What kind of oxide are each of the following- Choode from following- A.docx

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What kind of oxide are each of the following? Choode from following: Acidic, basic, amphoteric, molecular, molecular acidic, molecular basic, molecular amphoteric. 2.) Rb 2 O 3.)Â Â Al 2 O 3 Solution 1) As2O5 dissolves in water to give an oxyacid As2O5 + 3H2O --> 2H3AsO4(aq) So, As2O5 is acidic 2) Rb2O dissolves in water to give RbOH, a base Rb2O + H2O -----> 2RbOH So, Rb2O is basic 3) Aluminium oxide is an amphoteric substance, meaning it can react with both acids and bases, such as hydrofluoric acid and sodium hydroxide, acting as an acid with a base and a base with an acid, neutralising the other and producing a salt. Al 2 O 3 + 6HF ------2 AlF 3 + 3 H 2 O Al 2 O 3 + 2NaOH + 3 H 2 O -----> 2 NaAl(OH) 4 (sodium aluminate) So, Al2O3 is amphoteric in nature .

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What kind of oxide are each of the following- Choode from following- A.docx

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Describe the principal technologies that have shaped contemporary telecommunications systems. Compare Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. It has been said that within the next few years, smartphones will become the single most important digital device we own. Discuss the implications of this statement. Solution Describe the principal technologies that have shaped contemporary telecommunications systems. Current networks have been influenced by the ascent of client-server computing, the use of packet switching, and the adoption of Transmission Control Protocol-Internet Protocol as a universal communications standard for linking disparate networks and computers, including the Internet. Protocol provides a mutual set of guidelines that enable communication among numerous components in a telecommunications network. Compare Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. It has been said that within the next few years, smartphones will become the single most important digital device we own. Discuss the implications of this statement Web2.0 refers to second-generation interactive Internet based services that enable people to collaborate, share information, and create new services online. Web2.0 is distinguished by technologies and services like cloud computing, software mashups and widgets, blogs, RSS, and wikis. These software applications run on the Web itself instead of the desktop and bring the vision of Web-based computing closer to realization. Web2.0 tools and services have fueled the creation of social networks and other online communities where people can interact with one another in the manner of their choosing. Web3.0 focuses on developing techniques to make searching Web pages more productive and meaningful for ordinary people. Web3.0 is the promise of a future Web where all digital information and all contacts can be woven together into a single meaningful experience. Sometimes referred to as the semantic Web, Web3.0 intends to add a layer of meaning a top the existing Web to reduce the amount of human involvement in searching for and processing Web information. It also focuses on ways to make the Web more .

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Describe the typical duties of a security manager that are strictly managerial and not technical in nature. Solution Duties of a Security Mamger: Write or review security-related documents, such as incident reports, proposals, and tactical or strategic initiatives. Train subordinate security professionals or other organization members in security rules and procedures. Plan security for special and high-risk events. Review financial reports to ensure efficiency and quality of security operations. Develop budgets for security operations. Order security-related supplies and equipment as needed. Coordinate security operations or activities with public law enforcement, fire and other agencies. Attend meetings, professional seminars, or conferences to keep abreast of changes in executive legislative directives or new technologies impacting security operations. Assist in emergency management and contingency planning. Arrange for or perform executive protection activities. Respond to medical emergencies, bomb threats, fire alarms, or intrusion alarms, following emergency response procedures. Recommend security procedures for security call centers, operations centers, domains, asset classification systems, system acquisition, system development, system maintenance, access control, program models, or reporting tools. Prepare reports or make presentations on internal investigations, losses, or violations of regulations, policies and procedures. Identify, investigate, or resolve security breaches. Monitor security policies, programs or procedures to ensure compliance with internal security policies, licensing requirements, or applicable government security requirements, policies, and directives. Analyze and evaluate security operations to identify risks or opportunities for improvement. Create or implement security standards, policies, and procedures. Conduct, support, or assist in governmental reviews, internal corporate evaluations, or assessments of the overall effectiveness of the facilities security processes. Conduct physical examinations of property to ensure compliance with security policies and regulations. Communicate security status, updates, and actual or potential problems, using established protocols. Collect and analyze security data to determine security needs, security program goals, or program accomplishments. Supervise subordinate security professionals, performing activities such as hiring, training, assigning work, evaluating performance, or disciplining. Plan, direct, or coordinate security activities to safeguard company assets, employees, guests, or others on company property. .

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Describe the four categories of international airports in the federal classification of international airports. Solution Commercial Service Airports are publicly owned airports that have at least 2,500 passenger boardings each calendar year and receive scheduled passenger service. Passenger boardings refer to revenue passenger boardings on an aircraft in service in air commerce whether or not in scheduled service. The definition also includes passengers who continue on an aircraft in international flight that stops at an airport in any of the 50 States for a non-traffic purpose, such as refueling or aircraft maintenance rather than passenger activity. Passenger boardings at airports that receive scheduled passenger service are also referred to as Enplanements. Nonprimary Commercial Service Airports are Commercial Service Airports that have at least 2,500 and no more than 10,000 passenger boardings each year. Primary Airports are Commercial Service Airports that have more than 10,000 passenger boardings each year. Hub categories for Primary Airports are defined as a percentage of total passenger boardings within the United States in the most current calendar year ending before the start of the current fiscal year. For example, calendar year 2014 data are used for fiscal year 2016 since the fiscal year began 9 months after the end of that calendar year. The table above depicts the formulae used for the definition of airport categories based on statutory provisions cited within the table, including Hub Type described in 49 USC 47102. Cargo Service Airports are airports that, in addition to any other air transportation services that may be available, are served by aircraft providing air transportation of only cargo with a total annual landed weight of more than 100 million pounds. \"Landed weight\" means the weight of aircraft transporting only cargo in intrastate, interstate, and foreign air transportation. An airport may be both a commercial service and a cargo service airport. Reliever Airports are airports designated by the FAA to relieve congestion at Commercial Service Airports and to provide improved general aviation access to the overall community. These may be publicly or privately-owned. General Aviation Airports are public-use airports that do not have scheduled service or have less than 2,500 annual passenger boardings (49 USC 47102(8)). Approximately 88 percent of airports included in the NPIAS are general aviation. .

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Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies, protocols, and services used to deploy VPNs. Also describe the business benefits of VPNs. Solution A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates an encrypted connection over a less secure network. The benefit of using a VPN is that it ensures the appropriate level of security to the connected systems when the underlying network infrastructure alone cannot provide it. The justification for using a VPN instead of a private network usually boils down to cost and feasibility: It is either not feasible to have a private network (e.g., for a traveling sales rep) or it is too costly to do so. The most common types of VPNs are remote-access VPNs and site-to-site VPNs A remote-access VPN uses a public telecommunication infrastructure like the Internet to provide remote users secure access to their organization\'s network. A VPN client on the remote user\'s computer or mobile device connects to a VPN gateway on the organization\'s network, which typically requires the device to authenticate its identity, then creates a network link back to the device that allows it to reach internal network resources (e.g., file servers, printers, intranets) as though it was on that network locally. A remote-access VPN usually relies on either IPsec or SSL to secure the connection, although SSL VPNs are often focused on supplying secure access to a single application rather than to the whole internal network. Some VPNs provide Layer 2access to the target network; these require a tunneling protocol like PPTP or L2TP running across the base IPsec connection. A site-to-site VPN uses a gateway device to connect the entire network in one location to the network in another, usually a small branch connecting to a data center. End-node devices in the remote location do not need VPN clients because the gateway handles the connection. Most site-to-site VPNs connecting over the Internet use IPsec. It is also common to use carrier MPLS clouds rather than the public Internet as the transport for site VPNs. Here, too, it is possible to have either Layer 3 connectivity (MPLS IP VPN) or Layer 2 (Virtual Private LAN Service, or VPLS) running across the base transport. VPNs can also be defined between specific computers, typically servers in separate data centers, when security requirements for their exchanges exceed what the enterprise network can deliver. Increasingly, enterprises also use VPNs in either remote-access mode or site-to-site mode to connect (or connect to) resources in a public infrastructure as a service environment. Newer hybrid-access scenarios put the VPN gateway itself in the cloud, with a secure link from the cloud service provider into the internal network. .

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Describe the ethnic city and the benefit of ethnic communiti? (. I need 4 paragraphs please . Explain what you believe social justice meant to Progressive? ( 1 paragraph Solution 1ans) An â€˜ethnic groupâ€™ has been defined as a group that regards itself or is regarded by others as a distinct community by virtue of certain characteristics that will help to distinguish the group from the surrounding community. Ethnicity is considered to be shared characteristics such as culture, language, religion, and traditions, which contribute to a person or groupâ€™s identity. Ethnicity has been described as residing in: â€¢ The belief by members of a social group that they are culturally distinctive and different to outsiders; â€¢ Their willingness to find symbolic markers of that difference (food habits, religion, forms of dress, language) and to emphasized their significance â€¢ Their willingness to organize relationships with outsiders so that a kind of â€˜group boundaryâ€™ is preserved and reproduced This shows that ethnicity is not necessarily genetic. It also shows how someone might describe themselves by an ethnicity different to their birth identity if they reside for a considerable time in a different area and they decide to adopt the culture, symbols and relationships of their new community. It is worth noting that the Traveller Community is recognised as a distinct ethnic group in the UK and Northern Ireland, but only as a distinct cultural group in the Republic of Ireland. Ethnicity is also a preferential term to describe the difference between humans rather than â€˜raceâ€™. This is because race is a now a discredited term that divided all peoples based on the idea of skin colour and superiority. There is only one â€˜raceâ€™, the human race as we are essentially genetically identical. For example, there is no French â€˜raceâ€™ but the French people could be described as a separate ethnic group. Advantages Disadvantages 2ans) Progressivism is a term commonly applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems that arose as a result of urbanization and the rapid industrialization introduced to America in the 19th Century. Progressivism began as a social movement to cope with a variety of social needs and eventually evolved into a reform movement and greater political action. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism. In other words, they were people who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, poor health, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safer environment, an efficient workplace and honest government. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed that government could be a tool for change. .

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Describe the different types of qualitative analysis and indicate which is most persuasive. Solution A qualitative analysis or a research is based on the collection and analysis of non-numeric data like words or pictures. Qualitative methods have three distinct dimensions which are as follows: 1. Understanding Concept 2. Understanding People 3. Understanding Interaction Four major types of qualitative research are: 1. Phenomenology - The analysis of data is done by getting access to individuals life-worlds, which is actually their world of experience. This can be done by conducting in-depth interviews. In this analysis the commonalities across individuals are sought. Once the data is collected it will be analyzed and report will be prepared based on the collected data and understandings. 2. Ethonography - It is a analysis based on the study of a group of people based on their culture. People from same or similar culture share beliefs, customs, rituals, practices and language norms. This will be highly effective in analyzing data qualitatively. The data that are collected in this method of analysis are based on the cultural standards, insider\'s perspective, external and social scentific view. 3. Grounded Theory - Here the analysis is based on the theoretical approach. The major characteristics of grounded theory are Fit, Understanding, Generality and control. Theories provide explanation and they tell us how and why of any situiation. 4. Case Study - In this analysis the various cases are considered and in-depth analysis is performed to study the variations and deviations. In all the above steps Data coding and analysis takes place. Data Analysis is done in three different steps and they are: 1. Open Coding -Â Â Reading transcripts 2. Axial Coding - Organizing concepts 3. Selective Coding - Focusing on main ideas Phenomenology is the most pursuasive method of qualitative analysis since the data is sought directly from the individuals. Hence this can be relied upon thoroughly. .

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Describe neo-evolution. What is it and what are its primary tenets? Provide an example of a technology that is altering or may alter human evolution. What are the potential benefits of this type of technology? What are the potential drawbacks? What are the moral and ethical implications of neo-evolution? Should we continue to pursue this form of technology? Why or why not? Solution oevolutionism , school of anthropology concerned with long-term culture change and with the similar patterns of development that may be seen in unrelated, widely separated cultures. It arose in the mid-20th century, and it addresses the relation between the long-term changes that are characteristic of human culture in general and the short-term, localized social and ecological adjustments that cause specific cultures to differ from one another as they adapt to their own unique environments. Further, neoevolutionists investigate the ways in which different cultures adapt to similar environments and examine the similarities and differences in the long-term historical trajectories of such groups. Because most neoevolutionists are interested in the environmental and technological adjustments of the groups they study, many are identified with the cultural ecological approach to ethnography, with the culture process approach to archaeology, and with the study of early and protohumans in biological anthropology. Neoevolutionary anthropological thought emerged in the 1940s, in the work of the American anthropologists Leslie A. White and Julian H. Steward and others. White hypothesized that cultures became more advanced as they became more efficient at harnessing energy and that technology and social organization were both influential in instigating such efficiencies. Steward, inspired by classifying the native cultures of North and South America, focused on the parallel developments of unrelated groups in similar environments; he discussed evolutionary change in terms of what he called â€œlevels of sociocultural integrationâ€ and â€œmultilinear evolution,â€ terms he used to distinguish neoevolution from earlier, unilineal theories of cultural evolution. In the years since Whiteâ€™s and Stewardâ€™s seminal work, neoevolutionary approaches have been variously accepted, challenged, rejected, and revised, and they continue to generate a lively controversy among those interested in long-term cultural and social change. .

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Describe ip protocol security pros and cons. Solution IP Protocol Security: Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec ) is a protocol suite for secure Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a communication session. IPsec can be used in protecting data flows between a pair of hosts ( host-to-host ), between a pair of security gateways ( network-to-network ), or between a security gateway and a host ( network-to-host ). Security architecture: Pros of IPsec: Â·Security at the Network Layer Level - Being based at the network level, this technology is completely invisible in its operation . The end users are never required to learn about it, and neither do they ever directly interact with it. This in itself is an added layer of security for the VPNs running on IPsec. Â·No Application Dependence - While SSL-/ SSH-/ PGP-based VPNs are application-dependent, IPsec-based VPNs do not need to worry about application dependence. Since the entire security system is implemented at the network level, there are no application compatibility issues. Cons of IPsec: Â·CPU Overhead - Having to perform encryption and decryption on the hundreds of megabytes of data flowing through the machines requires quite a bit of processing power, and this translates to higher processor loads . Â·Compatibility Issues - IPsec is a standardized solution today, and yet, some large software developers may not adhere to it, and may go ahead with standards of their own. As a result, this can lead to compatibility issues . Â·Broken Algorithms - Some of the security algorithms that are still being used in IPsec have already been cracked. This poses a huge security risk, especially if the network administrators unknowingly use those algorithms instead of newer, more complex ones that are already available. .

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Describe core competencies and their relationship to operations management. Please provide an example for a manufacturing environment and a service environment. Solution core competency fullfills three key criteria: A core competency can take various forms, including technical/subject matter know-how, a reliable process and/or close relationships with customers and suppliers. It may also include product development or culture, such as employee dedication, best Human Resource Management (HRM), good market coverage, or kaizen or continuous improvement over time. Core competencies are particular strengths relative to other organizations in the industry, which provide the fundamental basis for the provision of added value. Core competencies reflect the collective learning of an organization and involve coordinating diverse production skills and integrating multiple streams of technologies. It includes communication, involvement, and a deep commitment to working across organizational boundaries, such as improving cross-functional teams within an organization to address boundaries and to overcome them. Few companies are likely to build world leadership in more than five or six fundamental competencies. As an example of core competencies, Walt Disney World Parks and Resorts has three main core competencies: core competencies their relationship to operations management Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements. Core competencies are the collective learning in the organization, especially how to coordinate diverse production skills and integrate multiple streams of technologies.It embodies an organization .

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Describe in detail a man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman key-exchange protocol whereby the adversary ends up sharing a key k A with Alice and a different key k B with Bob, and Alice and Bob cannot detect that anything has gone wrong. What happens if Alice and Bob try to detect the presence of a man-in-the-middle adversary by sending each other (encrypted) questions that only the other party would know how to answer? Solution In man-in-the-middle attack, an opponent Eve intercepts Alice\'s public key K A and sends her own public key as K A to Bob. When Bob transmits his public key K B , Eve substitutes it with her own and sends it as K B to Alice. Eve and Alice thus agree on one shared key and Eve and Bob agree on another shared key. After this exchange, Eve simply decrypts any messages sent out by Alice or Bob, and then reads and possibly modifies them before re-encrypting with the appropriate key and transmitting them to the other party. This vulnerability is present because Diffie-Hellman key exchange does not authenticate the participants. The man-in-the-middle attack may be prevented by using digital signatures and other cryptographic schemes. Bob to encrypt a message so that only Alice will be able to decrypt it, with no prior communication between them other than Bob having trusted knowledge of Alice\'s public key. Alice\'s public key is g K A mod p, g,p. . To send her a message, Bob chooses a random K B and then sends Alice g K B mod p together with the message encrypted with ( g K A ) K B mod p symmetric key. Only Alice can determine the symmetric key and hence decrypt the message because only she has K A. .

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Describe events that led to the signing of the Homeland Security Act 2002 into law on November 25, 2002. What was the intent of this Act and what department did it create? How did the Act change FEMAâ€™s emergency response role? Several agencies resisted efforts to be incorporated in the new department. Identify three such agencies and explain why they may have been reluctant to join. Do you agree? Solution Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was formed during the incorporation of all or part of 22 various federal departments into a united, incorporated Department. It was initiated to make the Americans safe. The President of America says to form a novel DHS, by considering all the departments into a single to safeguard the America under the name of DHS. It is the strategic plan applied by him after the terrorist attack in pennenslavia. The DHS mission is to keep the Americans safe from any of the attacks. Blue campaign and citizen corps involved in the Department of Homeland security. The Blue Campaign gives its support to the DHS and believe that every people has a right to have a freedom and then it combines with other NGOâ€™s, to fulfill its belief. The mission of Citizen Corps is to bind the people of Americans to enhance their knowledge with education, providing training centers, and volunteer service to make people strong and prepare them how to handle situations when they were troubles or attacks by other or some other natural disasters occurs. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an organization of theUnited States Department of Homeland Security, initially created by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by twoExecutive Orders on April 1, 1979.The goal is to organize the reply to a disasters that has happened in the US and then provide the funds to local and state government. The governer from that state that is where the disaster took place is the right person to intimate to the FEMA and to president .

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Describe an experiment that disproved the theory of classical mechanics and led to the discovery of quantum mechanics. What are experiments that validate the wave-particle duality? What is meant by atomic emission spectrum, absorption spectrum, differences? Solution Solution: In 1900,physicist Max Planck presented his quantum theory to the German Physical Society. planck found that by making the assumption that energy existed in individual units in the same way that matter does, rather than just as a constant electromagnetic wave as had been formerly assumed and was therefore quantifiable, The existence of these units became the first assumption of quantum theory. In 1927, Werner Heisenberg proposed that precise, simultaneous measurement of two complementary values - such as the position and momentum of a subatomic particle is impossible.Contrary to the principles of classical physics, their simultaneous measurement is inescapably flawed. He said: the more precisely one value is measured, the more flawed will be the measurement of the other value. This theory became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle . Experiment that illustrates the wave particle duality : 2) The characteristic pattern of dark lines or bands that occurs when electromagnetic radiation is passed through an absorbing medium into a spectroscope. An equivalent pattern occurs as coloured lines or bands in the emission spectrum of that medium. A discharge tube is a gas-filled, glass tube with a metal plate at both ends. If a voltage difference is applied between the two metal plates, the gas atoms inside the tube will absorb enough energy to make some of their electrons come off, that means, the gas atoms are ionised. These electrons start moving through the gas and create a current, which raises some electrons in other atoms to higher energy levels. Then as the electrons in the atoms fall back down, they emit electromagnetic radiation (light). As we know; Only certain wavelengths (i.e. colours) of light are seen, though the whole spectrum is known as the emission spectrum.The amount of light emitted at different wavelengths, called the emission spectrum. .

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describe 5 factors that can affect the effective implementation of internal IT audit control Solution Internal IT audit control : The role of internal audit is to provide independent assurance that an organisation\'s risk management, governance and internal control processes are operating effectively. Improvement is fundamental to the purpose of internal auditing. But it is done by advising, coaching and facilitating in order to not undermine the responsibility of management. Effective internal control over financial reporting provides reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes. If one or more material weakness es exist, the company\'s internal control over financial reporting cannot be considered effective. Factors affecting internal audit and controls : Factors that affect the risk associated with a control include - 1.The nature and materiality of misstatements that the control is intended to prevent or detect; 2.The inherent risk associated with the related account(s) and assertion(s); 3.Whether there have been changes in the volume or nature of transactions that might adversely affect control design or operating effectiveness; 4.Whether the account has a history of errors; 5.The effectiveness of entity-level controls, especially controls that monitor other controls; 6.The nature of the control and the frequency with which it operates; 7.The degree to which the control relies on the effectiveness of other controls . 8.Whether the control relies on performance by an individual or is automated control would generally be expected to be lower risk if relevant information technology general controls are effective.The complexity of the control and the significance of the judgments that must be made in connection with its operation. 9.The size of the internal audit department was measured by the number of internal auditors employed within it. Management support for internal audit was measured by a number of indicators, these being: involvement in the internal audit plan, providing management with reports about the work the internal audit team performs, the managementâ€™s response to internal audit reports, the resources of the internal audit department. The independence of the internal audit department was measured by nine items, these being: the level of independence, reporting level, direct contact to the board and senior management, conflict of interest, interference, unrestricted access to all departments and employees, appointment and removal of the head of internal audit, and performing non-audit activity. .

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Define the following key data modeling terms: entity, attribute, relationship, degree, cardinality, and associative entity. Solution entity An entity is any object in the system that we want to model and store information about. Entities are usually recognizable concepts, either concrete or abstract, such as person, places, things, or events which have relevance to the database. In relation to a database , an entity is a single person, place, or thing about which data can be stored. In data modeling, an entity is some unit of data that can be classified and have stated relationships to other entities. Attribute: An attribute is a specification that defines a property of an object, element, or file. It may also refer to or set the specific value for a given instance of such. attributes should more correctly be considered metadata. An attribute is a characteristic. In a database management system (DBMS), an attribute refers to a database component, such a table. It also may refer to a database field. Attributes describe the instances in the row of a databas Relationship A relationship, in the context of databases, is a situation that exists between two relational database tables when one table has a foreign key that references the primary key of the other table. Relationships allow relational databases to split and store data in different tables, while linking disparate data items degree A relation is thus a heading paired with a body, the heading of the relation being also the heading of each tuple in its body. The number of attributes constituting a heading is called the degree, which term also applies to tuples and relations. The term n-tuple refers to a tuple of degree n (n>=0). Cardinality In the context of databases, cardinality refers to the uniqueness of data values contained in a column. High cardinality means that the column contains a large percentage of totally unique values. Low cardinality means that the column contains a lot of â€œrepeatsâ€ in its data range. associative entity An associative entity is a term used in relational and entityâ€“relationship theory. A relational database requires the implementation of a base relation to resolve many-to-many relationships .

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Define tunneling in the VPN environment and explain the difference between voluntary and compulsory tunnels Solution Tunneling is a way in which data is transferred between 2 networks securely. All the data being transferred is fragmented into smaller packets or frames and then passed through the tunnel.this process is different from a normal data tranfer between nodes. Every frame passing through the tunnel will be encrypted with an additional layer of tunneling encryption and encapsulation, which is also used for routing the packets to the right direction.this encapsulation would then be reverted at the destination with decryption of data which is later sent to the desired node. A Tunnel is logical path between the source and the destination endpoints between two networks.Every packet is encapsulated at the source and de capsulated at the destination.this process will keep happening as long as the logical tinnel is persistent between two endpoints. tunneling is also known as the encapsulation and transmission of VPN data or packets. IPSec tunnel mode enables IP payloads to be encrypted and encapsulated in an IP header so that it can be sent over the corporate IP internetwork or internet. IPSec protects secure and authenticates data between IPSec peer devices by providing per packet data authentication. IPSec peer can be teams of hosts or teams of security gateways. Data flows between IPSec peers are confidential and protected. The source and destination addresses are encrypted. The original IP datagram is left in tact. The original IP header is copied and moved to the left and becomes a new IP header. The IPSec header is inserted between these two headers. The original IP datagram can be authenticated and encrypted. The tunnel is the logical path or connection that encapsulated packets travel through the transit internetwork. The tunneling protocol encrypts the original frame so that its content cannot be interpreted. The encapsulation of VPN data traffic is known as tunneling. The Transport Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) protocol provides the underlying transport mechanism for VPN connectivity. The two different types of tunneling ar e : In this case, the client dials-in to the remote access server, by using whichever of the following methods: The remote access server produces a tunnel, or VPN server to tunnel the data, thereby compelling the client to use a VPN tunnel to connect to the remote resources. VPN tunnels can be created at the following layers of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model: .

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Define Cyber Security and its history Solution Please follow the data : CYBER SECURITY : Cyber security, also referred to as information technology security, focuses on protecting computers, networks, programs and data from unintended or unauthorized access, change or destruction. It can also be referred to as the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks, computers, programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access. In a computing context, the term security implies cyber security. HISTORY : In the past, with the advent of many malicious viruses and different types of trojans/malware, it was not an important feature to think that with the invention and introduction of networks and the world wide web, security wasnâ€™t always a top concern. In fact, in the very early stages of ARPANET, a packet-switched network funded by the Pentagon, a number of intrusions were said to be made by high school students. This was back when cyber security didnâ€™t exist, and it was the first in a long line of attacks that prompted computer scientists all around the world to take action and implement security measures and introduce cyber security to help people around the globe. Since the internet nowadays is almost everywhere, the accessibility and connectivity has increased with the days, the opportunity have also increased parallely. Back then, only a few people know how to use computers and there is no reason in assaulting them. Now, anyone can use a computer and there are many ways to use them like networking, online gaming, and banking and money transactions. And when we look back to the past, cyber criminals were almost always more sophisticated than those individuals who are trying to deter them. And even if companies have IT security, there are only few security professionals/security graduates and much fewer security tools available against threats. Today the story is almost the same, criminals may have grown more dangerous and has many ways to accomplish their dark deeds, but for some reasons the threats they pose have been greatly reduced, compared to as before. So with the advent of cyber security mor eand more number of tools has been introduced and implemented so as to maintain a healthy relation with internet without any atrocities. Hope this is helpful. .

Define Cyber Security and its historySolutionPlease follow the data -.docx

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Data Mining In your opinion- what would be the cons and pros of using.docx

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Danny Venable, the new controller of Seratelli Company, has reviewed the expected useful lives and salvage values of selected depreciable assets at the beginning of 2014. Here are his findings: Type of Date Accumulated Depreciation, Useful Life (in years) Salvage Value Asset Acquired Cost Jan. 1, 2014 Old Proposed Old Proposed All assets are depreciated by the straight-line method. Seratelli Company uses a calendar year in preparing annual financial statements. After discussion, management has agreed to accept Dannyâ€™s proposed changes. (The â€œProposedâ€ useful life is total life, not remaining life.) Solution Please be more specific of requirement. .

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D.7.17 Interface an 8-bit serial device using SPI. Thecontrol pin is interfaced to PT2, and the clock and datasignals are connected to the SPI. The control and clocksignals are normally high. The SPI needs to clock data out on the falling edge of the clock. The clock and data are created by the real SPI, and the control signal is bit-banged. The maximum clock frequency is 1 MHz. a) Write a function that initializes the interface. b) Write a function that outputs (transmits) one byte using the SPI port. First send eight bits of data, then make PT2 low, then make PT2 high again. Solution SPI is the \"Serial Peripheral Interface\", widely used with embedded systems because it is a simple and efficient interface: basically a multiplexed shift register. Its three signal wires hold a clock (SCK, often in the range of 1-20 MHz), a \"Master Out, Slave In\" (MOSI) data line, and a \"Master In, Slave Out\" (MISO) data line. SPI is a full duplex protocol; for each bit shifted out the MOSI line (one per clock) another is shifted in on the MISO line. Those bits are assembled into words of various sizes on the way to and from system memory. An additional chipselect line is usually active-low (nCS); four signals are normally used for each peripheral, plus sometimes an interrupt. The SPI bus facilities listed here provide a generalized interface to declare SPI busses and devices, manage them according to the standard Linux driver model, and perform input/output operations. At this time, only \"master\" side interfaces are supported, where Linux talks to SPI peripherals and does not implement such a peripheral itself. (Interfaces to support implementing SPI slaves would necessarily look different.) The programming interface is structured around two kinds of driver, and two kinds of device. A \"Controller Driver\" abstracts the controller hardware, which may be as simple as a set of GPIO pins or as complex as a pair of FIFOs connected to dual DMA engines on the other side of the SPI shift register (maximizing throughput). Such drivers bridge between whatever bus they sit on (often the platform bus) and SPI, and expose the SPI side of their device as a struct spi_master. SPI devices are children of that master, represented as a struct spi_device and manufactured from struct spi_board_info descriptors which are usually provided by board-specific initialization code. A struct spi_driver is called a \"Protocol Driver\", and is bound to a spi_device using normal driver model calls. The I/O model is a set of queued messages. Protocol drivers submit one or more struct spi_message objects, which are processed and completed asynchronously. (There are synchronous wrappers, however.) Messages are built from one or more struct spi_transfer objects, each of which wraps a full duplex SPI transfer. A variety of protocol tweaking options are needed, because different chips adopt very different policies for how they use the bits transferred with SPI. .

D-7-17 Interface an 8-bit serial device using SPI- Thecontrol pin is i.docx

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