scientists to "study the
embryos for 14 days for research purposes only." It does not, however permit these embryos to be implanted into women. Scientist believe editing
embryos can boost the understanding of why in–vitro fertilization can be successful and how healthy human embryos develop. They can answer why
some women lose their babies before term using these embryos. Additionally, this research could possibly provide better clinical treatments for

Nicki Minj Hyperbole
Onika Tanya Maraj, better known as Nicki Minaj, created a song called "The Crying Game" to tell a significant part of her life. She's been in a
relationship with safaree Daniels for 10+ years and they ended their relationship shorthanded because of her long time heart break. Once Minaj became
famous she started to realize that the man she knew treated her differently and started to become distance. Minaj uses the singer, Jessie Ware, to create
a smooth transition to the climax of the song to let the people know the song makes her miserable. Nicki Minaj is known for her use of rhymes,
significant bars and hyperbole. Nicki Minaj and Jessie Ware uses "The Crying Game" to describe the after–math of a relationship that ended badly.
As the song starts you hear a piano play soft and slow letting you know that is song will be a gentle moving ballet. Once the beat drops you hear the
first line, "Here we go again, and it's the game we love." As you can see she uses a form of consonance with the words, go, again, and game. The game
she refers to would be the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nicki exclaims, "That they were just planning a wedding, Caucasian doves." Saying that they wanted to take their relationship to the next level with
a symbol of doves which means love and happiness. Minaj ends her 1st verse by murmuring, "You was just telling your mans that you hate the
clubs; now we in the crying game heart laced with slugs." She's basically saying that they were at a point that they felt as if it was no need to go
clubbing when they had each other until they broke up and entering the crying game with their hearts broken or lace with slugs. Minaj uses a form of
rhyme again with clubs and slugs. Slugs would be another word for bullets and their heart broken means it has been

The Space Needle : A Journey To The Space Needle
Soon, they made it to the Space Needle, a tall, towering structure that stretched high into the sky and shined like a beacon in the city. The structure
stood firmly and magnificently over them, and it was absolutely captivating. The gleaming white tower was alluring with its sleek design and
futuristic look. Many people gazed up at it as they stood or walked by it. Some people, mostly tourists, even snapped photos of the impressive
structure. The tower was a glorious piece of architecture that served as a wonderful attraction in the city. It captured the attention of many people who
came to see it. The fascinating structure was now an icon of the city and how spectacular it and the city were. Jayden and his family soon headed into
the elevator of the tower and headed up to the observation deck at the top of the tower. The observation deck was this disk–shaped area that was
situated on top of the tower to allow people on it to have a bird's–eye view of the city. The deck also allowed people to gaze at the city and world
around them from a different, beautiful perspective. Jayden and his family soon arrived at the observation deck of the tower where they gaped and
gazed in awe and wonder at the view around them. They had a great panorama of the city and world around them, which was absolutely breathtaking.
There were skyscrapers stretching from the ground high up into the air, buildings and structures that stood below them, small colorful dots

Discussion of the View that Violence on Screen Can Cause...
Discussion of the View that Violence on Screen Can Cause Violence in Society
The screening of violence and the effects it has on the media ahs been a controversial issue for a long time. Many researches have been carried out to
prove or disprove the hypothesis that violence in the media can cause violence in society and as a result many theories have been formed. A theory that
supports this hypothesis is the Hypodermic syringe model developed by Vance Packard in 1957 and a reflection of the popular belief at the era. The
hypodermic syringe model sees the audience as a homogenous mass without any background experiences and therefore immediately affected by what
they see in the media. Even though ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another study was carried out by Eron et al in 1987 who studied over 800 eight and nine year old boys and girls. They observed each child for signs of
aggression and asked other people whether each child was aggressive. They then went on to study the children's viewing habits and found a positive
correlation between the amount of media violence watched and the violence in children's everyday behaviour. This study like the bobo doll study
ignores the fact that other factors might have been at work, such as peer pressure influences. Also in the Eron study, there is no distinguishing between
the types of violence, whether it's fictional or real life violence and also the criteria for children to be seen as violent is not distinguished.
However there have been real life incidents that would support the hypodermic syringe theory, such as the shootings in the Columbine High school.
A theory that disagrees with the Hypodermic syringe model is the Cultural effects model. This theory doesn't believe in the media having an immediate
affect on the audience and recognizes the fact that the media audience is very diverse. Rather this theory argues that audiences are exposed to the
media so much that the come to accept the preferred reading of programmes in the media. This theory suggests that audiences are exposed to violence
in the media so much that they

Personal Narrative: My Virtue With Stage IV Colon Cancer
I never wanted to be fluent in cancer. I was content with my unrealized ignorance of oncological jargon and procedures. However, on April 10th
2015, when my husband was diagnosed with stage IV colon cancer, I quickly went from being ignorant of this disease, to consumed by it. The day of
his diagnosis I began to educate myself on the role of caretaker and took post in a position that I would both loath and treasure.
Though I wanted so much to excel at caring for him, I often found myself resentful and fearful of the caretaker title. My wish to return to the bliss of
my unconsciousness presented itself in hidden and controlled fits of anger that frequently occurred in the solitude of my shower or car. Only there did
I have the space to suppress my tears ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I would then don disposable gloves, one on my right and two on my left. The intravenous tubing that he was connected to came with two clamps
attached. The next step was to clamp the tube at the point where it met the pump and also where it connected to the catheter cap. I would hold the
infusor tubing in my left hand, which donned two gloves, remove the outer glove and tying the end of the tubing into the glove so that any chemo that
was remaining in the tube would be caught by the glove should it drip.
Once the tubing and pump were removed I was able to clean and remove the catheter from his port. First I would swab the catheter cap with the
alcohol pad for fifteen seconds. After it dried I would attach the 10 ml saline syringe to the catheter to flush the line. I would then flush the line a
second time using the 2ml saline syringe. This kept the IV line clear and open so that it remained sterile and easily accessible for his next round of

The Negative Analysis Of Johnson And Johnson's Tylenol
Although crises situations happen, all situations are not doomed to failure. For instance, prior to its crisis, Johnson & Johnson's Tylenol was the most
successful over–the–counter product in America (Harris, Hart, Hubbard, Jurgensen, & Wells, n.d.). An absolute leader in painkiller, Tylenol accounted
for a 37 percent market share, outselling its competitors (Harris et al, n.d.). During the fall of 1982, a malevolent person or persons, presumably
unknown, replaced Tylenol Extra–Strength capsules with an altered version of the medication (Harris et al, n.d.) Unbeknownst to the corporation, this
unknown person(s) replaced the capsules with cyanide–laced capsules, resealed the packages, and deposited them onto the shelves of a least a
half–dozen food stores within the Chicago area (Harris et at, n.d.). As a result, several unexpecting people died a horrible death (Harris et al, n.d.).
Without any warning, Johnson & Johnson, a parent company of McNeil Consumer Products Company, endured negative media coverage that included
information about the crisis before the organization knew about it. In addition, the company had to explain to the world, why its trusted product was
suddenly killing people (Harris et al, n.d.). Initially, the company was blindsided by the incident and subsequently formed a seven–member strategy
team to handle the crisis, protect consumers, save their product, and confront the negative media coverage (Harris et al, n.d.).
Almost immediately, the company alerted consumers across the nation not to consume their product (Harris et al, n.d.). In addition, consumers were
directed not to resume consumption until the extent of the tampering could be determined (Harris et al, n.d.). Moreover, Johnson & Johnson stopped
production and advertisement and withdrew all Tylenol bottles from the store shelves in Chicago and the surrounding areas (Harris et al, n.d.).
Following the discovery of two more contaminated bottles, Tylenol realized the vulnerability of their product and ordered that every capsule is
withdrawn (Harris et al, n.d.).
Not willing to take additional risks, the company utilized the media, both PR and paid to advertise, to communicate their strategy during this

Space Needle Research Paper
When I ask you about Seattle, what is the first noun that comes to your head. Besides a few; coffee, rain, and the worst play call in NFL history the
first thing most people think of when hearing of Seattle is the Space Needle. At 605 feet high, 138 feet wide, and weighing in at 9,550 tons the Space
Needle is located on 400 broad street in Seattle Washington. The 1962 world's fair took place in Seattle, in honor of the Worlds Fair the Space Needle
was built. It took around a year to build starting construction April 17, 1961 and completed April 21, 1962. Artist Edward E. Carlson had a job to
design a futuristic object to showcase in Seattle with the theme of the 21st century. The outcome of this design was much more then an observation
tower, restaurant, and shop. It is the symbol of this amazing city. There is reasoning for everything and the reason I chose this symbol is because...
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With the Needle expressing us as a city it expresses our cities unwritten values and beliefs. Washington with predominant help from Seattle was one
of the first states to legalize marijuana as well as gay marriage. This goes to show the openness and unique vibe our city. This vibe rubs off on all
the citizens of Seattle giving us these "open minded" "free spirited" values. As go the beliefs, growing up in the Seattle Public Schools education
system money was a problem some of the material was not great but the one concept they preached everyday was equality of everyone. Everyone
is equal and our respect should be given to each person we encounter. This has stuck with me and is what you can call "the Seattle way". I am not
trying to brag and say I am a perfect human to everyone because that is not true. I will say if you ever visit Seattle you will be shocked of how
welcoming everyone is. That is something we take pride

Clean Needle Exchange Research Paper
The Clean Needle Exchange Program America has been fighting a long war with drugs and the many diseases that are spread due to drug habits
and dirty needles. Many people believe that the cure to solving this widespread epidemic is The Clean Needle Exchange program; this is a
program that offers clean needles to drug abusers and also counseling to reduce the need for drugs. Though there are definitely benefits to the
program it does not come without pitfalls, the programs have received a great deal of controversy because some people view it as drug promoting
and supporting. The program is also funded by taxpayers which has sparked a lot of criticism and created the ban on needle exchange... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study compared the drug needle safety in both areas, Miami has no needle exchange programs but San Francisco does. The results were that
San Francisco had less needles lying around compared to Miami which has less drug users. Not only is the Clean needle exchange program good for
drug users it is also good for first responders and law enforcement; in San Diego there was a study conducted by amFAR (an AIDS prevention network)
on police officers, over 30 percent of these officers were stuck by a needle more than one

Hypodermic Needle
Drugs plays a big role in everyday society. Many drug addicts and users inject the drug into their system. In the current culture, drug users share
needles creating a mass spread of disease. This leads to a big health issue. Some believe that having a needle exchange program can actually help
stop the spread of blood diseases. Ohers believe that by supplying needles, they are giving off the message that drug use is okay. Clean needles are
very helpful to reduce to amount of blood– borne diseases that are transferred from needle sharing. According to Sullivan (2004), sharing dirty needles
has become the primary way of AIDS cases in New Jersey. Drug addicts will reuse or share needles more than once which is how diseases such as
AIDS are transferred. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, according Glauser (2013) some of these machines are located near cameras causing prisoners to worry that they will be caught. If prisons
offer condoms and bleach but the prisoner's feel afraid to approach the machines because they fear they will be caught defeats the purpose of having
the machine to dispense the condoms and bleach. However, the inmate felt safe about being caught on camera and not afraid that they could have
multiple charges added to their sentence they will use the machine. If they are dispensing bleach and condoms why not also exchange clean needles for
a safer prison environment. Also according to Glauser (2013) the machines are often empty. If the point of the machine is promote safety then, having
an empty machine defeats the purpose of having the machines. This is showing that the prisons have reasons to give out bleach and condoms, but do
not have the fund or the need to check to see if the machines are empty and then have them

Methadone Clinics
Methadone Clinics and Needle Exchange Programs: Critical Thinking There are many people in the world today that are drug addicts and cannot
quit by themselves which is where the methadone clinics come into the picture. Methadone reduces the withdrawal symptoms therefore making it
easier to quit drugs. Even though methadone is supposedly proven to be safe, it seems to have biases and stigmas associated with it because it is an
opioid medication and many people can become addicted to it as well as have serious side effects. For individuals who aren 't willing to quit using
drugs, they offer needle exchange programs that reduce the risks of infections and diseases. Needle exchange programs are important in a society like
today because a... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, it has benefits because sometimes people accidently become addicted to prescribed medications and can't quit. The methadone
clinics are great for that aspect. The other benefits are reducing costs of health care needed due to the reduction of blood borne diseases by using
needle exchange programs. Overall, there are numerous benefits from these programs and I believe I would advocate for more of these programs and
clinics established because individuals who are struggling with drug addictions are still people and need health care attention as well. Most of the
time, the staff at the clinics are probably the only health care professionals they come into contact with. "Medically supervised injection sites have
health professionals on site to prevent harmful consequences such as overdose, and provide users with information about health, treatment, and
rehabilitation programs" (Stamler & Yiu, 2012, p. 441). I think these programs are a good way for drug users to seek information about health
promotion and health problems associated with drug addictions. In conclusion, methadone clinics and needle exchange programs have many stigmas
linked to them due to the biases that have been associated with these programs in the past. The programs are trying to create ways to encourage more
drug users to use the programs available especially the needle exchange program for those who inject

The Socially Acceptable History of Morphine
Opium, Morphine, and Heroin have been around for centuries. Currently they are all seen as nuisances to society, and are highly addictive, dirty
drugs. But, in the late 19th century these pests were viewed in quiet a different light. They were praised for their healing powers, and even referred to
as "GOM" or "Gods own medicine". In the 19th century, the idea of a drug was fresh, and peoples' appetites were ravenous. Deemed to be socially
acceptable, they hit America fast, and would unknowingly cause an everlasting effect on our nation.
Morphine, named after Morphis the god of dreams, was introduced to America in 1817. Created by a German chemist who extracted an active
alkaloid from opium, morphine was produced as the first ever pain killer. This substance created a happy, sedated, and euphoric feeling in its users.
And the practice of this drug in the 19th century was extensive. People and doctors believed that it could cure everything from third degree burns to
diarrhea and was even the notorious alcoholic. During this time period in America, alcohol (although widely used) was considered to be one of the
most dangerous substances. Because of this, Doctors would prescribe morphine to patients to cure the addiction. Publicly it was simply seen as a better
alternative (better to be the quiet recluse, than a loud drunken buffoon). Though this drug had its foot in the door in America very early on, it didn't
really make a splash until the civil war.
During this era there

Firm's Failure Wall Lets Workers Learn From Their Mistakes
In Nita Lelyveld's, "Malibu Firm's Failure Wall Lets Workers Learn from their Mistakes," she asks if we would be able to write our failures for
everyone to see, including a boss. She talks about Jeff Stibel, a chief executive of Dun & Bradstreet, who has a "Failure Wall" that he found more
useful and educational. Stibel wanted to encourage creative risk by embracing failures and the lessons that come with it. Lelyveld's conclusion was
that acknowledging mistakes helps us feel less fear about mistakes and encourages risk taking, creatively and personally. I couldn't agree more with
what Lelyveld had to say. Failure creates success; we learn from our mistakes and we have to embrace them. I've had many failures in my life and I've
learned from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was the person who bended the needles at a specific angle and covered them with a plastic top. It was my first week and I was learning very
quickly but I had gotten a little cocky and tried to do everything too fast. My shift after lunch had just started and I was given blue needles to cover,
I covered them with precision and speed. I was given another set of blue needles and covered the majority of them before I noticed I was mixing two
different needles together. I panicked; I rushed to get a second box and started sorting through about 100 needles. I couldn't sort through all of them
and fessed up that I had made a mistake. I was called to the manager's office and was given a warning. It didn't take long for me to start paying more
attention to my work. A mistake like this taught me how to be a better employee and make fewer mistakes for the management to worry about. Failures
are something you shouldn't be afraid of its something that you should acknowledge. Acknowledging your mistakes help you become a more
productive person always striving for the better. Whether the mistakes are big as mine was in high school or small like mine was at my first job, you
learn from them significantly. When you make a mistake you know what you did wrong for that mistake to happen now next time you'll try a
different approach. Lelyveld is right, we nee to acknowledge mistakes. There's no other way to face fear then fear itself; we need to face our

Medical Injection
Traditional injection uses a syringe to insert liquid into body. The purpose of medical injection is to pierce the material into the suп¬ѓcient depth of
skin. This kind of injection needs to use large number of syringe needles, and according to [62],clients reported that an average of 8.7% of
injections employed shared syringe needles. Data from the Coalition for safe Community Needle Disposal showed that in the year of 2011, 13.5
million people in the United States produced 7.8 billion used sharps(needles, syringes, etc.) outside the traditional healthcare, and 1 million to 1.5
million of needles were used for illegal drug injections. Since blood borne infections, like HIV, HBV, and HCV, can be commonly spread by sharing
intravenous syringes, huge number of substandard and illegal use of needles compares to share rate of 8.7%, the potential spread of these infections
cannot be ignored. Meanwhile, on the other side, the application of micro needle can to large extent avoid this from its source. Micro needles, which
are recently developed by the Georgia Institute of Technology and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) [63, 64], are small patches
that can be administered by untrained users. Small needles are placed on the patch of about a square centimeter.... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Spectral element method used in computational п¬‚uid dynamics is explained in [15] and [46]. For spectral element models of micro needle, the
process is divided into two parts, the model of п¬‚ow in micro–needle and the model of solution п¬‚ux inside human skin. Incompressible
NavierStokes equations with slip boundary condition are solved inside micro–needle. And the human skin is treated as porous media, so
Darcy–Brinkman equation is solved to simulate this process. At the same time, the output data of micro needle are taken as initial conditions of
Darcy–Brinkman

Negatives Of Drugs In Sports
Drugs are becoming more and more acceptable in today's society. Many people use drugs, even those who are constantly in the spotlight. Even athletes
are starting to use drugs, and there are two common classifications of them: recreational and performance–enhancing. The use of both of these kinds of
drugs by professional athletes is unjust and not fair sport because it is the easy way out and gives those who are competing legally an unfair advantage.
Athletes of any kind who make the decision to use performance–enhancing drugs are taking the easiest route to compete at the level they desire. Most
athletes are notorious for their hard work and dedication and provide a great role model for youth involved in their sport, but the athletes who take
advantage of performance–enhancing drugs, are ruining the hard work stereotype by taking the less difficult route to bettering themselves. Michael
Rosenberg provides a convincing argument when he states, "You know what sounds easy? Punting on the whole steroids issue. Give 'em all
hypodermic needles with their signing bonuses. Let them pop pills. Let them inject pure, unfiltered testosterone. Let them eat uranium yellowcake if
they think it will make them bigger, stronger, faster, quicker or better–looking. You could do that. It would give sports journalists less work. It would
theoretically make the games more fun (though I doubt it). It would allow [cyclist] Lance Armstrong to be an unquestioned hero, and it would save
future Baseball

Needle Exchange Drugs
Heroin is a growing problem in today's society. Heroin is the cause of a lot of AID/HIV cases, heroin causes these diseases from transmitting blood by
using the same needle to inject the heroin. The government should impose a tax on needles being used for drug use so the needle price increases,
whereas at the same time the amount of heroin users decrease as does the risk of getting diseases such as AIDS or HIV. The Government should adopt
needle exchange programs. When the government adopts needle exchange programs for heroin use, the users would not being sharing needles with
other people as much and if there is sharing of needles the needle exchange program gives bleach packets to hopefully make sharing needles safer for
the users ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Paragraph 19). According to "Does HIV Needle Exchange Work" "The median annual budget for running a program was $169,000 in 1992.
Mathematical models based on those data predict that needle exchanges could prevent HIV infections among clients, their sex partners, and offspring
at a cost of about $9,400 per infection averted. This is far below the $195,188 lifetime cost of treating an HIV–infected person at present. A national
program of NEPs would have saved up to 10,000 lives by 1995" (Does HIV Needle Exchange work. Paragraph 14). I believe that needle exchange
programs are very cost effective even if the people are mad about having to pay taxes, they are helping to save lives. In order for this problem to not be
as big of a problem, there needs to be a broader expansion of needle exchange programs. In today's society heroin is expanding into a larger issue by the
day. Heroin use is such a big problem mainly because it is so cheap and addictive. People are taking advantage of such a cheap drug which really is
not cheap when a person's life is at risk. According to Drug Related Hospital Emergency Room Visits "in 2009 there were nearly 4.6 million drug
related ED visits nationwide" when there is this many hospital visits due to such a cheap

Summary Of Wargrave By Raymond Carver
Lombard wakes and sleeps and wakes again. Finally when it is 9:30 am he gets up and finds the others. He doesn't find either Emily or Rogers
though. He has to wake up Blore and Wargrave. They don't find Rogers downstairs either, but Brent does come in the front door with a raincoat on.
She says she has been walking around the island and comments how no boats could be out today because of the tides. Vera then discovers that
another figure is missing from the dining room table. They find Roger's body outside in the woodshed, where he had been chopping sticks, with a
deep gash in the back of his head. Vera becomes hysterical and asks if there are any bees on the island. When the men look at her strangely, she goes
on to rave about how the poem... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
She realizes that the murderer is sticking very close to his poem and the next murder will most likely have to do with bees. After that, each murder will
follow the poem.
"She heard footsteps– soft dragging footsteps coming up behind her. The stumbling footsteps of the drowned girl..."
Brent is in some kind of trance, and though she does recognize that there is someone behind her, she does not do anything about it and her mind
believes it is Beatrice Taylor.
"They searched the house from attic to cellars, but without result. The revolver was still missing."
Someone, presumably the murderer, has taken the revolver. Someone will be killed with

Needle Exchange Program: Clean Needles Save Lives
Needle Exchange Program Ever heard of the saying, "Clean Needles Save Lives" that is exactly what the Needle Exchange Program is. It is a program
which is designed to give a clean sterile needle to a drug user, so it can prevent or protect the Injection Drug User (IDU) from having disease such as
HIV and Hepatitis B. Syringe exchange programs (SEPs) provides free sterile syringes and collect used syringes from injection–drug users (IDUs) to
reduce transmission of blood borne pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The
idea of needle exchange program occurred in the Congress back in 1997. This program was created to prevent the IDU's from being infected by a dirty
needle. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Office of National Drug Policy, the Congress had restored the ban again (Federal Funding Ban on Needle Exchange Programs).
However, due to the increased amount of IDU's getting infected and using dirty needles, the congress has lifted the ban and now federal funding can
be used for the Needle Exchange Programs. Government funding in Needle Exchange Programs gives more opportunities to the local and states to
stop the spread of infectious diseases that can be caused by dirty needles. Even though the US had about 200 syringe programs in 33 states and the
District of Columbia, according to the North American Syringe Exchange Network the programs still don't get federal funding but the programs try to
manage funding from local and state's not– for profit funding (Flores and Whalen). In the newspaper article Federal Funding Ban on Needle
Exchanges Lifted by Kaiser Health News published on Feb 17, 2016, Mark Casanova, executive director of Homeless Health Care Los Angeles
was interviewed. Casanova states, "about a third of his $350,000 budget for the exchange program is spent on the 1.2 million syringes he hands out
each year" , although this number is not enough for all the needs of the IDU's , it is certainly a step in the right direction. Even a IDU states, "Thanks
to needle exchange ... I have stayed pretty healthy, which is a hard thing to do when you are injecting drugs." (Gorman, Anna) .Therefore, the Needle
Exchange Program is getting the attention of the country as a whole and the government notices it as a major conflict and is willing to spend federal
funds behind it to prevent the spread of deadly

Normal Biological Information On Guinea Pigs Essay
Normal Biological Information on Guinea Pigs:
Adult weight: 1.5 – 2.5lbs
Sexual maturity: The sexual maturity for a female is 4–6 weeks and for a male it is 3–5 weeks.
Litter size (average): 2–5 guinea pigs
Gestation: 59–72 days
Life span: 5 years
Rectal temperature: The average body temperature for a guinea pig ranges from 99–103.1В°F (or 37.2–39.5В°C).
Heart rate: A guinea pig 's normal heart rate ranges between 240 to 350 beats per minute.
Respiration rate: 40–150 respiratory rates per minute.
General Behavior:
Guinea pigs like to have access to food, water, space, comfort spaces, companion from other guinea pigs, interaction with humans and toys.
They are friendly, outgoing, active, playful animals.
They need safe toys to chew on; they love interacting with other guinea pigs, creating interactions.
They need constant access to a safe hiding place for comfort
When they're frightened they need shelter to go to
Guinea pigs are also very active so they need opportunities at all times to have exercise
Other signs of negative behavior in Guinea Pigs are being distressed, ill, injured, diseases, or being bored and lonely.
Signs that a guinea pig showing any of these symptoms are aggression, hiding, chewing on cage bars out of boredom, over grooming, excessive eating
and drinking or lack of.
Restraint:
To restrain a guinea pig, the person handling should be rapid and smooth, to avoid frightening the animal.
The person that

Analysis of Natural Born Killers Essay
Analysis of Natural Born Killers
Natural born killers is a violent film with a twist. It provides humor and violence and cartoons in parts of the film. I think that Natural born killers is
a bad film because a lot of the time you don't know what is going on and it is a film that you have to watch without any distractions, also it makes out
that violence is funny by using cartoons and other surrealistic parts. The film is also bad because it can influence dominant and passive audiences to go
out and murder people for the fun of it. Although the film is bad it has excellent effects with camera and lighting epically just before they have a fight
the camera shows all angles of the character and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is also another part where audience perception is used, this is at the end when they are about to kill Wayne and the camera falls just showing
him dead with Micky and Mallory running away laughing, showing that they don't care even about anyone else and aren't scared of nothing. So
already in the first 5/10 minutes of the film we are seeing violence. In the middle of the film there is a part where Micky and Mallory are all over
the news for being mass murderers, but the public love them. This could be why people have murdered after watching this film, because they may
think that the same will happen to them. It is a positive view of murder which is totally surrealistic and would not happen in real life.
There are a lot of icons in the film such as a scopian on Mallorys stomach which shows evil and death. There are also pictures of rabbits with
miximotosics (evil–red eyes), wolfs, dears, snakes which are all wild animals and a lot of the time the animals are dead.
The film can be a bad influence on viewers because in 1998, there were two French murder cases involving two women. "Florence Rey, was last week
sent to prison for 20 years for her part in shoot–out that left five people dead. The other, Veronique Herbert, is on trial with her boyfriend for the cold
blooded killing of a 16–year–old." – The Guardian. This

The Prevention And Health Administration
AIDS epidemic in the 90s posed a huge risk for nurses who assisted in routines, which required needles. Numerous other diseases also follow this
needle stick infections. Besides the risks that involve losing the lives of the nurses, the financial loss of such infection is estimated to be $400 to $1
billion per year. Due to this problem, several agencies attempted to set health regulations to prevent further infection cases. Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) required hospitals and nurses to make safe needle containers, prohibiting practice of recapping needles by one hand,
and to provide information to prevent infection cases. However, this regulation was disputed due to the limit that it sets, making emergency cases
difficult address as quickly as possible. Dr. Janine Jaegger argued that the focus should be shifted to product design that can help nurses and that
provides safety. The Department of Labor and Department of Health and Human Services agreed to the idea and stated that engineering control
should be used to reduce worker exposure to harmful substances (293). This idea has a legitimate support since articles in 1984 and 1985 indicated
high alarms on number of diseases infections due to the design of the needle sticks. 70% of the needle sticks and syringes in the US were produced
and manufactured by Becton Dickinson. They nevertheless manufactured the old version of the syringe regardless of the risk because they knew that
to create a completely

Media 's Influence On Media Choice
In Changing Minds or Changing Channels, the authors Kevin Arceneaux and Martin Johnson state that we live in an area where it is easy for people
to tune in to a television channel or any other source where we can be inform of current or past events which best fits our ideological predispositions.
Although, it is very easy to tune in to programming that fits our ideological views there are political consequences of media choice. The authors state
that partisan news have been known to reinforce prior beliefs and polarized the environment that we have today. Yet, the authors failed to support their
claim that news media reinforces people's beliefs and polarizes the environment because they use studies to support their claim that were conducted
when viewers only had six channels to choose from.
The authors clearly stated the problem of how media has become extremely influential in the lives of people because viewers chose what to watch and
what to listen to based on their beliefs, political views, religion,....etc. Although, the authors stated that media has become an influential factor in the
lives of people they failed to provide current evidence that supports their claims. The studies that were used to support the authors claims was when
viewers only had six channels to choose from, but now viewers have more than six channels to pick from as their media source. The problem of how
influential media has become in the lives of people is important because it strengthens their

Syringe Policy (SSP)
four years underground and were looked upon as disobedience. But in March 1992 Mayor Frank Jordan of San Francisco declared a public health
emergency and committed $138,000 to Prevention Point. This group's effort became a template for what SSP is today and eventually became a part of
San Francisco AIDS Foundation in which has grown into the nation's largest needle exchange program. (sfaf.org)
With Prevention Point's passion for advocacy to prevent HIV, 25 SSPs began operating underground, and in 2000 the state implemented its first state
SSP law. In 2009 there were 41 authorized SSPs throughout California in 19 counties and four city governments. Ninety percent of these 41 SSP's are
along the coast of California with only two counties covering ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
government it has gone on to showcase that sterile syringes do reduce the spread of HIV and does not increase drug use. The policy was also
recognized by the former U.S. Surgeon General Dr. David Satcher stating, "After reviewing all of the research to date, the senior scientists of the
Department and I have unanimously agreed that there is conclusive scientific evidence that syringe exchange programs, as part of a comprehensive
HIV prevention strategy, are an effective public health intervention that reduces the transmission of HIV and does not encourage the use of illegal
drugs." (csam–asam.org) With the ongoing research of this policy, it has allowed many groups to stand behind it with high hopes of lowering the
number of new HIV and viral hepatitis cases, without increasing drug use, crime, or unsafe discarding of syringes. Some of those groups that stand
behind this policy are major medical and public health organizations throughout the world including the American Medical Association, Red Cross,
UNICEF, National Academy of Sciences, CDC, World Health Organization, and many non
–profits throughout the state and

Questions On Central Vascular Devices
Question 3
Central vascular devices (CVADs) are catheters place in large, central veins, like the superior or inferior vena cava, for long–term infusions of
medications, parenteral nutrition and chemotherapy drugs. From the moment the doctor or specially trained nurse inserts a central catheter, the IV
nurse is responsible for ensuring that the line is patent, free of clots, used appropriate medications and protected from bloodstream infections.
Question 4
First step is to identify the patient, explain the procedure and ask about any allergies. Name of the medication, amount (dose) of medication, route of
administration, time to be administered. Select the medication and check the medication label three times to ensure that the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Squeeze the drip chamber to fill half full. Open the clamp on the piggyback tubing, allowing the solution to prime the tubing. Connect the piggyback
unit to the primary tubing. Insert the needle into the injection port of the primary tubing. Secure the connection with tape. Hang the piggyback unit on
the IV pole, ensuring that the piggyback unit is at least 6 inches higher than the primary container. Ensure patency of the primary IV. Begin the
secondary piggyback infusion. Adjust the roller clamp on the piggyback tubing to regulate the flow rate of the piggyback solution. After label the
piggyback infusion tubing with the time and date the medication was initiated.
Question 5
An intravenous bolus is relatively a large volume of fluid or dose of a drug or test substance given intravenously and rapidly to hasten or magnify a
response, in radiology, rapid injection of a large dose of contrast medium to increase opacification of blood vessels.
Question 6
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is given through a vascular access device such as a Peripheral Intravenous line, midline or most preferably a central
line. The central line is the most common access for TPN administration. Central lines are intravenous lines inserted in the vein and the of the
intravenous catheter ends in a large vein in the chest called the superior vena cava. TPN may be given over 24 hours or over 12–14 hours depending
on your nutritional needs. Most

Advocacy For Syringe Exchange Programs
Advocacy for Syringe Exchange Programs in Canada
Sylvia R. Beliveau
A00372691
Drugs and Behavior
Saint Mary's University
Abstract
Syringe exchange programs seek to provide drug injection users with sterile syringes in order to prevent the user from contracting blood–borne
diseases such as HIV/AIDs, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. These programs are often controversial because they provide injection drug users with the
means to use illicit drugs. Syringe exchange programs are based on the concept of harm reduction. It would be beneficial to advocate for syringe
programs within Canada because they provide Canada with important services needed to protect public health. Syringe exchange programs can help to
decrease the number of HIV infections among drug injection users within Canada and around the world.
S
yringe exchange programs are a very necessary service within Canada for which we should advocated. Syringe exchange programs help to reduce
HIV infection rates among injection drug users while at the same time do not facilitate an increase in drug use (Wodak, A., 2006, p. 837). Syringe
exchange programs provide injection drug users with sterile syringes for little to no cost (Zhang, S., Yan, P., Archibald, C., 2004). Contracting
blood–borne diseases from sharing and using infected needles contributes to the overall epidemic and can spread to populations outside of injection
drug users (Zhang, et al. 2004).

Peter Beilenson Case Study
Peter Beilenson and Patrick McGuire had many obstacles and disappoints in their path to establish a needle exchange program in Baltimore. Peter
Beilenson did not come up with the idea by himself, but got the idea, while working at John Hopkins in 1990, from the then health commissioner,
Maxie Collier (Beilenson, 62). The program was hard subject to bring up and many politicians would not pass a bill for it. Beilenson's bill that he
brought to the General Assembly in 1993 was to establish a needle exchange program and to have the drug paraphernalia law exempted (Beilenson,
65). Unfortunately the General Assembly denied the bill, because many of the people felt that it would "simply be making it easier for addicts to
pursue their illegal habit"... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beilenson and his team lobbed the rest of the year, focusing their discussions on each county's needs and views to win more votes. With the
statistics and the discussion that focused on each county, Beilenson was able to win enough votes and win the governor's approval to get the law
passed and establish the needle exchange program in Baltimore (Beilenson, 67). In my opinion I agree that the needle exchange program should be
established. I think that the program is great to offer, needles, HIV tests, everything they need to use drugs safely not only helps the drug addicts but
the people who are around them. I think that these programs have helped decrease the spread of HIV/AIDS and will continue to do so in the future.
I disagree that the program makes it easier for addicts to pursue their illegal habits because; they are not supplying the drugs, but rather helping
decrease the spread of disease. Most of the addicts don't want to quit using drugs, the ones that do have the help with this program, but the people who
don't will use dirty used needles which then will increase the spread of

Personal Narrative: Whistle Behind Starbucks And The Space...
It is incredible to me that another year is coming to an end especially since the temperature has been in the 70's this past week. It has been too long
and we must make plans together with the ever growing Hixon Family. A ferry ride might even be in order. I was in Seattle last summer where
two ferries from the Chesapeake fleet had found new homes unfortunately for me they both stopped operating a few years ago. I still took a ride on
one because I felt like it was on the list of things you must do in Seattle behind Starbucks and the Space Needle. I last saw the Hixon's in October
when they drove down for the Assateague Island camping trip. The camping trip was all fun and games flying kites and building sandcastle until a pair
of horses

Hypodermic Needle Theory And Magic Bullet Theory
A model of communication suggesting that an intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver.Stressed that mass media has
a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its audience.Message equals to bullet and media equals to gun.
In 1938, millions of people gathered in one place to enjoy what had recently become a great American hobby: listening to the radio. This night,
however, would prove to be unique. Listeners had get an announcement that Martians had landed in New Jersey and were dangerously attacking
humans.
Even though the announcement was part of a radio adaptation of H. G. Wells' popular novel War of the Worlds
–and although listeners were told that
the broadcast was fictional–panic erupted within them. Some people runaway homes and cities, while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory is known by other names as well: Magic Bullet Theory, Transmission–Belt Model and Hypodermic–Syringe Model.
Hypodermic Needle Theory was not based on a research.Actually it was founded on the assumption that humans are controlled by their surrounding
nature, will react instinctively to passing stimuli in similar ways.
The theory suggests that the mass media may influence a very large number of people directly and uniformly by "Injecting" them with messages
designed to get a desired response.
The media's effects on people's behavior is extremely effective . Adolf Hitler used the media to spread Nazi propaganda in Germany, creating a unified
force bent on conquering Europe. President Franklin D. Roosevelt's radio speeches,well known as "fireside chats," inspired millions of citizens to
support his New Deal policies. To the listeners , people seemed powerless to receive the messages that came from the media.First time ever, messages
were towards the target audience in mind to achieve specific responses from them.

Benefits Of Using Needle Exchange Programs
Are drug users people too? The health and safety of all people is crucial. It's important keeping drug dependent people free of HIV this prevents its
spread to their partners and their children. In order to provide necessary care, free sterilized needles should be given to drug users. The public should
be advised of positive effects of needle exchange programs and warned of the risks of not supplying adequate syringes. The provocative idea of giving
drug addicts clean needles to help slow the spread of HIV/AIDS was first broached in 1985. This concept has been under research ever since. Harm
reduction approaches for those who inject drugs, including the distribution of clean needles and syringes, are proven interventions to prevent
transmission of HIV and other blood–borne viruses, and are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other leading public health
agencies.
Much examination has been undertaken to prevent the spread of these deadly diseases. In the meantime, AIDS has spread more rapidly among
intravenous drug users than any other group. Needle Exchange programs have been set in place all over the world to test its effects. A needle
exchange program is defined as: Any program intended to slow the spread of AIDS (andhepatitis C) among IV drug abusers (IVDAs), in which a
governmental or charitable agency exchanges sterile needles for dirty, potentially contaminated needles used by IVDAs when injecting ("shooting")
heroin or other substances. Small

Exploring Why the Mass Media May Exert Only a Limited...
Exploring Why the Mass Media May Exert Only a Limited Influence Over the Audience
Media is the way in which large companies are able to diffuse their choice of information to the public via sources such as television, newspapers and
radio stations. It is evident that the media in general has become a major function in most people's lives and consequently has been blamed fir crime,
abortion and the corruption of morals in society. I will attempt to evaluate to what extent the media exerts influence over their audiences by examining
the media models. I believe that this is an important issue to consider as the media continues to centre the lives of many difference social groups as on
a daily basis, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However a negotiated reaction may be that although this event took place, it was due to alcohol and that the drinking age should be lowered to 16
so that people get used with drinking quicker and don't go to such extremes quite as often. This view suggests that actually audiences are active as
they are fully capable of interpreting media messages as they wish to without one view being forced into them. I personally agree with this theory
as it is a fact that different people have diverse opinions in society towards the media as we have different groups of friends, different educations and
religions which influence our beliefs equally as the media can. It is clear that no two people in the world are the exact and therefore what evidence is
there to suggest that any two people have the exact same reactions to all media messages?
There is however complications with this method as when a message via the media is received to audiences, to understand it fully researches must
have the capability to evaluate the message in all the different ways that audiences perceive it within their different cultures. However this would be
very stereotypical as within different cultures audiences are able to perceive messages differently to

How Media Influences The Minds Of All Who Consume It
Identifying whether an audience is Passive or Active is not always as black and white as it seems. Scholars agree that an Active audience is defined as
an audience member that is not simply receiving information and believing it (such as a sponge), they are active in their interpretation of the text,
meaning they are able to dissect the text and come to their own conclusions. On the contrary, a Passive audience member simply soaks up all
information shown to them in a media text without any user interaction, just as the creator of the media form intended. Different scholars have
differing theories on how the media influences the minds of all who consume it, and it is impossible to tell which theory is correct. However most
theorists agree that one theory may fit one audience member, but not the other. For example, one viewer watching a program such as 60 Minutes or A
Current Affair may believe everything being said wholeheartedly and without interpretation, however another might be skeptical or decide to research
the story for themselves. The three theories that are prominent when debating Passive vs Active are theHypodermic Needle/Magic Bullet theory,
Agenda Setting theory and the Uses and Gratifications theory.
The Hypodermic/Bullet theory states that all media has a direct and un–interpretable impact upon whoever consumes it. "According to this simplistic
paradigm, like a bullet or a needle, if the message reached its target its ''effects,'' typically persuasive

Needle Trade Research Paper
Many people are concerned about how HIV spreads without having sex? The primary motivation is needle trade. Numerous general public layers raise
these worries; in any case, this worry isn't an explanation behind the legislature to support the needle trade program (NEP) (Wordpress).
"They give sterile needles in return to sullied or utilized needles to build access to sterile needles and to expel tainted syringes from dissemination in
the group." (Vlahov). Needle trade has turned out to be disputable reasonable discussion point all through the country. The projects made a way to deal
with address the expanded rate of contaminations. In numerous states, these projects are prohibited, because of contradicted by general wellbeing
pioneers and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those individuals that contradicted the Needle Exchange program can refer to that this program can prompt the advancement of medications by giving
needles to them. Some rules ought not to be yielded only to have this arrangement. The individual decision to go on the wrong way by taking
medications in the public eye should realize that it is unlawful. That person that picks this way all separate way to make drugs ought to endure the
results individually, without being loads on alternate citizens. This sorts of standards are improper. For example, Atlantic City judges managed in 2005
against Needle Exchanges on the premise that: "Atlantic City and its representatives are not absolved from the (criminal) code arrangements precluding
the ownership, utilize, and circulation of medications and medication gear basically on the grounds that they received a needle–trade program for
advantageous reasons." (Forum). As should be apparent, there are many levels headed discussion spinning the benefits of introducing Needle Exchange
Program. Advantages incorporate the previously mentioned explanations behind diminishing HIV and making nature more secure. Be that as it may,
the NEP can send a wrong message advising individuals to utilize needles drugs. These considerations show up at a youthful age. This is because of an
absence of information about society. The needle trade projects can send a zero–resilience message to the adolescents and organization. In any case,
this could be uncommon. A portion of the issues is not tended to in this program. For instance, sharing the blend of water for heroin. This little issues
can have a massive effect on the general public. At last, the needle trade program lessens the quantity of impact from HIV/AIDs display. In my
viewpoint, needle trade programs are to a high degree profitable to the overall population. Each application isn't flawless; however, its principal
objective is to enable the

The Problem Of Needle Exchange Programs

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