Describe ip protocol security pros and cons-SolutionIP Protocol Securi.docx
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Describe ip protocol security pros and cons. Solution IP Protocol Security: Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec ) is a protocol suite for secure Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a communication session. IPsec can be used in protecting data flows between a pair of hosts ( host-to-host ), between a pair of security gateways ( network-to-network ), or between a security gateway and a host ( network-to-host ). Security architecture: Pros of IPsec: ·Security at the Network Layer Level - Being based at the network level, this technology is completely invisible in its operation . The end users are never required to learn about it, and neither do they ever directly interact with it. This in itself is an added layer of security for the VPNs running on IPsec. ·No Application Dependence - While SSL-/ SSH-/ PGP-based VPNs are application-dependent, IPsec-based VPNs do not need to worry about application dependence. Since the entire security system is implemented at the network level, there are no application compatibility issues. Cons of IPsec: ·CPU Overhead - Having to perform encryption and decryption on the hundreds of megabytes of data flowing through the machines requires quite a bit of processing power, and this translates to higher processor loads . ·Compatibility Issues - IPsec is a standardized solution today, and yet, some large software developers may not adhere to it, and may go ahead with standards of their own. As a result, this can lead to compatibility issues . ·Broken Algorithms - Some of the security algorithms that are still being used in IPsec have already been cracked. This poses a huge security risk, especially if the network administrators unknowingly use those algorithms instead of newer, more complex ones that are already available. .
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IP Security One problem with Internet protocol (IP) is that it has.pdf
IP Security
One problem with Internet protocol (IP) is that it has no method for confirming the authenticity
and security of data as it moves through the net. IP datagrams are typically routed between
devices over disparate networks; as a result, information within these datagrams could be
intercepted and altered. As use of the Internet for critical applications has increased, the need for
enhancements to IP security became necessary. As a result, the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) created a set of protocols called IP Security, or IPsec, to support the secure exchange of
packets over the Internet. IPsec is now a mandatory component of IPv6 and must be supported
for any IPv6 implementation. IPsec is implemented in IPv6 using the authentication header (AH)
and the encapsulating security payload (ESP) extension header.
Answer the following questions in a 3- to 4-page, APA-formatted paper:
1 What is IPsec, and why is it necessary? How is IPsec used in VPN?
2 Which network layer currently suffers from attacks, and why? At which layers of the
network stack architecture should a solution be attempted? Provide details.
3 How is IP security achieved? What is the basic authentication scheme? Which mechanisms
are used? What are some of the application venues of IPsec?
4 How is a VPN implemented on a server so that its clients can connect to it?
Remember to properly cite your sources according to APA guidelines.
Solution
IPSec
IPsec also known as IP Security.Internet Protocol Security is a framework for a set of protocols
that provide security for internet protocol. It can use cryptography to provide security. IPsec
support network level data integrity, data confidentiality. As it is integrated at the internet layer
(i.e. layer 3), it provides security for all the protocols in the TCP/IP. IPsec applied transparently
to the applications, there is no need to configure separate security for each application the uses
TCP/IP.
IPsec provides security for
IPsec provides two choices of security service: Authentication Header (AH), which essentially
allows authentication of the sender of data, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), which
supports both authentication of the sender and encryption of data as well. The specific
information associated with each of these services is inserted into the packet in a header that
follows the IP packet header. Separate key protocols can be selected, such as the
ISAKMP/Oakley protocol.
IPsec is necessary for
Earlier security approaches have inserted security at the Application layer of the communications
model. IPsec is said to be especially useful for implementing virtual private networks and for
remote user access through dial-up connection to private networks. A big advantage of IPsec is
that security arrangements can be handled without requiring changes to individual user
computers. Cisco has been a leader in proposing IPsec as a standard (or combination of standards
and technologies) and has included support fo.
college assignment on Applications of ipsec
IPsec is a suite of protocols that provides security for IP communications by authenticating and encrypting IP packets. It includes protocols for establishing authentication between parties and negotiating encryption keys. IPsec operates at the Internet layer, protecting all application traffic, and can be used to implement virtual private networks. It uses protocols like AH and ESP to authenticate, encrypt packets, and establish security associations between parties. IPsec supports both transport and tunnel encryption modes.
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2. Types of VPNs including remote access VPNs using IPsec or SSL, and site-to-site IPsec VPNs using GRE over IPsec or IPsec virtual tunnel interfaces.
3. Key aspects of IPsec including IPsec protocol encapsulation using AH or ESP, confidentiality using encryption algorithms, integrity using HMAC or SHA, and authentication using pre-shared keys or certificates with secure key exchange using Diffie-Hellman.
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One problem with Internet protocol (IP) is that it has no method for confirming the authenticity
and security of data as it moves through the net. IP datagrams are typically routed between
devices over disparate networks; as a result, information within these datagrams could be
intercepted and altered. As use of the Internet for critical applications has increased, the need for
enhancements to IP security became necessary. As a result, the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) created a set of protocols called IP Security, or IPsec, to support the secure exchange of
packets over the Internet. IPsec is now a mandatory component of IPv6 and must be supported
for any IPv6 implementation. IPsec is implemented in IPv6 using the authentication header (AH)
and the encapsulating security payload (ESP) extension header.
Answer the following questions in a 3- to 4-page, APA-formatted paper:
1 What is IPsec, and why is it necessary? How is IPsec used in VPN?
2 Which network layer currently suffers from attacks, and why? At which layers of the
network stack architecture should a solution be attempted? Provide details.
3 How is IP security achieved? What is the basic authentication scheme? Which mechanisms
are used? What are some of the application venues of IPsec?
4 How is a VPN implemented on a server so that its clients can connect to it?
Remember to properly cite your sources according to APA guidelines.
Solution
IPSec
IPsec also known as IP Security.Internet Protocol Security is a framework for a set of protocols
that provide security for internet protocol. It can use cryptography to provide security. IPsec
support network level data integrity, data confidentiality. As it is integrated at the internet layer
(i.e. layer 3), it provides security for all the protocols in the TCP/IP. IPsec applied transparently
to the applications, there is no need to configure separate security for each application the uses
TCP/IP.
IPsec provides security for
IPsec provides two choices of security service: Authentication Header (AH), which essentially
allows authentication of the sender of data, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), which
supports both authentication of the sender and encryption of data as well. The specific
information associated with each of these services is inserted into the packet in a header that
follows the IP packet header. Separate key protocols can be selected, such as the
ISAKMP/Oakley protocol.
IPsec is necessary for
Earlier security approaches have inserted security at the Application layer of the communications
model. IPsec is said to be especially useful for implementing virtual private networks and for
remote user access through dial-up connection to private networks. A big advantage of IPsec is
that security arrangements can be handled without requiring changes to individual user
computers. Cisco has been a leader in proposing IPsec as a standard (or combination of standards
and technologies) and has included support fo.
college assignment on Applications of ipsec
IPsec is a suite of protocols that provides security for IP communications by authenticating and encrypting IP packets. It includes protocols for establishing authentication between parties and negotiating encryption keys. IPsec operates at the Internet layer, protecting all application traffic, and can be used to implement virtual private networks. It uses protocols like AH and ESP to authenticate, encrypt packets, and establish security associations between parties. IPsec supports both transport and tunnel encryption modes.
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This document discusses VPN and IPsec technologies. It covers:
1. VPN technology including remote access VPNs and site-to-site VPNs.
2. Types of VPNs including remote access VPNs using IPsec or SSL, and site-to-site IPsec VPNs using GRE over IPsec or IPsec virtual tunnel interfaces.
3. Key aspects of IPsec including IPsec protocol encapsulation using AH or ESP, confidentiality using encryption algorithms, integrity using HMAC or SHA, and authentication using pre-shared keys or certificates with secure key exchange using Diffie-Hellman.
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Create your own variant of both a hiring and a termination policy related to security and keeping company info secure.
Solution
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a security program in place.
Security Program Objectives: Protect the company and its assets. Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk. Objects are- Information Classification, Security Organization, and Security Education.
Security Management Responsibilities: Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security program. Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality requirements.
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Security Controls
Security Controls can be classified into three categories- Administrative Controls, Technical or Logical Controls ,Physical Controls.
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Vulnerability: Vulnerability characterizes the absence or weakness of a safeguard that could be exploited.
Threat: Any potential danger to information or systems. A threat is a possibility that someone (person, s/w) would identify and exploit the vulnerability.
Risk: Risk is the likelihood of a threat agent taking advantage of vulnerability and the corresponding business impact. Reducing vulnerability and/or threat reduces the risk.
Exposure: An exposure is an instance of being exposed to losses from a threat agent. Vulnerability exposes an organization to possible damages.
Countermeasure or Safeguard: It is an application or a s/w configuration or h/w or a procedure that mitigates the risk.
The Relation Between the Security Elements Example: If a company has antivirus software but does not keep the virus signatures up-to-date, this is vulnerability. The company is vulnerable to virus attacks. The likelihood of a virus showing up in the environment and causing damage is the risk.
.
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Determine the valuation of long-term liabilities.
Donald Lennon is the president, founder, and majority owner of Wichita Medical Corporation, an emerging medical technology products company. Wichita is in dire need of additional capital to keep operating and to bring several promising products to final development, testing, and production. Donald, as owner of 51% of the outstanding stock, manages the company\'s operations. He places heavy emphasis on research and development and long-term growth. The other principal stockholder is Nina Friendly who, as a nonemployee investor, owns 40% of the stock. Nina would like to deemphasize the R&D functions and emphasize the marketing function to maximize short–run sales and profits from existing products. She believes this strategy would raise the market price of Wichita\'s stock.
All of Donald\'s personal capital and borrowing power is tied up in his 51% stock ownership. He knows that any offering of additional shares of stock will dilute his controlling interest because he won\'t be able to participate in such an issuance. But, Nina has money and would likely buy enough shares to gain control of Wichita. She then would dictate the company\'s future direction, even if it meant replacing Donald as president and CEO.
The company already has considerable debt. Raising additional debt will be costly, will adversely affect Wichita\'s credit rating, and will increase the company\'s reported losses due to the growth in interest expense. Nina and the other minority stockholders express opposition to the assumption of additional debt, fearing the company will be pushed to the brink of bankruptcy. Wanting to maintain his control and to preserve the direction of “his†company, Donald is doing everything to avoid a stock issuance and is contemplating a large issuance of bonds, even if it means the bonds are issued with a high effective–interest rate.
Instructions
Answer the following questions.
Who are the stakeholders in this situation?
What are the ethical issues in this case?
What would you do if you were Donald?
Solution
a)Donald and nina are the stakeholders in this situation .
b)Ethical issue involved in this case is to Raise additional funds by issue of stock or to raise additonal debts to meet fund requirement.
If funds are raised through issue of stock ,Donald stock ownership will be diluted and when bonds are issued ,it will be costlier to a company to raise additional funds.
c) Donald can either go for BOOTSTRAPPING where funds are raised by investing the retained earnings of a company and finding a means within a company.
Also Donald can also suggest Right issue of shares where shares are offered to existing shareholders at concessional price (lower than market) so that his ownership is not diluted.
.
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IPsec and VPNs provide secure communication over insecure public networks like the Internet. IPsec uses cryptography to authenticate and encrypt IP packets. It supports two security services: Authentication Header (AH) for authenticating senders and detecting data changes, and Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) for authentication, encryption, and encrypting packet payloads. IPsec can operate in two modes - Tunnel Mode encapsulates the entire IP packet for site-to-site VPNs, while Transport Mode only encapsulates the payload for client-to-site VPNs. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) use IPsec to securely transmit data between private networks over public networks. Common VPN protocols are PPTP, L2TP/IP
VPN
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) allow private networks to be connected securely over the public Internet. There are two main methods for implementing VPNs - using IPSec at the network level or SSL at the transport level. IPSec VPNs require client software installation on each workstation while SSL VPNs only require a web browser with SSL support, making SSL VPNs easier to use. VPNs offer benefits over dedicated leased lines such as lower cost, easier setup, and flexibility, but are less secure, reliable, and performant than isolated private networks.
Vp ns
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) allow private networks to be connected securely over the public Internet. There are two main methods for implementing VPNs - using IPSec at the network level or SSL at the transport level. IPSec VPNs require client software installation on each workstation while SSL VPNs only require a web browser with SSL support, making SSL VPNs easier to use. VPNs offer benefits over dedicated leased lines such as lower cost, easier setup, and flexibility, but can be less reliable, secure, and performant than isolated private networks.
Computer Networks 4
This document discusses network security measures such as user access levels, passwords, and encryption techniques. It explains that networks use different user access levels to restrict what users can access and do. Strong passwords that are difficult to guess are important, and suitable passwords should be a minimum length and include a mix of characters. Encryption techniques scramble data with a key so it can only be read by those with the key, and public/private key encryption allows secure communication between devices.
Ip tunneling and vpns
VPNs provide flexibility, scalability, and lower costs compared to traditional private networks. A VPN allows connectivity on a shared infrastructure like the internet while maintaining private network policies and performance. Common types are access VPNs for remote access, intranet VPNs for connectivity between corporate offices, and extranet VPNs for connections to business partners. VPNs use tunneling and encryption protocols to securely transport network traffic across public or untrusted networks.
Lecture 07 networking
This document discusses network security standards organizations like NIST and ISO, as well as key security concepts like threats, attacks, security services, and security mechanisms. It provides examples of cryptographic techniques like symmetric and public key encryption. It also summarizes standards for wireless security under IEEE 802.11i and the use of firewalls to filter network traffic and protect sites.
Sfa community of practice a natural way of building
A community of practice is natural way of building something through intuitive learning exercises ( lean development methodology) that people lack the knowledge to accomplish on their own.
These barriers to enabling new markets have always existed from ancient times to present day. The "community of practice" bridges technology processes and people to naturally solve what people need to know and learn quickly.
CCNA (R & S) Module 01 - Introduction to Networks - Chapter 11
CCNA (R & S) Module 01 - Introduction to Networks - Chapter 11
Network Design, Network Security, Devices, Network Attacks, Device Security
Similar to Describe ip protocol security pros and cons-SolutionIP Protocol Securi.docx (20)
CCNAv5 - S4: Chapter 7: Securing Site-to-site Connectivity
CCNAv5 - S4: Chapter 7: Securing Site-to-site Connectivity
Sfa community of practice a natural way of building
Sfa community of practice a natural way of building
CCNA (R & S) Module 01 - Introduction to Networks - Chapter 11
CCNA (R & S) Module 01 - Introduction to Networks - Chapter 11
More from earleanp
Create your own variant of both a hiring and a termination policy rela.docx
Create your own variant of both a hiring and a termination policy related to security and keeping company info secure.
Solution
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a security program in place.
Security Program Objectives: Protect the company and its assets. Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk. Objects are- Information Classification, Security Organization, and Security Education.
Security Management Responsibilities: Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security program. Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality requirements.
Approaches to Build a Security Program
Security Controls
Security Controls can be classified into three categories- Administrative Controls, Technical or Logical Controls ,Physical Controls.
The Elements of Security
Vulnerability: Vulnerability characterizes the absence or weakness of a safeguard that could be exploited.
Threat: Any potential danger to information or systems. A threat is a possibility that someone (person, s/w) would identify and exploit the vulnerability.
Risk: Risk is the likelihood of a threat agent taking advantage of vulnerability and the corresponding business impact. Reducing vulnerability and/or threat reduces the risk.
Exposure: An exposure is an instance of being exposed to losses from a threat agent. Vulnerability exposes an organization to possible damages.
Countermeasure or Safeguard: It is an application or a s/w configuration or h/w or a procedure that mitigates the risk.
The Relation Between the Security Elements Example: If a company has antivirus software but does not keep the virus signatures up-to-date, this is vulnerability. The company is vulnerable to virus attacks. The likelihood of a virus showing up in the environment and causing damage is the risk.
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Determine the valuation of long-term liabilities- Donald Lennon is the.docx
Determine the valuation of long-term liabilities.
Donald Lennon is the president, founder, and majority owner of Wichita Medical Corporation, an emerging medical technology products company. Wichita is in dire need of additional capital to keep operating and to bring several promising products to final development, testing, and production. Donald, as owner of 51% of the outstanding stock, manages the company\'s operations. He places heavy emphasis on research and development and long-term growth. The other principal stockholder is Nina Friendly who, as a nonemployee investor, owns 40% of the stock. Nina would like to deemphasize the R&D functions and emphasize the marketing function to maximize short–run sales and profits from existing products. She believes this strategy would raise the market price of Wichita\'s stock.
All of Donald\'s personal capital and borrowing power is tied up in his 51% stock ownership. He knows that any offering of additional shares of stock will dilute his controlling interest because he won\'t be able to participate in such an issuance. But, Nina has money and would likely buy enough shares to gain control of Wichita. She then would dictate the company\'s future direction, even if it meant replacing Donald as president and CEO.
The company already has considerable debt. Raising additional debt will be costly, will adversely affect Wichita\'s credit rating, and will increase the company\'s reported losses due to the growth in interest expense. Nina and the other minority stockholders express opposition to the assumption of additional debt, fearing the company will be pushed to the brink of bankruptcy. Wanting to maintain his control and to preserve the direction of “his†company, Donald is doing everything to avoid a stock issuance and is contemplating a large issuance of bonds, even if it means the bonds are issued with a high effective–interest rate.
Instructions
Answer the following questions.
Who are the stakeholders in this situation?
What are the ethical issues in this case?
What would you do if you were Donald?
Solution
a)Donald and nina are the stakeholders in this situation .
b)Ethical issue involved in this case is to Raise additional funds by issue of stock or to raise additonal debts to meet fund requirement.
If funds are raised through issue of stock ,Donald stock ownership will be diluted and when bonds are issued ,it will be costlier to a company to raise additional funds.
c) Donald can either go for BOOTSTRAPPING where funds are raised by investing the retained earnings of a company and finding a means within a company.
Also Donald can also suggest Right issue of shares where shares are offered to existing shareholders at concessional price (lower than market) so that his ownership is not diluted.
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Describe three of the following attack types in the Operation Security.docx
Describe three of the following attack types in the Operation Security domain: man-in-the-middle, mail bombing, war-dialing, ping-of-death, teardrop, and slamming-and-cramming
Solution
The description of the attack types in the operation security domain is given below:
1) man-in-the-middle: In this type of attack, the intruder insert himself or insert any malicious code between the secure communication of two parties. This malicious code act as an third party, and its get the secure information that is being transfer between the two parties. Its third person or the intruder having access to the information send by both the parties involve in the communication.
2) mail bombing : Its refer to attack in which intruder try to send bulk of mails to the person\'s system, which may cause to disk full on persons system or even can crash the server, which is handling the mails. In this type of attack, the main aim is to crash the user\'s machine by fulling the disk space or can crash or stop the mail server.
3) War dialing: In this type of attack, hacker\'s uses the modem\'s to dial the range of numbers, for finding the computer machiner, servers and other devices. and after dialing they also get access to these type of devices.
4) Ping to death : Its a type of attack, in which the hacker send the incorrect ping packet to the user. There are various computer system which are designed not to handle the incorrect ping packets. Which results into system crash or system going into the abnormal state.
5) teardrop: Its a type of attack, in which the hacker sends the packets in incorrect way or in the fragmented way, that the end user is not able to reassemble these packets at their end, and results into the system crash and denial of service at user\'s end.
6)slamming-and-cramming: slamming refers to the activity in which hacker, switches the long distance calll carrier at user\'s phone, without its permission, its results into heavy bill at customer end. Cramming refers to the attack in which some extra bill is added into user\'s actual phone bill, and its keep on happening again and again
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Describes the concept of ADTS and illustrates the concept with three o.docx
Describes the concept of ADTS and illustrates the concept with three of the most common abstract data types.
Solution
An abstract data type is a set of values, some of which may be distinguished as constants, together with a collection of operations involving members of the set.The primary objective is to seperate the implementation of the abstract data types from their function.The program must know what the operations do.
List,stack and queues are three fundamental data structures.When you declare a variable in a .NET application, it allocates some chunk of memory in the RAM. This memory has three things: the name of the variable, the data type of the variable, and the value of the variable.Depending on the data type, your variable is allocated that type of memory. There are two types of memory allocation: stack memory and heap memory
Stack memory stores data types like int , double , Boolean etc. While heap stores data types like string and objects.Stack is used for static memory allocation and Heap for dynamic memory allocation, both stored in the computer\'s RAM .Variables allocated on the stack are stored directly to the memory and access to this memory is very fast.When a function or a method calls another function which in turns calls another function etc., the execution of all those functions remains suspended until the very last function returns its value. The stack is always reserved in a LIFO order.Variables allocated on the heap have their memory allocated at run time and accessing this memory is a bit slower, but the heap size is only limited by the size of virtual memory . Element of the heap have no dependencies with each other and can always be accessed randomly at any time. You can allocate a block at any time and free it at any time. This makes it much more complex to keep track of which parts of the heap are allocated or free at any given time.
The Queue works like FIFO system , a first-in, first-out collection of Objects. Objects stored in a Queue are inserted at one end and removed from the other. The Queue provide additional insertion, extraction, and inspection operations. We can Enqueue (add) items in Queue and we can Dequeue (remove from Queue ) or we can Peek (that is we will get the reference of first item ) item from Queue. Queue accepts null reference as a valid value and allows duplicate elements.
A list is a collection of items that can be accessed by index and provides functionality to search, sort and manipulate list items. This can store any data types to create a list.The List class can be used to create any type including a class. In this article, we will see how to create a list of a class with several properties.
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Describe- manage- and install Active Directory replication- federation.docx
Describe, manage, and install Active Directory replication, federation services, and certificate services. Demonstrate the ability to plan an advanced AD, DHCP, and DNS solution. Describe and plan for configuring a domain and forest as well as configuring trusts. Use technology and information resources to research issues in advanced network infrastructure environments. Write clearly and concisely about advanced network infrastructure topics using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.
Solution
Active directory replication
Replication is the process by which the changes that are made on one domain controller are synchronized with all other domain controllers in the domain or forest that store copies of the same information. Active Directory replication uses a connection topology that is created automatically, which makes optimal use of beneficial network connections and frees the administrators from having to make such decisions.
Manage and install active directory replication
Active Directory relies on site configuration in sequence to manage and optimize the process of replication. Active Directory make available automatic configuration of these settings in some cases as well as configure site-related information for network using Active Directory Sites and Services. Configurable information includes settings for site links, site link bridges, and bridgehead servers.
Federation service:
Active Directory Federation Services (AD Federation Services) is a feature of the Windows Server operating system. It uses a claims-based access-control authorization model to maintain application security and to implement federated identity and aims to reduce the complexity around password management and guest account provisioning. AD Federation Services builds upon this functionality to authenticate users on third-party systems.
Certificate service
Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) provides customizable services for issuing and managing public key certificates used in software security systems that employ public key technologies. AD CS include Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME), secure wireless networks, virtual private networks (VPN), Internet Protocol security (IPsec), Encrypting File System (EFS), smart card logon, Secure Socket Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) and digital signatures.
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Describe the process to start and restart apache on CENTOS command lin.docx
Describe the process to start and restart apache on CENTOS command line. Also describe how to have apache start automatically when the server is rebooted.
Solution
In order to stop or restart the Apache HTTP Server, you must send a signal to the running httpd processes. There are two ways to send the signals. First, you can use the unix kill command to directly send signals to the processes. You will notice many httpd executables running on your system, but you should not send signals to any of them except the parent, whose pid is in the PidFile.
Start: Starting httpd using the apachectl control script sets the environmental variables in /etc/sysconfig/httpd and starts httpd. You can also set the environment variables using the init script.
You can also start httpd using /sbin/service httpd start. This starts httpd but does not set the environment variables. If you are using the default Listen directive in httpd.conf, which is port 80, you will need to have root privileges to start the apache server.
Restart:
Signal: HUP
apachectl -k restart
Sending the HUP or restart signal to the parent causes it to kill off its children like in TERM, but the parent doesn\'t exit. It re-reads its configuration files, and re-opens any log files. Then it spawns a new set of children and continues serving hits.
If you want your server to continue running after a system reboot, you should add a call to apachectl to your system startup files (typically rc.local or a file in an rc.N directory). This will start Apache as root. Before doing this ensure that your server is properly configured for security and access restrictions.
The apachectl script is designed to act like a standard SysV init script; it can take the arguments start, restart, and stop and translate them into the appropriate signals to httpd. So you can often simply link apachectl into the appropriate init directory. But be sure to check the exact requirements of your system.
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Describe- in your own words- the mechanism for establishing a HTTPS co.docx
Describe, in your own words, the mechanism for establishing a HTTPS connection.
Solution
HTTPS consists of communication over HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) with an encrypted layer such as Transport Layer Security (TSL) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
The connection between Client and Server using HTTPS is established by a handshake process which has 3 main phases namely Hello, Certificate exchange and key exchange.
a) Hello-
This is the first phase where the client sends a message ClientHello which contains all the necessary information such as various cipher suites, SSL version number etc. for the server to connect to the client via SSL. Then the server responds with a ServerHello message which contains similar information for client.
b) Certificate Exchange –
Once the contact is established between the Server and the Client, the server has to prove its identity to the client using its SSL certificate. The SSL certificate contains various information such as name of the owner, the domain it is attached to, the certificate’s public key, certificate’s validity dates etc. The client then verifies the certificate whether it is a trusted certificate or it is verified and trusted by one of several Certificate Authorities (CAs) which client trusts.
c) Key Exchange –
In this phase the exchange of encryption key is happened by the client and server using a symmetric algorithm which was already agreed during the Hello phase. The client generates a random key for the symmetric algorithm. It then encrypts the key using an algorithm (which was also agreed upon during the Hello phase) and the server’s public key from the SSL certificate. Client then sends this encrypted key to the server, where it is decrypted using the server’s private key.
Once the client and server have verified each over’s identity and have secretly agreed on a key to symmetrically encrypt the data that they are about to send each other, then the HTTP requests and responses can start flowing form one party to other in the form of a plaintext message with encryption. The other party using the key decrypt is while reading.
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Describe the process of creating and exporting a schedule report for t.docx
Describe the process of creating and exporting a schedule report for the medicalpractice. What is the purpose of the schedule report?
Solution
Purpose of the Schedule report:
A shedule report is a task that lets you export data from one or more dash boards on one-time or recurring basis. The following are the main purposes that are considered mainly.
you can create and manage your own scheduled reports while viewing dashboards. A scheduled report has both a name and a schedule which is defined in the same way as scheduled in the import of a file. You can export the dashboard in a report to the same excel file has png image or url links to the dashboard. Other export formats are available depending on the addons you have installed. The exported data can be delivered to you via email attachment or has file stored on the disk.
Creating and exporting a schedule report for the medical practice:
When creating a new schedule report first view the Dashboard in that view the first dashboard that you want to include in your report ,Set any parameter controls on the dashboard to desired filter parameters, Now click schedule on the toolbar After that schedule report definition window is opened.
Steps:
1) Select the Create new schedule option in the Schedule Report Definition. In that click next to go the next step.
2) In this step enter the Report name and choose when to send the report by schedulling it. After that select a schedule type A dialy schedule,A Weekly schedule, A monthly Schedule, A custom schedule.
now click on the edit button besides your selected schedule type to launch define report schedule window. Click on next to goto next step.
3) choose the report file format from the drop down list microsoft excel, png image, link only. If you choose excel options click excel settings to set advanced excel export option then click next to goto next page.
4) This is the last step you have to set the delivery option for the report by first choosing the delivery method from that drop down list email, create files. After setting delivery optins click finish to complete the scheduled report definition window.
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Describe the principal technologies that have shaped contemporary tele.docx
Describe the principal technologies that have shaped contemporary telecommunications systems. Compare Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. It has been said that within the next few years, smartphones will become the single most important digital device we own. Discuss the implications of this statement.
Solution
Describe the principal technologies that have shaped contemporary telecommunications systems.
Current networks have been influenced by the ascent of client-server computing, the use of packet switching, and the adoption of Transmission Control Protocol-Internet Protocol as a universal communications standard for linking disparate networks and computers, including the Internet. Protocol provides a mutual set of guidelines that enable communication among numerous components in a telecommunications network.
Compare Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. It has been said that within the next few years, smartphones will become the single most important digital device we own. Discuss the implications of this statement
Web2.0 refers to second-generation interactive Internet based services that enable people to collaborate, share information, and create new services online. Web2.0 is distinguished by technologies and services like cloud computing, software mashups and widgets, blogs, RSS, and wikis. These software applications run on the Web itself instead of the desktop and bring the vision of Web-based computing closer to realization. Web2.0 tools and services have fueled the creation of social networks and other online communities where people can interact with one another in the manner of their choosing.
Web3.0 focuses on developing techniques to make searching Web pages more productive and meaningful for ordinary people. Web3.0 is the promise of a future Web where all digital information and all contacts can be woven together into a single meaningful experience. Sometimes referred to as the semantic Web, Web3.0 intends to add a layer of meaning a top the existing Web to reduce the amount of human involvement in searching for and processing Web information. It also focuses on ways to make the Web more
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Describe the typical duties of a security manager that are strictly ma.docx
Describe the typical duties of a security manager that are strictly managerial and not technical in nature.
Solution
Duties of a Security Mamger:
Write or review security-related documents, such as incident reports, proposals, and tactical or strategic initiatives.
Train subordinate security professionals or other organization members in security rules and procedures.
Plan security for special and high-risk events.
Review financial reports to ensure efficiency and quality of security operations.
Develop budgets for security operations.
Order security-related supplies and equipment as needed.
Coordinate security operations or activities with public law enforcement, fire and other agencies.
Attend meetings, professional seminars, or conferences to keep abreast of changes in executive legislative directives or new technologies impacting security operations.
Assist in emergency management and contingency planning.
Arrange for or perform executive protection activities.
Respond to medical emergencies, bomb threats, fire alarms, or intrusion alarms, following emergency response procedures.
Recommend security procedures for security call centers, operations centers, domains, asset classification systems, system acquisition, system development, system maintenance, access control, program models, or reporting tools.
Prepare reports or make presentations on internal investigations, losses, or violations of regulations, policies and procedures.
Identify, investigate, or resolve security breaches.
Monitor security policies, programs or procedures to ensure compliance with internal security policies, licensing requirements, or applicable government security requirements, policies, and directives.
Analyze and evaluate security operations to identify risks or opportunities for improvement.
Create or implement security standards, policies, and procedures.
Conduct, support, or assist in governmental reviews, internal corporate evaluations, or assessments of the overall effectiveness of the facilities security processes.
Conduct physical examinations of property to ensure compliance with security policies and regulations.
Communicate security status, updates, and actual or potential problems, using established protocols.
Collect and analyze security data to determine security needs, security program goals, or program accomplishments.
Supervise subordinate security professionals, performing activities such as hiring, training, assigning work, evaluating performance, or disciplining.
Plan, direct, or coordinate security activities to safeguard company assets, employees, guests, or others on company property.
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Describe the four categories of international airports in the federal.docx
Describe the four categories of international airports in the federal classification of international airports.
Solution
Commercial Service Airports are publicly owned airports that have at least 2,500 passenger boardings each calendar year and receive scheduled passenger service. Passenger boardings refer to revenue passenger boardings on an aircraft in service in air commerce whether or not in scheduled service. The definition also includes passengers who continue on an aircraft in international flight that stops at an airport in any of the 50 States for a non-traffic purpose, such as refueling or aircraft maintenance rather than passenger activity. Passenger boardings at airports that receive scheduled passenger service are also referred to as Enplanements. Nonprimary Commercial Service Airports are Commercial Service Airports that have at least 2,500 and no more than 10,000 passenger boardings each year. Primary Airports are Commercial Service Airports that have more than 10,000 passenger boardings each year. Hub categories for Primary Airports are defined as a percentage of total passenger boardings within the United States in the most current calendar year ending before the start of the current fiscal year. For example, calendar year 2014 data are used for fiscal year 2016 since the fiscal year began 9 months after the end of that calendar year. The table above depicts the formulae used for the definition of airport categories based on statutory provisions cited within the table, including Hub Type described in 49 USC 47102. Cargo Service Airports are airports that, in addition to any other air transportation services that may be available, are served by aircraft providing air transportation of only cargo with a total annual landed weight of more than 100 million pounds. \"Landed weight\" means the weight of aircraft transporting only cargo in intrastate, interstate, and foreign air transportation. An airport may be both a commercial service and a cargo service airport. Reliever Airports are airports designated by the FAA to relieve congestion at Commercial Service Airports and to provide improved general aviation access to the overall community. These may be publicly or privately-owned. General Aviation Airports are public-use airports that do not have scheduled service or have less than 2,500 annual passenger boardings (49 USC 47102(8)). Approximately 88 percent of airports included in the NPIAS are general aviation.
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Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies- protocols- and serv.docx
Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies, protocols, and services used to deploy VPNs. Also describe the business benefits of VPNs.
Solution
A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates an encrypted connection over a less secure network. The benefit of using a VPN is that it ensures the appropriate level of security to the connected systems when the underlying network infrastructure alone cannot provide it. The justification for using a VPN instead of a private network usually boils down to cost and feasibility: It is either not feasible to have a private network (e.g., for a traveling sales rep) or it is too costly to do so. The most common types of VPNs are remote-access VPNs and site-to-site VPNs
A remote-access VPN uses a public telecommunication infrastructure like the Internet to provide remote users secure access to their organization\'s network. A VPN client on the remote user\'s computer or mobile device connects to a VPN gateway on the organization\'s network, which typically requires the device to authenticate its identity, then creates a network link back to the device that allows it to reach internal network resources (e.g., file servers, printers, intranets) as though it was on that network locally. A remote-access VPN usually relies on either IPsec or SSL to secure the connection, although SSL VPNs are often focused on supplying secure access to a single application rather than to the whole internal network. Some VPNs provide Layer 2access to the target network; these require a tunneling protocol like PPTP or L2TP running across the base IPsec connection.
A site-to-site VPN uses a gateway device to connect the entire network in one location to the network in another, usually a small branch connecting to a data center. End-node devices in the remote location do not need VPN clients because the gateway handles the connection. Most site-to-site VPNs connecting over the Internet use IPsec. It is also common to use carrier MPLS clouds rather than the public Internet as the transport for site VPNs. Here, too, it is possible to have either Layer 3 connectivity (MPLS IP VPN) or Layer 2 (Virtual Private LAN Service, or VPLS) running across the base transport.
VPNs can also be defined between specific computers, typically servers in separate data centers, when security requirements for their exchanges exceed what the enterprise network can deliver. Increasingly, enterprises also use VPNs in either remote-access mode or site-to-site mode to connect (or connect to) resources in a public infrastructure as a service environment. Newer hybrid-access scenarios put the VPN gateway itself in the cloud, with a secure link from the cloud service provider into the internal network.
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Describe the different metrics that BGP can use in building a routing.docx
Describe the different metrics that BGP can use in building a routing table
Solution
The metrics used by BGP in building a routing table are
1) Weight — weight is the first criterion used by the router and it is set locally on the user’s router. The Weight is not passed to the following router updates. In case there are multiple paths to a certain IP address, BGP always selects the path with the highest weight. The weight parameter can be set either through neighbor command, route maps or via the AS-path access list.
2) Local Preference — this criterion indicates which route has local preference and BGP selects the one with the highest preference. Local Preference default is 100.
3) Network or Aggregate — this criterion chooses the path that was originated locally via an aggregate or a network, as the aggregation of certain routes in one is quite effective and helps to save a lot of space on the network.
4) Shortest AS_PATH — this criterion is used by BGP only in case it detects two similar paths with nearly the same local preference, weight and locally originated or aggregate addresses.
5) Lowest origin type — this criterion assigns higher preference to Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and lower preference to Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP).
6) Lowest multi-exit discriminator (MED) — this criterion, representing the external metric of a route, gives preference to the lower MED value.
7) eBGP over iBGP — just like the “Lowest origin type†criterion, this criterion prefers eBGP rather than iBGP.
8) Lowest IGP metric — this criterion selects the path with the lowest IGP metric to the BGP next hop.
9) Multiple paths — this criterion serves as indication whether multiple routes need to be installed in the routing table.
10) External paths — out of several external paths, this criterion selects the first received path.
11) Lowest router ID — this criterion selects the path which connects to the BGP router that has the lowest router ID.
12) Minimum cluster list — in case multiple paths have the same router ID or originator, this criterion selects the path with the minimum length of the cluster list.
13) Lowest neighbor address — this criterion selects the path, which originates from the lowest neighbor address.
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Describe the ethnic city and the benefit of ethnic communiti- (-I need.docx
Describe the ethnic city and the benefit of ethnic communiti? (. I need 4 paragraphs please .
Explain what you believe social justice meant to Progressive? ( 1 paragraph
Solution
1ans)
An ‘ethnic group’ has been defined as a group that regards itself or is regarded by others as a distinct community by virtue of certain characteristics that will help to distinguish the group from the surrounding community. Ethnicity is considered to be shared characteristics such as culture, language, religion, and traditions, which contribute to a person or group’s identity.
Ethnicity has been described as residing in:
• The belief by members of a social group that they are culturally distinctive and different to outsiders;
• Their willingness to find symbolic markers of that difference (food habits, religion, forms of dress, language) and to emphasized their significance
• Their willingness to organize relationships with outsiders so that a kind of ‘group boundary’ is preserved and reproduced
This shows that ethnicity is not necessarily genetic. It also shows how someone might describe themselves by an ethnicity different to their birth identity if they reside for a considerable time in a different area and they decide to adopt the culture, symbols and relationships of their new community.
It is worth noting that the Traveller Community is recognised as a distinct ethnic group in the UK and Northern Ireland, but only as a distinct cultural group in the Republic of Ireland.
Ethnicity is also a preferential term to describe the difference between humans rather than ‘race’. This is because race is a now a discredited term that divided all peoples based on the idea of skin colour and superiority. There is only one ‘race’, the human race as we are essentially genetically identical. For example, there is no French ‘race’ but the French people could be described as a separate ethnic group.
Advantages
Disadvantages
2ans)
Progressivism is a term commonly applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems that arose as a result of urbanization and the rapid industrialization introduced to America in the 19th Century. Progressivism began as a social movement to cope with a variety of social needs and eventually evolved into a reform movement and greater political action. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism. In other words, they were people who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, poor health, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safer environment, an efficient workplace and honest government. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed that government could be a tool for change.
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Describe the different types of qualitative analysis and indicate whic.docx
Describe the different types of qualitative analysis and indicate which is most persuasive.
Solution
A qualitative analysis or a research is based on the collection and analysis of non-numeric data like words or pictures. Qualitative methods have three distinct dimensions which are as follows:
1. Understanding Concept
2. Understanding People
3. Understanding Interaction
Four major types of qualitative research are:
1. Phenomenology - The analysis of data is done by getting access to individuals life-worlds, which is actually their world of experience. This can be done by conducting in-depth interviews. In this analysis the commonalities across individuals are sought. Once the data is collected it will be analyzed and report will be prepared based on the collected data and understandings.
2. Ethonography - It is a analysis based on the study of a group of people based on their culture. People from same or similar culture share beliefs, customs, rituals, practices and language norms. This will be highly effective in analyzing data qualitatively. The data that are collected in this method of analysis are based on the cultural standards, insider\'s perspective, external and social scentific view.
3. Grounded Theory - Here the analysis is based on the theoretical approach. The major characteristics of grounded theory are Fit, Understanding, Generality and control. Theories provide explanation and they tell us how and why of any situiation.
4. Case Study - In this analysis the various cases are considered and in-depth analysis is performed to study the variations and deviations.
In all the above steps Data coding and analysis takes place. Data Analysis is done in three different steps and they are:
1. Open Coding -Â Â Reading transcripts
2. Axial Coding - Organizing concepts
3. Selective Coding - Focusing on main ideas
Phenomenology is the most pursuasive method of qualitative analysis since the data is sought directly from the individuals. Hence this can be relied upon thoroughly.
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Describe neo-evolution- What is it and what are its primary tenets- Pr.docx
Describe neo-evolution. What is it and what are its primary tenets?
Provide an example of a technology that is altering or may alter human evolution.
What are the potential benefits of this type of technology?
What are the potential drawbacks?
What are the moral and ethical implications of neo-evolution?
Should we continue to pursue this form of technology? Why or why not?
Solution
oevolutionism , school of anthropology concerned with long-term culture change and with the similar patterns of development that may be seen in unrelated, widely separated cultures. It arose in the mid-20th century, and it addresses the relation between the long-term changes that are characteristic of human culture in general and the short-term, localized social and ecological adjustments that cause specific cultures to differ from one another as they adapt to their own unique environments. Further, neoevolutionists investigate the ways in which different cultures adapt to similar environments and examine the similarities and differences in the long-term historical trajectories of such groups. Because most neoevolutionists are interested in the environmental and technological adjustments of the groups they study, many are identified with the cultural ecological approach to ethnography, with the culture process approach to archaeology, and with the study of early and protohumans in biological anthropology.
Neoevolutionary anthropological thought emerged in the 1940s, in the work of the American anthropologists Leslie A. White and Julian H. Steward and others. White hypothesized that cultures became more advanced as they became more efficient at harnessing energy and that technology and social organization were both influential in instigating such efficiencies. Steward, inspired by classifying the native cultures of North and South America, focused on the parallel developments of unrelated groups in similar environments; he discussed evolutionary change in terms of what he called “levels of sociocultural integration†and “multilinear evolution,†terms he used to distinguish neoevolution from earlier, unilineal theories of cultural evolution.
In the years since White’s and Steward’s seminal work, neoevolutionary approaches have been variously accepted, challenged, rejected, and revised, and they continue to generate a lively controversy among those interested in long-term cultural and social change.
.
Describe core competencies and their relationship to operations manage.docx
Describe core competencies and their relationship to operations management. Please provide an example for a manufacturing environment and a service environment.
Solution
core competency fullfills three key criteria:
A core competency can take various forms, including technical/subject matter know-how, a reliable process and/or close relationships with customers and suppliers. It may also include product development or culture, such as employee dedication, best Human Resource Management (HRM), good market coverage, or kaizen or continuous improvement over time.
Core competencies are particular strengths relative to other organizations in the industry, which provide the fundamental basis for the provision of added value. Core competencies reflect the collective learning of an organization and involve coordinating diverse production skills and integrating multiple streams of technologies. It includes communication, involvement, and a deep commitment to working across organizational boundaries, such as improving cross-functional teams within an organization to address boundaries and to overcome them. Few companies are likely to build world leadership in more than five or six fundamental competencies.
As an example of core competencies, Walt Disney World Parks and Resorts has three main core competencies:
core competencies their relationship to operations management
Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements.
Core competencies are the collective learning in the organization, especially how to coordinate diverse production skills and integrate multiple streams of technologies.It embodies an organization
.
Describe in detail a man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman ke.docx
Describe in detail a man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman key-exchange protocol whereby the adversary ends up sharing a key k A with Alice and a different key k B with Bob, and Alice and Bob cannot detect that anything has gone wrong.
What happens if Alice and Bob try to detect the presence of a man-in-the-middle adversary by sending each other (encrypted) questions that only the other party would know how to answer?
Solution
In man-in-the-middle attack, an opponent Eve intercepts Alice\'s public key K A and sends her own public key as K A to Bob. When Bob transmits his public key K B , Eve substitutes it with her own and sends it as K B to Alice. Eve and Alice thus agree on one shared key and Eve and Bob agree on another shared key. After this exchange, Eve simply decrypts any messages sent out by Alice or Bob, and then reads and possibly modifies them before re-encrypting with the appropriate key and transmitting them to the other party. This vulnerability is present because Diffie-Hellman key exchange does not authenticate the participants. The man-in-the-middle attack may be prevented by using digital signatures and other cryptographic schemes.
Bob to encrypt a message so that only Alice will be able to decrypt it, with no prior communication between them other than Bob having trusted knowledge of Alice\'s public key. Alice\'s public key is
g K A mod p, g,p. . To send her a message, Bob chooses a random K B and then sends Alice g K B mod p
together with the message encrypted with ( g K A ) K B mod p symmetric key. Only Alice can determine the symmetric key and hence decrypt the message because only she has K A.
.
Describe events that led to the signing of the Homeland Security Act 2.docx
Describe events that led to the signing of the Homeland Security Act 2002 into law on November 25, 2002. What was the intent of this Act and what department did it create? How did the Act change FEMA’s emergency response role? Several agencies resisted efforts to be incorporated in the new department. Identify three such agencies and explain why they may have been reluctant to join. Do you agree?
Solution
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was formed during the incorporation of all or part of 22 various federal departments into a united, incorporated Department. It was initiated to make the Americans safe.
The President of America says to form a novel DHS, by considering all the departments into a single to safeguard the America under the name of DHS. It is the strategic plan applied by him after the terrorist attack in pennenslavia.
The DHS mission is to keep the Americans safe from any of the attacks.
Blue campaign and citizen corps involved in the Department of Homeland security.
The Blue Campaign gives its support to the DHS and believe that every people has a right to have a freedom and then it combines with other NGO’s, to fulfill its belief.
The mission of Citizen Corps is to bind the people of Americans to enhance their knowledge with education, providing training centers, and volunteer service to make people strong and prepare them how to handle situations when they were troubles or attacks by other or some other natural disasters occurs.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an organization of theUnited States Department of Homeland Security, initially created by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by twoExecutive Orders on April 1, 1979.The goal is to organize the reply to a disasters that has happened in the US and then provide the funds to local and state government. The governer from that state that is where the disaster took place is the right person to intimate to the FEMA and to president
.
Describe an experiment that disproved the theory of classical mechanic.docx
Describe an experiment that disproved the theory of classical mechanics and led to the discovery of quantum mechanics. What are experiments that validate the wave-particle duality? What is meant by atomic emission spectrum, absorption spectrum, differences?
Solution
Solution:
In 1900,physicist Max Planck presented his quantum theory to the German Physical Society.
planck found that by making the assumption that energy existed in individual units in the same way that matter
does, rather than just as a constant electromagnetic wave as had been formerly assumed and was
therefore quantifiable,
The existence of these units became the first assumption of quantum theory.
In 1927, Werner Heisenberg proposed that precise, simultaneous measurement of two complementary values -
such as the position and momentum of a subatomic particle is impossible.Contrary to the principles of classical
physics, their simultaneous measurement is inescapably flawed.
He said:
the more precisely one value is measured, the more flawed will be the measurement of the other value. This theory
became known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle .
Experiment that illustrates the wave particle duality :
2)
The characteristic pattern of dark lines or bands that occurs when electromagnetic radiation is passed through an
absorbing medium into a spectroscope. An equivalent pattern occurs as coloured lines or bands in the
emission spectrum of that medium.
A discharge tube is a gas-filled, glass tube with a metal plate at both ends. If a voltage difference is applied
between the two metal plates, the gas atoms inside the tube will absorb enough energy to make some of their
electrons come off, that means, the gas atoms are ionised.
These electrons start moving through the gas and create a current, which raises some electrons in other atoms to
higher energy levels. Then as the electrons in the atoms fall back down, they emit electromagnetic radiation (light).
As we know;
Only certain wavelengths (i.e. colours) of light are seen, though the whole spectrum is known as the emission
spectrum.The amount of light emitted at different wavelengths, called the emission spectrum.
.
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- 1. Describe ip protocol security pros and cons. Solution IP Protocol Security: Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec ) is a protocol suite for secure Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a communication session. IPsec can be used in protecting data flows between a pair of hosts ( host-to-host ), between a pair of security gateways ( network-to-network ), or between a security gateway and a host ( network- to-host ). Security architecture: Pros of IPsec: ·Security at the Network Layer Level - Being based at the network level, this technology is completely invisible in its operation . The end users are never required to learn about it, and neither do they ever directly interact with it. This in itself is an added layer of security for the VPNs running on IPsec. ·No Application Dependence - While SSL-/ SSH-/ PGP-based VPNs are application- dependent, IPsec-based VPNs do not need to worry about application dependence. Since the entire security system is implemented at the network level, there are no application compatibility issues. Cons of IPsec: ·CPU Overhead - Having to perform encryption and decryption on the hundreds of megabytes of data flowing through the machines requires quite a bit of processing power, and this translates to higher processor loads . ·Compatibility Issues - IPsec is a standardized solution today, and yet, some large software developers may not adhere to it, and may go ahead with standards of their own. As a result, this can lead to compatibility issues .
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