Define the following key data modeling terms- entity- attribute- relat.docx
•Download as DOCX, PDF•
0 likes•6 views
Define the following key data modeling terms: entity, attribute, relationship, degree, cardinality, and associative entity. Solution entity An entity is any object in the system that we want to model and store information about. Entities are usually recognizable concepts, either concrete or abstract, such as person, places, things, or events which have relevance to the database. In relation to a database , an entity is a single person, place, or thing about which data can be stored. In data modeling, an entity is some unit of data that can be classified and have stated relationships to other entities. Attribute: An attribute is a specification that defines a property of an object, element, or file. It may also refer to or set the specific value for a given instance of such. attributes should more correctly be considered metadata. An attribute is a characteristic. In a database management system (DBMS), an attribute refers to a database component, such a table. It also may refer to a database field. Attributes describe the instances in the row of a databas Relationship A relationship, in the context of databases, is a situation that exists between two relational database tables when one table has a foreign key that references the primary key of the other table. Relationships allow relational databases to split and store data in different tables, while linking disparate data items degree A relation is thus a heading paired with a body, the heading of the relation being also the heading of each tuple in its body. The number of attributes constituting a heading is called the degree, which term also applies to tuples and relations. The term n-tuple refers to a tuple of degree n (n>=0). Cardinality In the context of databases, cardinality refers to the uniqueness of data values contained in a column. High cardinality means that the column contains a large percentage of totally unique values. Low cardinality means that the column contains a lot of “repeats†in its data range. associative entity An associative entity is a term used in relational and entity–relationship theory. A relational database requires the implementation of a base relation to resolve many-to-many relationships .
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
PPT_DBMS.pptx
This document introduces database management systems and relational database concepts. It defines key terms like data, data items, databases, DBMS, RDBMS, relations, tuples, attributes, domains and provides examples of common DBMS like MySQL, Oracle and DB2. It also summarizes different data models, database implementation levels, data independence, and relational model concepts such as primary keys, foreign keys and integrity constraints.
Data resource management
This document discusses data resource management and decision support systems (DSS). It covers fundamental database concepts like records, files, and database structures including hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional models. It also discusses database languages, types of databases, and how data warehouses and data mining can support decision making at strategic and tactical levels in businesses.
Spatial Data Models
Database Structures – Relational, Object Oriented – ER diagram - spatial data models – Raster Data Structures – Raster Data Compression - Vector Data Structures - Raster vs Vector Models TIN and GRID data models - OGC standards - Data Quality.
Geographic Information systems
The document discusses database structures and spatial data models used in geographic information systems. It covers relational and object-oriented database structures and describes features, entities, attributes, and relationships. Specifically, it discusses how GIS uses relational databases to organize spatial vector data into tables, features, and relationships between entities. It also describes object-oriented models and how they represent real-world objects and relationships.
Geographic Information System unit 2
This document discusses different topics related to spatial data models and GIS database structures. It covers relational and object-oriented database structures, spatial data models including raster and vector models, common file formats like shapefile and geodatabase, as well as topics like data compression, topology, and relationships between spatial objects. Database normalization techniques are also explained to reduce redundancy and improve database design.
COMPUTERS Database
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a database is, components of a database system like users and applications, and examples of DBMS like MySQL and Oracle. It also summarizes key database concepts such as data models, relationships between data using keys, and relational algebra operations for querying databases.
data base u2 dfhjhdbgjhbfxjjkgfbjkg.pptx
bvcxmbvjbhcxzjjbxchvcxjbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbv
Dbms Concepts
A database is a collection of logically related data organized for convenient access, usually by programs for specific purposes. A DBMS is software that allows users to define, construct and manipulate databases for various applications. The database and DBMS together form a database system. A DBMS provides advantages like reducing data redundancy and inconsistency, restricting unauthorized access, and enforcing data integrity and security.
Recommended
PPT_DBMS.pptx
This document introduces database management systems and relational database concepts. It defines key terms like data, data items, databases, DBMS, RDBMS, relations, tuples, attributes, domains and provides examples of common DBMS like MySQL, Oracle and DB2. It also summarizes different data models, database implementation levels, data independence, and relational model concepts such as primary keys, foreign keys and integrity constraints.
Data resource management
This document discusses data resource management and decision support systems (DSS). It covers fundamental database concepts like records, files, and database structures including hierarchical, network, relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional models. It also discusses database languages, types of databases, and how data warehouses and data mining can support decision making at strategic and tactical levels in businesses.
Spatial Data Models
Database Structures – Relational, Object Oriented – ER diagram - spatial data models – Raster Data Structures – Raster Data Compression - Vector Data Structures - Raster vs Vector Models TIN and GRID data models - OGC standards - Data Quality.
Geographic Information systems
The document discusses database structures and spatial data models used in geographic information systems. It covers relational and object-oriented database structures and describes features, entities, attributes, and relationships. Specifically, it discusses how GIS uses relational databases to organize spatial vector data into tables, features, and relationships between entities. It also describes object-oriented models and how they represent real-world objects and relationships.
Geographic Information System unit 2
This document discusses different topics related to spatial data models and GIS database structures. It covers relational and object-oriented database structures, spatial data models including raster and vector models, common file formats like shapefile and geodatabase, as well as topics like data compression, topology, and relationships between spatial objects. Database normalization techniques are also explained to reduce redundancy and improve database design.
COMPUTERS Database
This document provides an overview of databases and database management systems (DBMS). It discusses what a database is, components of a database system like users and applications, and examples of DBMS like MySQL and Oracle. It also summarizes key database concepts such as data models, relationships between data using keys, and relational algebra operations for querying databases.
data base u2 dfhjhdbgjhbfxjjkgfbjkg.pptx
bvcxmbvjbhcxzjjbxchvcxjbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbv
Dbms Concepts
A database is a collection of logically related data organized for convenient access, usually by programs for specific purposes. A DBMS is software that allows users to define, construct and manipulate databases for various applications. The database and DBMS together form a database system. A DBMS provides advantages like reducing data redundancy and inconsistency, restricting unauthorized access, and enforcing data integrity and security.
Lecture 07 relational database management system
The document discusses key concepts in relational database management systems including:
1) Everything is represented as relations (tables) with attributes (columns) and tuples (rows) that make up the relations.
2) Schemas define the structure of relations with attributes and primary keys to uniquely identify tuples.
3) Relations can be related through foreign keys that match primary keys in other relations.
4) Integrity rules like entity and referential integrity enforce valid relationships between tuples in different relations.
Database
Database
Databases are designed to offer an organized mechanism for storing, managing and retrieving information.
Before you take a gander at particular images, its vital to compre.pdf
Before you take a gander at particular images, it\'s vital to comprehend the different levels of
ERDs. There are a few approaches to model substance relationship outlines. The most abnormal
state sort is a calculated information show; the following most astounding is the coherent
information model, and the least level (and in this manner most point by point) sort is the
physical information model. Counsel the graph beneath to see which components are secured in
every information model.
ER graph images and importance
Calculated DATA MODEL
This ER model builds up an expansive perspective of what ought to be incorporated into the
model set. Applied information models:
Incorporate essential substances and the relationship between them.
Try not to determine properties.
Try not to determine essential keys.
Calculated ERDs can be utilized as the establishment for intelligent information models. They
may likewise be utilized to frame shared trait connections between ER models as a premise for
information model coordination.
Legitimate DATA MODEL
This model contains more detail than the theoretical ER model, without respect to how data will
be physically actualized in the database. Legitimate information models:
Incorporate all substances and connections between them.
Indicate properties for every element.
Indicate essential key for every substance.
Indicate outside keys, which recognize the relationship between various substances.
Include standardization, which is the way toward expelling excess in a table so that the table is
simpler to adjust. Standardization ordinarily happens by partitioning an element table into two or
more tables and characterizing connections between the tables.
PHYSICAL DATA MODEL
The physical information model speaks to the way toward adding data to the database. This
model demonstrates every table structure, including section name, segment information sort,
segment limitations, essential key, outside key, and connections between tables. Physical
information models:
Determine all tables and segments.
Incorporate remote keys to distinguish connections between tables.
May incorporate denormalization, contingent upon client necessities.
May be essentially not quite the same as the intelligent information model.
Will vary contingent upon which DBMS (database administration framework) is utilized.
Applied ERD Symbols
These images are for the most part utilized for reasonable information models, albeit a few
perspectives may overflow into legitimate information models. They can be found in the UML
Entity Relationship and Entity Relationship shape libary of Lucidchart. In the event that you
don\'t see the shape you require, utilize a picture record (Lucidchart bolsters .PNG, .JPG, or
.SVG import) or make your own particular with our current shapes and styling alternatives.
Elements
Elements are items or ideas that speak to critical information. They are normally things, e.g.
client, manager, area, or advancement.
Solid elements exi.
Use analyzed requirements in the design of database.pptx
An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is used to design relational databases by modeling the structure and relationships of entities in the database. An ER diagram represents entities as nouns and relationships as verbs using graphical symbols like rectangles, diamonds, and lines. It is an important tool for database design, troubleshooting, and analysis across fields like software engineering, business, education, and research. The key components of an ER diagram include entities, attributes, relationships, keys, and cardinality.
Export ERD | SQL Database Modeler.pptx
Use Export ERD, your all-inclusive SQL database modeler, to expedite the construction of your databases. Create complex database structures with ease and precisely visualize your schema. Export your Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD) with ease to advance your projects. Give your team access to a tool that makes complex data modeling simple, speeding up the process of designing databases with clarity and efficiency.
Sql interview questions and answers
The document discusses Codd's rules for relational database management systems (RDBMS). It explains the 13 rules, which include that data should only be represented as values in tables, null values must be supported, and the database description must be queryable using the same relational language as the data. It also defines what constitutes an RDBMS, describes database concepts like normalization, and provides examples of relationships and integrity rules.
Islamic University Previous Year Question Solution 2019 (ADBMS)
Database administrators (DBAs) manage databases and are responsible for tasks like creating the database schema, defining storage structures and access methods, modifying the schema or physical organization when needed, granting authorization for data access, and specifying integrity constraints. Other database roles include application programmers, sophisticated users, specialized users, standalone users, native users, and system analysts who are responsible for database design, structure, and properties.
Data models
The document discusses several data models including flat file, hierarchical, network, relational, object-relational, and object-based models. It provides details on the flat file model, describing it as a single two-dimensional array containing data elements in columns and related elements in rows. The object-relational model combines relational and object-oriented features, allowing integration of databases with object-oriented data types and methods. The document also discusses the entity-relationship model, which is an object-based logical model that uses entities, attributes, and relationships to flexibly structure data and specify constraints.
Data models
The document discusses several data models including flat file, hierarchical, network, relational, object-relational, and object-based models. It provides details on the flat file model, describing it as a single two-dimensional array containing data elements in columns and related elements in rows. The object-relational model combines relational and object-oriented features, allowing integration of complex data types. The object-based model uses entities, attributes, and relationships, with the entity-relationship model being a commonly used object-based logical model.
Relational Data Model Introduction
The document discusses the relational data model and query languages. It provides the following key points:
1. The relational data model organizes data into tables with rows and columns, where rows represent records and columns represent attributes. Relations between data are represented through tables.
2. Relational integrity constraints include key constraints, domain constraints, and referential integrity constraints to ensure valid data.
3. Relational algebra and calculus provide theoretical foundations for query languages like SQL. Relational algebra uses operators like select, project, join on relations, while relational calculus specifies queries using logic.
Download different material from slide share
The document provides an overview of the relational data model concepts covered in Chapter 2, including:
- The relational model organizes data into tables of rows and columns called relations. A row is a tuple and a column is an attribute.
- Entities have attributes that describe their properties. Relationships associate entities and have a degree and cardinality.
- Relational integrity constraints include domain, entity, referential integrity. Key constraints like primary keys and foreign keys uniquely identify and relate tuples.
- Base relations are physically stored tables while views are virtual relations derived from queries on base relations. The schema defines a relation while the instance contains tuples of data.
Chapter 2. Concepctual design -.pptx
The document discusses entity-relationship (ER) diagrams and database design. It defines key concepts in ER diagrams like entities, attributes, relationships and how they are represented. It explains how to start building an ER diagram by defining entities and relationships based on a narrative. Different types of relationships and how they are drawn are covered, along with cardinality, keys, and other symbols used in ER diagrams. The document provides an example of an ER diagram for a banking system and discusses how an ER diagram can be converted into a relational database with tables.
U2_ER_modeling.pptx
The document discusses the Entity-Relationship (ER) model for database design. It describes the key concepts of the ER model including entity sets, relationship sets, attributes, keys, and cardinalities. The ER model uses entity sets to represent real-world objects, relationship sets to represent associations among entities, and attributes to describe the properties of entities and relationships. Relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. ER diagrams provide a graphical representation of the ER model and can depict entities, relationships, attributes, and cardinality constraints.
Relational Model
The document summarizes key concepts of the relational database model including:
1. The relational model uses tables to represent data and relationships, with each table having columns and rows.
2. Key characteristics are that it is the primary commercial data model, provides a simple way to represent data, and uses a record-based structure with fixed-format records and fields.
3. Relational databases have a schema defining relations (tables) and attributes (columns), with each relation made up of tuples (rows) that contain values from the defined domains.
ICS Part 2 Computer Science Short Notes
The document provides an overview of basic data concepts including data, data capturing, data manipulation, information, fields, records, files, databases, data integrity, and database management systems. It defines key terms and provides examples. The three main types of files are described as master files, backup files, and transaction files. Database components are listed as data, hardware, software, and personnel.
introductiontodatabases-151106233350-lva1-app6892(2).pptx
This document provides an overview of databases, including:
- Databases are collections of organized data that are used to store information for personal, business, social, and religious purposes.
- There are different types of databases including structured, free-form, operational, and analytical databases.
- Key database concepts are introduced like tables, records, fields, primary keys, and relationships between tables.
- Different database models are described, from hierarchical and network to relational and object-oriented models. Relational databases are now the most common.
Introduction to databases
Whenever you make a list of anything – list of groceries to buy, books to borrow from the library, list of classmates, list of relatives or friends, list of phone numbers and so o – you are actually creating a database.
An example of a business manual database may consist of written records on a paper and stored in a filing cabinet. The documents usually organized in chronological order, alphabetical order and so on, for easier access, retrieval and use.
Computer database are those data or information stored in the computer. To arrange and organize records, computer databases rely on database software
Microsoft Access is an example of database software.
DB- Lect #1 Intro.pdf
This document provides an overview of databases, including:
- Databases are collections of organized data that are used to store information for personal, business, social, and religious purposes.
- There are different types of databases including structured, free-form, operational, and analytical databases.
- Key database concepts are introduced like tables, records, fields, primary keys, and relationships between tables.
- Different database models are described such as hierarchical, network, relational, dimensional, and object-relational models.
Lecture Basic HTML tags. Beginning Web Site Design Stanford University Contin...
A database management system (DBMS) allows users to create, maintain, and interact with databases by providing an interface to manage stored data and tools to manipulate and retrieve it efficiently. A relational database management system (RDBMS) organizes and stores data using a relational model with tables containing rows and columns. The relational model represents data entities as tables with attributes as columns and relationships as primary and foreign keys. The three main types of relationships are one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.
entityrelationshipmodel.pptx
The document provides an overview of entity-relationship (ER) modeling and diagramming. It discusses key concepts like entities, attributes, relationships, cardinalities, keys, and weak entities. It also covers ER diagram components and symbols, including rectangles for entities, diamonds for relationships, and lines connecting them. The document aims to illustrate how ER diagrams define relationships between entities and help incorporate those relationships into the database design process.
Create your own variant of both a hiring and a termination policy rela.docx
Create your own variant of both a hiring and a termination policy related to security and keeping company info secure.
Solution
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a security program in place.
Security Program Objectives: Protect the company and its assets. Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk. Objects are- Information Classification, Security Organization, and Security Education.
Security Management Responsibilities: Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security program. Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality requirements.
Approaches to Build a Security Program
Security Controls
Security Controls can be classified into three categories- Administrative Controls, Technical or Logical Controls ,Physical Controls.
The Elements of Security
Vulnerability: Vulnerability characterizes the absence or weakness of a safeguard that could be exploited.
Threat: Any potential danger to information or systems. A threat is a possibility that someone (person, s/w) would identify and exploit the vulnerability.
Risk: Risk is the likelihood of a threat agent taking advantage of vulnerability and the corresponding business impact. Reducing vulnerability and/or threat reduces the risk.
Exposure: An exposure is an instance of being exposed to losses from a threat agent. Vulnerability exposes an organization to possible damages.
Countermeasure or Safeguard: It is an application or a s/w configuration or h/w or a procedure that mitigates the risk.
The Relation Between the Security Elements Example: If a company has antivirus software but does not keep the virus signatures up-to-date, this is vulnerability. The company is vulnerable to virus attacks. The likelihood of a virus showing up in the environment and causing damage is the risk.
.
Determine the valuation of long-term liabilities- Donald Lennon is the.docx
Determine the valuation of long-term liabilities.
Donald Lennon is the president, founder, and majority owner of Wichita Medical Corporation, an emerging medical technology products company. Wichita is in dire need of additional capital to keep operating and to bring several promising products to final development, testing, and production. Donald, as owner of 51% of the outstanding stock, manages the company\'s operations. He places heavy emphasis on research and development and long-term growth. The other principal stockholder is Nina Friendly who, as a nonemployee investor, owns 40% of the stock. Nina would like to deemphasize the R&D functions and emphasize the marketing function to maximize short–run sales and profits from existing products. She believes this strategy would raise the market price of Wichita\'s stock.
All of Donald\'s personal capital and borrowing power is tied up in his 51% stock ownership. He knows that any offering of additional shares of stock will dilute his controlling interest because he won\'t be able to participate in such an issuance. But, Nina has money and would likely buy enough shares to gain control of Wichita. She then would dictate the company\'s future direction, even if it meant replacing Donald as president and CEO.
The company already has considerable debt. Raising additional debt will be costly, will adversely affect Wichita\'s credit rating, and will increase the company\'s reported losses due to the growth in interest expense. Nina and the other minority stockholders express opposition to the assumption of additional debt, fearing the company will be pushed to the brink of bankruptcy. Wanting to maintain his control and to preserve the direction of “his†company, Donald is doing everything to avoid a stock issuance and is contemplating a large issuance of bonds, even if it means the bonds are issued with a high effective–interest rate.
Instructions
Answer the following questions.
Who are the stakeholders in this situation?
What are the ethical issues in this case?
What would you do if you were Donald?
Solution
a)Donald and nina are the stakeholders in this situation .
b)Ethical issue involved in this case is to Raise additional funds by issue of stock or to raise additonal debts to meet fund requirement.
If funds are raised through issue of stock ,Donald stock ownership will be diluted and when bonds are issued ,it will be costlier to a company to raise additional funds.
c) Donald can either go for BOOTSTRAPPING where funds are raised by investing the retained earnings of a company and finding a means within a company.
Also Donald can also suggest Right issue of shares where shares are offered to existing shareholders at concessional price (lower than market) so that his ownership is not diluted.
.
More Related Content
Similar to Define the following key data modeling terms- entity- attribute- relat.docx
Lecture 07 relational database management system
The document discusses key concepts in relational database management systems including:
1) Everything is represented as relations (tables) with attributes (columns) and tuples (rows) that make up the relations.
2) Schemas define the structure of relations with attributes and primary keys to uniquely identify tuples.
3) Relations can be related through foreign keys that match primary keys in other relations.
4) Integrity rules like entity and referential integrity enforce valid relationships between tuples in different relations.
Database
Database
Databases are designed to offer an organized mechanism for storing, managing and retrieving information.
Before you take a gander at particular images, its vital to compre.pdf
Before you take a gander at particular images, it\'s vital to comprehend the different levels of
ERDs. There are a few approaches to model substance relationship outlines. The most abnormal
state sort is a calculated information show; the following most astounding is the coherent
information model, and the least level (and in this manner most point by point) sort is the
physical information model. Counsel the graph beneath to see which components are secured in
every information model.
ER graph images and importance
Calculated DATA MODEL
This ER model builds up an expansive perspective of what ought to be incorporated into the
model set. Applied information models:
Incorporate essential substances and the relationship between them.
Try not to determine properties.
Try not to determine essential keys.
Calculated ERDs can be utilized as the establishment for intelligent information models. They
may likewise be utilized to frame shared trait connections between ER models as a premise for
information model coordination.
Legitimate DATA MODEL
This model contains more detail than the theoretical ER model, without respect to how data will
be physically actualized in the database. Legitimate information models:
Incorporate all substances and connections between them.
Indicate properties for every element.
Indicate essential key for every substance.
Indicate outside keys, which recognize the relationship between various substances.
Include standardization, which is the way toward expelling excess in a table so that the table is
simpler to adjust. Standardization ordinarily happens by partitioning an element table into two or
more tables and characterizing connections between the tables.
PHYSICAL DATA MODEL
The physical information model speaks to the way toward adding data to the database. This
model demonstrates every table structure, including section name, segment information sort,
segment limitations, essential key, outside key, and connections between tables. Physical
information models:
Determine all tables and segments.
Incorporate remote keys to distinguish connections between tables.
May incorporate denormalization, contingent upon client necessities.
May be essentially not quite the same as the intelligent information model.
Will vary contingent upon which DBMS (database administration framework) is utilized.
Applied ERD Symbols
These images are for the most part utilized for reasonable information models, albeit a few
perspectives may overflow into legitimate information models. They can be found in the UML
Entity Relationship and Entity Relationship shape libary of Lucidchart. In the event that you
don\'t see the shape you require, utilize a picture record (Lucidchart bolsters .PNG, .JPG, or
.SVG import) or make your own particular with our current shapes and styling alternatives.
Elements
Elements are items or ideas that speak to critical information. They are normally things, e.g.
client, manager, area, or advancement.
Solid elements exi.
Use analyzed requirements in the design of database.pptx
An entity-relationship (ER) diagram is used to design relational databases by modeling the structure and relationships of entities in the database. An ER diagram represents entities as nouns and relationships as verbs using graphical symbols like rectangles, diamonds, and lines. It is an important tool for database design, troubleshooting, and analysis across fields like software engineering, business, education, and research. The key components of an ER diagram include entities, attributes, relationships, keys, and cardinality.
Export ERD | SQL Database Modeler.pptx
Use Export ERD, your all-inclusive SQL database modeler, to expedite the construction of your databases. Create complex database structures with ease and precisely visualize your schema. Export your Entity-Relationship Diagrams (ERD) with ease to advance your projects. Give your team access to a tool that makes complex data modeling simple, speeding up the process of designing databases with clarity and efficiency.
Sql interview questions and answers
The document discusses Codd's rules for relational database management systems (RDBMS). It explains the 13 rules, which include that data should only be represented as values in tables, null values must be supported, and the database description must be queryable using the same relational language as the data. It also defines what constitutes an RDBMS, describes database concepts like normalization, and provides examples of relationships and integrity rules.
Islamic University Previous Year Question Solution 2019 (ADBMS)
Database administrators (DBAs) manage databases and are responsible for tasks like creating the database schema, defining storage structures and access methods, modifying the schema or physical organization when needed, granting authorization for data access, and specifying integrity constraints. Other database roles include application programmers, sophisticated users, specialized users, standalone users, native users, and system analysts who are responsible for database design, structure, and properties.
Data models
The document discusses several data models including flat file, hierarchical, network, relational, object-relational, and object-based models. It provides details on the flat file model, describing it as a single two-dimensional array containing data elements in columns and related elements in rows. The object-relational model combines relational and object-oriented features, allowing integration of databases with object-oriented data types and methods. The document also discusses the entity-relationship model, which is an object-based logical model that uses entities, attributes, and relationships to flexibly structure data and specify constraints.
Data models
The document discusses several data models including flat file, hierarchical, network, relational, object-relational, and object-based models. It provides details on the flat file model, describing it as a single two-dimensional array containing data elements in columns and related elements in rows. The object-relational model combines relational and object-oriented features, allowing integration of complex data types. The object-based model uses entities, attributes, and relationships, with the entity-relationship model being a commonly used object-based logical model.
Relational Data Model Introduction
The document discusses the relational data model and query languages. It provides the following key points:
1. The relational data model organizes data into tables with rows and columns, where rows represent records and columns represent attributes. Relations between data are represented through tables.
2. Relational integrity constraints include key constraints, domain constraints, and referential integrity constraints to ensure valid data.
3. Relational algebra and calculus provide theoretical foundations for query languages like SQL. Relational algebra uses operators like select, project, join on relations, while relational calculus specifies queries using logic.
Download different material from slide share
The document provides an overview of the relational data model concepts covered in Chapter 2, including:
- The relational model organizes data into tables of rows and columns called relations. A row is a tuple and a column is an attribute.
- Entities have attributes that describe their properties. Relationships associate entities and have a degree and cardinality.
- Relational integrity constraints include domain, entity, referential integrity. Key constraints like primary keys and foreign keys uniquely identify and relate tuples.
- Base relations are physically stored tables while views are virtual relations derived from queries on base relations. The schema defines a relation while the instance contains tuples of data.
Chapter 2. Concepctual design -.pptx
The document discusses entity-relationship (ER) diagrams and database design. It defines key concepts in ER diagrams like entities, attributes, relationships and how they are represented. It explains how to start building an ER diagram by defining entities and relationships based on a narrative. Different types of relationships and how they are drawn are covered, along with cardinality, keys, and other symbols used in ER diagrams. The document provides an example of an ER diagram for a banking system and discusses how an ER diagram can be converted into a relational database with tables.
U2_ER_modeling.pptx
The document discusses the Entity-Relationship (ER) model for database design. It describes the key concepts of the ER model including entity sets, relationship sets, attributes, keys, and cardinalities. The ER model uses entity sets to represent real-world objects, relationship sets to represent associations among entities, and attributes to describe the properties of entities and relationships. Relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. ER diagrams provide a graphical representation of the ER model and can depict entities, relationships, attributes, and cardinality constraints.
Relational Model
The document summarizes key concepts of the relational database model including:
1. The relational model uses tables to represent data and relationships, with each table having columns and rows.
2. Key characteristics are that it is the primary commercial data model, provides a simple way to represent data, and uses a record-based structure with fixed-format records and fields.
3. Relational databases have a schema defining relations (tables) and attributes (columns), with each relation made up of tuples (rows) that contain values from the defined domains.
ICS Part 2 Computer Science Short Notes
The document provides an overview of basic data concepts including data, data capturing, data manipulation, information, fields, records, files, databases, data integrity, and database management systems. It defines key terms and provides examples. The three main types of files are described as master files, backup files, and transaction files. Database components are listed as data, hardware, software, and personnel.
introductiontodatabases-151106233350-lva1-app6892(2).pptx
This document provides an overview of databases, including:
- Databases are collections of organized data that are used to store information for personal, business, social, and religious purposes.
- There are different types of databases including structured, free-form, operational, and analytical databases.
- Key database concepts are introduced like tables, records, fields, primary keys, and relationships between tables.
- Different database models are described, from hierarchical and network to relational and object-oriented models. Relational databases are now the most common.
Introduction to databases
Whenever you make a list of anything – list of groceries to buy, books to borrow from the library, list of classmates, list of relatives or friends, list of phone numbers and so o – you are actually creating a database.
An example of a business manual database may consist of written records on a paper and stored in a filing cabinet. The documents usually organized in chronological order, alphabetical order and so on, for easier access, retrieval and use.
Computer database are those data or information stored in the computer. To arrange and organize records, computer databases rely on database software
Microsoft Access is an example of database software.
DB- Lect #1 Intro.pdf
This document provides an overview of databases, including:
- Databases are collections of organized data that are used to store information for personal, business, social, and religious purposes.
- There are different types of databases including structured, free-form, operational, and analytical databases.
- Key database concepts are introduced like tables, records, fields, primary keys, and relationships between tables.
- Different database models are described such as hierarchical, network, relational, dimensional, and object-relational models.
Lecture Basic HTML tags. Beginning Web Site Design Stanford University Contin...
A database management system (DBMS) allows users to create, maintain, and interact with databases by providing an interface to manage stored data and tools to manipulate and retrieve it efficiently. A relational database management system (RDBMS) organizes and stores data using a relational model with tables containing rows and columns. The relational model represents data entities as tables with attributes as columns and relationships as primary and foreign keys. The three main types of relationships are one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many.
entityrelationshipmodel.pptx
The document provides an overview of entity-relationship (ER) modeling and diagramming. It discusses key concepts like entities, attributes, relationships, cardinalities, keys, and weak entities. It also covers ER diagram components and symbols, including rectangles for entities, diamonds for relationships, and lines connecting them. The document aims to illustrate how ER diagrams define relationships between entities and help incorporate those relationships into the database design process.
Similar to Define the following key data modeling terms- entity- attribute- relat.docx (20)
Before you take a gander at particular images, its vital to compre.pdf
Before you take a gander at particular images, its vital to compre.pdf
Use analyzed requirements in the design of database.pptx
Use analyzed requirements in the design of database.pptx
Islamic University Previous Year Question Solution 2019 (ADBMS)
Islamic University Previous Year Question Solution 2019 (ADBMS)
introductiontodatabases-151106233350-lva1-app6892(2).pptx
introductiontodatabases-151106233350-lva1-app6892(2).pptx
Lecture Basic HTML tags. Beginning Web Site Design Stanford University Contin...
Lecture Basic HTML tags. Beginning Web Site Design Stanford University Contin...
More from earleanp
Create your own variant of both a hiring and a termination policy rela.docx
Create your own variant of both a hiring and a termination policy related to security and keeping company info secure.
Solution
Information Security management is a process of defining the security controls in order to protect the information assets.
Security Program
The first action of a management program to implement information security is to have a security program in place.
Security Program Objectives: Protect the company and its assets. Manage Risks by Identifying assets, discovering threats and estimating the risk. Objects are- Information Classification, Security Organization, and Security Education.
Security Management Responsibilities: Determining objectives, scope, policies,re expected to be accomplished from a security program. Evaluate business objectives, security risks, user productivity, and functionality requirements.
Approaches to Build a Security Program
Security Controls
Security Controls can be classified into three categories- Administrative Controls, Technical or Logical Controls ,Physical Controls.
The Elements of Security
Vulnerability: Vulnerability characterizes the absence or weakness of a safeguard that could be exploited.
Threat: Any potential danger to information or systems. A threat is a possibility that someone (person, s/w) would identify and exploit the vulnerability.
Risk: Risk is the likelihood of a threat agent taking advantage of vulnerability and the corresponding business impact. Reducing vulnerability and/or threat reduces the risk.
Exposure: An exposure is an instance of being exposed to losses from a threat agent. Vulnerability exposes an organization to possible damages.
Countermeasure or Safeguard: It is an application or a s/w configuration or h/w or a procedure that mitigates the risk.
The Relation Between the Security Elements Example: If a company has antivirus software but does not keep the virus signatures up-to-date, this is vulnerability. The company is vulnerable to virus attacks. The likelihood of a virus showing up in the environment and causing damage is the risk.
.
Determine the valuation of long-term liabilities- Donald Lennon is the.docx
Determine the valuation of long-term liabilities.
Donald Lennon is the president, founder, and majority owner of Wichita Medical Corporation, an emerging medical technology products company. Wichita is in dire need of additional capital to keep operating and to bring several promising products to final development, testing, and production. Donald, as owner of 51% of the outstanding stock, manages the company\'s operations. He places heavy emphasis on research and development and long-term growth. The other principal stockholder is Nina Friendly who, as a nonemployee investor, owns 40% of the stock. Nina would like to deemphasize the R&D functions and emphasize the marketing function to maximize short–run sales and profits from existing products. She believes this strategy would raise the market price of Wichita\'s stock.
All of Donald\'s personal capital and borrowing power is tied up in his 51% stock ownership. He knows that any offering of additional shares of stock will dilute his controlling interest because he won\'t be able to participate in such an issuance. But, Nina has money and would likely buy enough shares to gain control of Wichita. She then would dictate the company\'s future direction, even if it meant replacing Donald as president and CEO.
The company already has considerable debt. Raising additional debt will be costly, will adversely affect Wichita\'s credit rating, and will increase the company\'s reported losses due to the growth in interest expense. Nina and the other minority stockholders express opposition to the assumption of additional debt, fearing the company will be pushed to the brink of bankruptcy. Wanting to maintain his control and to preserve the direction of “his†company, Donald is doing everything to avoid a stock issuance and is contemplating a large issuance of bonds, even if it means the bonds are issued with a high effective–interest rate.
Instructions
Answer the following questions.
Who are the stakeholders in this situation?
What are the ethical issues in this case?
What would you do if you were Donald?
Solution
a)Donald and nina are the stakeholders in this situation .
b)Ethical issue involved in this case is to Raise additional funds by issue of stock or to raise additonal debts to meet fund requirement.
If funds are raised through issue of stock ,Donald stock ownership will be diluted and when bonds are issued ,it will be costlier to a company to raise additional funds.
c) Donald can either go for BOOTSTRAPPING where funds are raised by investing the retained earnings of a company and finding a means within a company.
Also Donald can also suggest Right issue of shares where shares are offered to existing shareholders at concessional price (lower than market) so that his ownership is not diluted.
.
Describe three of the following attack types in the Operation Security.docx
Describe three of the following attack types in the Operation Security domain: man-in-the-middle, mail bombing, war-dialing, ping-of-death, teardrop, and slamming-and-cramming
Solution
The description of the attack types in the operation security domain is given below:
1) man-in-the-middle: In this type of attack, the intruder insert himself or insert any malicious code between the secure communication of two parties. This malicious code act as an third party, and its get the secure information that is being transfer between the two parties. Its third person or the intruder having access to the information send by both the parties involve in the communication.
2) mail bombing : Its refer to attack in which intruder try to send bulk of mails to the person\'s system, which may cause to disk full on persons system or even can crash the server, which is handling the mails. In this type of attack, the main aim is to crash the user\'s machine by fulling the disk space or can crash or stop the mail server.
3) War dialing: In this type of attack, hacker\'s uses the modem\'s to dial the range of numbers, for finding the computer machiner, servers and other devices. and after dialing they also get access to these type of devices.
4) Ping to death : Its a type of attack, in which the hacker send the incorrect ping packet to the user. There are various computer system which are designed not to handle the incorrect ping packets. Which results into system crash or system going into the abnormal state.
5) teardrop: Its a type of attack, in which the hacker sends the packets in incorrect way or in the fragmented way, that the end user is not able to reassemble these packets at their end, and results into the system crash and denial of service at user\'s end.
6)slamming-and-cramming: slamming refers to the activity in which hacker, switches the long distance calll carrier at user\'s phone, without its permission, its results into heavy bill at customer end. Cramming refers to the attack in which some extra bill is added into user\'s actual phone bill, and its keep on happening again and again
.
Describes the concept of ADTS and illustrates the concept with three o.docx
Describes the concept of ADTS and illustrates the concept with three of the most common abstract data types.
Solution
An abstract data type is a set of values, some of which may be distinguished as constants, together with a collection of operations involving members of the set.The primary objective is to seperate the implementation of the abstract data types from their function.The program must know what the operations do.
List,stack and queues are three fundamental data structures.When you declare a variable in a .NET application, it allocates some chunk of memory in the RAM. This memory has three things: the name of the variable, the data type of the variable, and the value of the variable.Depending on the data type, your variable is allocated that type of memory. There are two types of memory allocation: stack memory and heap memory
Stack memory stores data types like int , double , Boolean etc. While heap stores data types like string and objects.Stack is used for static memory allocation and Heap for dynamic memory allocation, both stored in the computer\'s RAM .Variables allocated on the stack are stored directly to the memory and access to this memory is very fast.When a function or a method calls another function which in turns calls another function etc., the execution of all those functions remains suspended until the very last function returns its value. The stack is always reserved in a LIFO order.Variables allocated on the heap have their memory allocated at run time and accessing this memory is a bit slower, but the heap size is only limited by the size of virtual memory . Element of the heap have no dependencies with each other and can always be accessed randomly at any time. You can allocate a block at any time and free it at any time. This makes it much more complex to keep track of which parts of the heap are allocated or free at any given time.
The Queue works like FIFO system , a first-in, first-out collection of Objects. Objects stored in a Queue are inserted at one end and removed from the other. The Queue provide additional insertion, extraction, and inspection operations. We can Enqueue (add) items in Queue and we can Dequeue (remove from Queue ) or we can Peek (that is we will get the reference of first item ) item from Queue. Queue accepts null reference as a valid value and allows duplicate elements.
A list is a collection of items that can be accessed by index and provides functionality to search, sort and manipulate list items. This can store any data types to create a list.The List class can be used to create any type including a class. In this article, we will see how to create a list of a class with several properties.
.
Describe- manage- and install Active Directory replication- federation.docx
Describe, manage, and install Active Directory replication, federation services, and certificate services. Demonstrate the ability to plan an advanced AD, DHCP, and DNS solution. Describe and plan for configuring a domain and forest as well as configuring trusts. Use technology and information resources to research issues in advanced network infrastructure environments. Write clearly and concisely about advanced network infrastructure topics using proper writing mechanics and technical style conventions.
Solution
Active directory replication
Replication is the process by which the changes that are made on one domain controller are synchronized with all other domain controllers in the domain or forest that store copies of the same information. Active Directory replication uses a connection topology that is created automatically, which makes optimal use of beneficial network connections and frees the administrators from having to make such decisions.
Manage and install active directory replication
Active Directory relies on site configuration in sequence to manage and optimize the process of replication. Active Directory make available automatic configuration of these settings in some cases as well as configure site-related information for network using Active Directory Sites and Services. Configurable information includes settings for site links, site link bridges, and bridgehead servers.
Federation service:
Active Directory Federation Services (AD Federation Services) is a feature of the Windows Server operating system. It uses a claims-based access-control authorization model to maintain application security and to implement federated identity and aims to reduce the complexity around password management and guest account provisioning. AD Federation Services builds upon this functionality to authenticate users on third-party systems.
Certificate service
Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS) provides customizable services for issuing and managing public key certificates used in software security systems that employ public key technologies. AD CS include Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME), secure wireless networks, virtual private networks (VPN), Internet Protocol security (IPsec), Encrypting File System (EFS), smart card logon, Secure Socket Layer/Transport Layer Security (SSL/TLS) and digital signatures.
.
Describe the process to start and restart apache on CENTOS command lin.docx
Describe the process to start and restart apache on CENTOS command line. Also describe how to have apache start automatically when the server is rebooted.
Solution
In order to stop or restart the Apache HTTP Server, you must send a signal to the running httpd processes. There are two ways to send the signals. First, you can use the unix kill command to directly send signals to the processes. You will notice many httpd executables running on your system, but you should not send signals to any of them except the parent, whose pid is in the PidFile.
Start: Starting httpd using the apachectl control script sets the environmental variables in /etc/sysconfig/httpd and starts httpd. You can also set the environment variables using the init script.
You can also start httpd using /sbin/service httpd start. This starts httpd but does not set the environment variables. If you are using the default Listen directive in httpd.conf, which is port 80, you will need to have root privileges to start the apache server.
Restart:
Signal: HUP
apachectl -k restart
Sending the HUP or restart signal to the parent causes it to kill off its children like in TERM, but the parent doesn\'t exit. It re-reads its configuration files, and re-opens any log files. Then it spawns a new set of children and continues serving hits.
If you want your server to continue running after a system reboot, you should add a call to apachectl to your system startup files (typically rc.local or a file in an rc.N directory). This will start Apache as root. Before doing this ensure that your server is properly configured for security and access restrictions.
The apachectl script is designed to act like a standard SysV init script; it can take the arguments start, restart, and stop and translate them into the appropriate signals to httpd. So you can often simply link apachectl into the appropriate init directory. But be sure to check the exact requirements of your system.
.
Describe- in your own words- the mechanism for establishing a HTTPS co.docx
Describe, in your own words, the mechanism for establishing a HTTPS connection.
Solution
HTTPS consists of communication over HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) with an encrypted layer such as Transport Layer Security (TSL) or Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
The connection between Client and Server using HTTPS is established by a handshake process which has 3 main phases namely Hello, Certificate exchange and key exchange.
a) Hello-
This is the first phase where the client sends a message ClientHello which contains all the necessary information such as various cipher suites, SSL version number etc. for the server to connect to the client via SSL. Then the server responds with a ServerHello message which contains similar information for client.
b) Certificate Exchange –
Once the contact is established between the Server and the Client, the server has to prove its identity to the client using its SSL certificate. The SSL certificate contains various information such as name of the owner, the domain it is attached to, the certificate’s public key, certificate’s validity dates etc. The client then verifies the certificate whether it is a trusted certificate or it is verified and trusted by one of several Certificate Authorities (CAs) which client trusts.
c) Key Exchange –
In this phase the exchange of encryption key is happened by the client and server using a symmetric algorithm which was already agreed during the Hello phase. The client generates a random key for the symmetric algorithm. It then encrypts the key using an algorithm (which was also agreed upon during the Hello phase) and the server’s public key from the SSL certificate. Client then sends this encrypted key to the server, where it is decrypted using the server’s private key.
Once the client and server have verified each over’s identity and have secretly agreed on a key to symmetrically encrypt the data that they are about to send each other, then the HTTP requests and responses can start flowing form one party to other in the form of a plaintext message with encryption. The other party using the key decrypt is while reading.
.
Describe the process of creating and exporting a schedule report for t.docx
Describe the process of creating and exporting a schedule report for the medicalpractice. What is the purpose of the schedule report?
Solution
Purpose of the Schedule report:
A shedule report is a task that lets you export data from one or more dash boards on one-time or recurring basis. The following are the main purposes that are considered mainly.
you can create and manage your own scheduled reports while viewing dashboards. A scheduled report has both a name and a schedule which is defined in the same way as scheduled in the import of a file. You can export the dashboard in a report to the same excel file has png image or url links to the dashboard. Other export formats are available depending on the addons you have installed. The exported data can be delivered to you via email attachment or has file stored on the disk.
Creating and exporting a schedule report for the medical practice:
When creating a new schedule report first view the Dashboard in that view the first dashboard that you want to include in your report ,Set any parameter controls on the dashboard to desired filter parameters, Now click schedule on the toolbar After that schedule report definition window is opened.
Steps:
1) Select the Create new schedule option in the Schedule Report Definition. In that click next to go the next step.
2) In this step enter the Report name and choose when to send the report by schedulling it. After that select a schedule type A dialy schedule,A Weekly schedule, A monthly Schedule, A custom schedule.
now click on the edit button besides your selected schedule type to launch define report schedule window. Click on next to goto next step.
3) choose the report file format from the drop down list microsoft excel, png image, link only. If you choose excel options click excel settings to set advanced excel export option then click next to goto next page.
4) This is the last step you have to set the delivery option for the report by first choosing the delivery method from that drop down list email, create files. After setting delivery optins click finish to complete the scheduled report definition window.
.
Describe the principal technologies that have shaped contemporary tele.docx
Describe the principal technologies that have shaped contemporary telecommunications systems. Compare Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. It has been said that within the next few years, smartphones will become the single most important digital device we own. Discuss the implications of this statement.
Solution
Describe the principal technologies that have shaped contemporary telecommunications systems.
Current networks have been influenced by the ascent of client-server computing, the use of packet switching, and the adoption of Transmission Control Protocol-Internet Protocol as a universal communications standard for linking disparate networks and computers, including the Internet. Protocol provides a mutual set of guidelines that enable communication among numerous components in a telecommunications network.
Compare Web 2.0 and Web 3.0. It has been said that within the next few years, smartphones will become the single most important digital device we own. Discuss the implications of this statement
Web2.0 refers to second-generation interactive Internet based services that enable people to collaborate, share information, and create new services online. Web2.0 is distinguished by technologies and services like cloud computing, software mashups and widgets, blogs, RSS, and wikis. These software applications run on the Web itself instead of the desktop and bring the vision of Web-based computing closer to realization. Web2.0 tools and services have fueled the creation of social networks and other online communities where people can interact with one another in the manner of their choosing.
Web3.0 focuses on developing techniques to make searching Web pages more productive and meaningful for ordinary people. Web3.0 is the promise of a future Web where all digital information and all contacts can be woven together into a single meaningful experience. Sometimes referred to as the semantic Web, Web3.0 intends to add a layer of meaning a top the existing Web to reduce the amount of human involvement in searching for and processing Web information. It also focuses on ways to make the Web more
.
Describe the typical duties of a security manager that are strictly ma.docx
Describe the typical duties of a security manager that are strictly managerial and not technical in nature.
Solution
Duties of a Security Mamger:
Write or review security-related documents, such as incident reports, proposals, and tactical or strategic initiatives.
Train subordinate security professionals or other organization members in security rules and procedures.
Plan security for special and high-risk events.
Review financial reports to ensure efficiency and quality of security operations.
Develop budgets for security operations.
Order security-related supplies and equipment as needed.
Coordinate security operations or activities with public law enforcement, fire and other agencies.
Attend meetings, professional seminars, or conferences to keep abreast of changes in executive legislative directives or new technologies impacting security operations.
Assist in emergency management and contingency planning.
Arrange for or perform executive protection activities.
Respond to medical emergencies, bomb threats, fire alarms, or intrusion alarms, following emergency response procedures.
Recommend security procedures for security call centers, operations centers, domains, asset classification systems, system acquisition, system development, system maintenance, access control, program models, or reporting tools.
Prepare reports or make presentations on internal investigations, losses, or violations of regulations, policies and procedures.
Identify, investigate, or resolve security breaches.
Monitor security policies, programs or procedures to ensure compliance with internal security policies, licensing requirements, or applicable government security requirements, policies, and directives.
Analyze and evaluate security operations to identify risks or opportunities for improvement.
Create or implement security standards, policies, and procedures.
Conduct, support, or assist in governmental reviews, internal corporate evaluations, or assessments of the overall effectiveness of the facilities security processes.
Conduct physical examinations of property to ensure compliance with security policies and regulations.
Communicate security status, updates, and actual or potential problems, using established protocols.
Collect and analyze security data to determine security needs, security program goals, or program accomplishments.
Supervise subordinate security professionals, performing activities such as hiring, training, assigning work, evaluating performance, or disciplining.
Plan, direct, or coordinate security activities to safeguard company assets, employees, guests, or others on company property.
.
Describe the four categories of international airports in the federal.docx
Describe the four categories of international airports in the federal classification of international airports.
Solution
Commercial Service Airports are publicly owned airports that have at least 2,500 passenger boardings each calendar year and receive scheduled passenger service. Passenger boardings refer to revenue passenger boardings on an aircraft in service in air commerce whether or not in scheduled service. The definition also includes passengers who continue on an aircraft in international flight that stops at an airport in any of the 50 States for a non-traffic purpose, such as refueling or aircraft maintenance rather than passenger activity. Passenger boardings at airports that receive scheduled passenger service are also referred to as Enplanements. Nonprimary Commercial Service Airports are Commercial Service Airports that have at least 2,500 and no more than 10,000 passenger boardings each year. Primary Airports are Commercial Service Airports that have more than 10,000 passenger boardings each year. Hub categories for Primary Airports are defined as a percentage of total passenger boardings within the United States in the most current calendar year ending before the start of the current fiscal year. For example, calendar year 2014 data are used for fiscal year 2016 since the fiscal year began 9 months after the end of that calendar year. The table above depicts the formulae used for the definition of airport categories based on statutory provisions cited within the table, including Hub Type described in 49 USC 47102. Cargo Service Airports are airports that, in addition to any other air transportation services that may be available, are served by aircraft providing air transportation of only cargo with a total annual landed weight of more than 100 million pounds. \"Landed weight\" means the weight of aircraft transporting only cargo in intrastate, interstate, and foreign air transportation. An airport may be both a commercial service and a cargo service airport. Reliever Airports are airports designated by the FAA to relieve congestion at Commercial Service Airports and to provide improved general aviation access to the overall community. These may be publicly or privately-owned. General Aviation Airports are public-use airports that do not have scheduled service or have less than 2,500 annual passenger boardings (49 USC 47102(8)). Approximately 88 percent of airports included in the NPIAS are general aviation.
.
Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies- protocols- and serv.docx
Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies, protocols, and services used to deploy VPNs. Also describe the business benefits of VPNs.
Solution
A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates an encrypted connection over a less secure network. The benefit of using a VPN is that it ensures the appropriate level of security to the connected systems when the underlying network infrastructure alone cannot provide it. The justification for using a VPN instead of a private network usually boils down to cost and feasibility: It is either not feasible to have a private network (e.g., for a traveling sales rep) or it is too costly to do so. The most common types of VPNs are remote-access VPNs and site-to-site VPNs
A remote-access VPN uses a public telecommunication infrastructure like the Internet to provide remote users secure access to their organization\'s network. A VPN client on the remote user\'s computer or mobile device connects to a VPN gateway on the organization\'s network, which typically requires the device to authenticate its identity, then creates a network link back to the device that allows it to reach internal network resources (e.g., file servers, printers, intranets) as though it was on that network locally. A remote-access VPN usually relies on either IPsec or SSL to secure the connection, although SSL VPNs are often focused on supplying secure access to a single application rather than to the whole internal network. Some VPNs provide Layer 2access to the target network; these require a tunneling protocol like PPTP or L2TP running across the base IPsec connection.
A site-to-site VPN uses a gateway device to connect the entire network in one location to the network in another, usually a small branch connecting to a data center. End-node devices in the remote location do not need VPN clients because the gateway handles the connection. Most site-to-site VPNs connecting over the Internet use IPsec. It is also common to use carrier MPLS clouds rather than the public Internet as the transport for site VPNs. Here, too, it is possible to have either Layer 3 connectivity (MPLS IP VPN) or Layer 2 (Virtual Private LAN Service, or VPLS) running across the base transport.
VPNs can also be defined between specific computers, typically servers in separate data centers, when security requirements for their exchanges exceed what the enterprise network can deliver. Increasingly, enterprises also use VPNs in either remote-access mode or site-to-site mode to connect (or connect to) resources in a public infrastructure as a service environment. Newer hybrid-access scenarios put the VPN gateway itself in the cloud, with a secure link from the cloud service provider into the internal network.
.
Describe the different metrics that BGP can use in building a routing.docx
Describe the different metrics that BGP can use in building a routing table
Solution
The metrics used by BGP in building a routing table are
1) Weight — weight is the first criterion used by the router and it is set locally on the user’s router. The Weight is not passed to the following router updates. In case there are multiple paths to a certain IP address, BGP always selects the path with the highest weight. The weight parameter can be set either through neighbor command, route maps or via the AS-path access list.
2) Local Preference — this criterion indicates which route has local preference and BGP selects the one with the highest preference. Local Preference default is 100.
3) Network or Aggregate — this criterion chooses the path that was originated locally via an aggregate or a network, as the aggregation of certain routes in one is quite effective and helps to save a lot of space on the network.
4) Shortest AS_PATH — this criterion is used by BGP only in case it detects two similar paths with nearly the same local preference, weight and locally originated or aggregate addresses.
5) Lowest origin type — this criterion assigns higher preference to Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) and lower preference to Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP).
6) Lowest multi-exit discriminator (MED) — this criterion, representing the external metric of a route, gives preference to the lower MED value.
7) eBGP over iBGP — just like the “Lowest origin type†criterion, this criterion prefers eBGP rather than iBGP.
8) Lowest IGP metric — this criterion selects the path with the lowest IGP metric to the BGP next hop.
9) Multiple paths — this criterion serves as indication whether multiple routes need to be installed in the routing table.
10) External paths — out of several external paths, this criterion selects the first received path.
11) Lowest router ID — this criterion selects the path which connects to the BGP router that has the lowest router ID.
12) Minimum cluster list — in case multiple paths have the same router ID or originator, this criterion selects the path with the minimum length of the cluster list.
13) Lowest neighbor address — this criterion selects the path, which originates from the lowest neighbor address.
.
Describe the ethnic city and the benefit of ethnic communiti- (-I need.docx
Describe the ethnic city and the benefit of ethnic communiti? (. I need 4 paragraphs please .
Explain what you believe social justice meant to Progressive? ( 1 paragraph
Solution
1ans)
An ‘ethnic group’ has been defined as a group that regards itself or is regarded by others as a distinct community by virtue of certain characteristics that will help to distinguish the group from the surrounding community. Ethnicity is considered to be shared characteristics such as culture, language, religion, and traditions, which contribute to a person or group’s identity.
Ethnicity has been described as residing in:
• The belief by members of a social group that they are culturally distinctive and different to outsiders;
• Their willingness to find symbolic markers of that difference (food habits, religion, forms of dress, language) and to emphasized their significance
• Their willingness to organize relationships with outsiders so that a kind of ‘group boundary’ is preserved and reproduced
This shows that ethnicity is not necessarily genetic. It also shows how someone might describe themselves by an ethnicity different to their birth identity if they reside for a considerable time in a different area and they decide to adopt the culture, symbols and relationships of their new community.
It is worth noting that the Traveller Community is recognised as a distinct ethnic group in the UK and Northern Ireland, but only as a distinct cultural group in the Republic of Ireland.
Ethnicity is also a preferential term to describe the difference between humans rather than ‘race’. This is because race is a now a discredited term that divided all peoples based on the idea of skin colour and superiority. There is only one ‘race’, the human race as we are essentially genetically identical. For example, there is no French ‘race’ but the French people could be described as a separate ethnic group.
Advantages
Disadvantages
2ans)
Progressivism is a term commonly applied to a variety of responses to the economic and social problems that arose as a result of urbanization and the rapid industrialization introduced to America in the 19th Century. Progressivism began as a social movement to cope with a variety of social needs and eventually evolved into a reform movement and greater political action. The early progressives rejected Social Darwinism. In other words, they were people who believed that the problems society faced (poverty, poor health, violence, greed, racism, class warfare) could best be addressed by providing good education, a safer environment, an efficient workplace and honest government. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed that government could be a tool for change.
.
Describe the different types of qualitative analysis and indicate whic.docx
Describe the different types of qualitative analysis and indicate which is most persuasive.
Solution
A qualitative analysis or a research is based on the collection and analysis of non-numeric data like words or pictures. Qualitative methods have three distinct dimensions which are as follows:
1. Understanding Concept
2. Understanding People
3. Understanding Interaction
Four major types of qualitative research are:
1. Phenomenology - The analysis of data is done by getting access to individuals life-worlds, which is actually their world of experience. This can be done by conducting in-depth interviews. In this analysis the commonalities across individuals are sought. Once the data is collected it will be analyzed and report will be prepared based on the collected data and understandings.
2. Ethonography - It is a analysis based on the study of a group of people based on their culture. People from same or similar culture share beliefs, customs, rituals, practices and language norms. This will be highly effective in analyzing data qualitatively. The data that are collected in this method of analysis are based on the cultural standards, insider\'s perspective, external and social scentific view.
3. Grounded Theory - Here the analysis is based on the theoretical approach. The major characteristics of grounded theory are Fit, Understanding, Generality and control. Theories provide explanation and they tell us how and why of any situiation.
4. Case Study - In this analysis the various cases are considered and in-depth analysis is performed to study the variations and deviations.
In all the above steps Data coding and analysis takes place. Data Analysis is done in three different steps and they are:
1. Open Coding -Â Â Reading transcripts
2. Axial Coding - Organizing concepts
3. Selective Coding - Focusing on main ideas
Phenomenology is the most pursuasive method of qualitative analysis since the data is sought directly from the individuals. Hence this can be relied upon thoroughly.
.
Describe neo-evolution- What is it and what are its primary tenets- Pr.docx
Describe neo-evolution. What is it and what are its primary tenets?
Provide an example of a technology that is altering or may alter human evolution.
What are the potential benefits of this type of technology?
What are the potential drawbacks?
What are the moral and ethical implications of neo-evolution?
Should we continue to pursue this form of technology? Why or why not?
Solution
oevolutionism , school of anthropology concerned with long-term culture change and with the similar patterns of development that may be seen in unrelated, widely separated cultures. It arose in the mid-20th century, and it addresses the relation between the long-term changes that are characteristic of human culture in general and the short-term, localized social and ecological adjustments that cause specific cultures to differ from one another as they adapt to their own unique environments. Further, neoevolutionists investigate the ways in which different cultures adapt to similar environments and examine the similarities and differences in the long-term historical trajectories of such groups. Because most neoevolutionists are interested in the environmental and technological adjustments of the groups they study, many are identified with the cultural ecological approach to ethnography, with the culture process approach to archaeology, and with the study of early and protohumans in biological anthropology.
Neoevolutionary anthropological thought emerged in the 1940s, in the work of the American anthropologists Leslie A. White and Julian H. Steward and others. White hypothesized that cultures became more advanced as they became more efficient at harnessing energy and that technology and social organization were both influential in instigating such efficiencies. Steward, inspired by classifying the native cultures of North and South America, focused on the parallel developments of unrelated groups in similar environments; he discussed evolutionary change in terms of what he called “levels of sociocultural integration†and “multilinear evolution,†terms he used to distinguish neoevolution from earlier, unilineal theories of cultural evolution.
In the years since White’s and Steward’s seminal work, neoevolutionary approaches have been variously accepted, challenged, rejected, and revised, and they continue to generate a lively controversy among those interested in long-term cultural and social change.
.
Describe ip protocol security pros and cons-SolutionIP Protocol Securi.docx
Describe ip protocol security pros and cons.
Solution
IP Protocol Security:
Internet Protocol Security ( IPsec ) is a protocol suite for secure Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a communication session. IPsec can be used in protecting data flows between a pair of hosts ( host-to-host ), between a pair of security gateways ( network-to-network ), or between a security gateway and a host ( network-to-host ).
Security architecture:
Pros of IPsec:
·Security at the Network Layer Level - Being based at the network level, this technology is completely invisible in its operation . The end users are never required to learn about it, and neither do they ever directly interact with it. This in itself is an added layer of security for the VPNs running on IPsec.
·No Application Dependence - While SSL-/ SSH-/ PGP-based VPNs are application-dependent, IPsec-based VPNs do not need to worry about application dependence. Since the entire security system is implemented at the network level, there are no application compatibility issues.
Cons of IPsec:
·CPU Overhead - Having to perform encryption and decryption on the hundreds of megabytes of data flowing through the machines requires quite a bit of processing power, and this translates to higher processor loads .
·Compatibility Issues - IPsec is a standardized solution today, and yet, some large software developers may not adhere to it, and may go ahead with standards of their own. As a result, this can lead to compatibility issues .
·Broken Algorithms - Some of the security algorithms that are still being used in IPsec have already been cracked. This poses a huge security risk, especially if the network administrators unknowingly use those algorithms instead of newer, more complex ones that are already available.
.
Describe core competencies and their relationship to operations manage.docx
Describe core competencies and their relationship to operations management. Please provide an example for a manufacturing environment and a service environment.
Solution
core competency fullfills three key criteria:
A core competency can take various forms, including technical/subject matter know-how, a reliable process and/or close relationships with customers and suppliers. It may also include product development or culture, such as employee dedication, best Human Resource Management (HRM), good market coverage, or kaizen or continuous improvement over time.
Core competencies are particular strengths relative to other organizations in the industry, which provide the fundamental basis for the provision of added value. Core competencies reflect the collective learning of an organization and involve coordinating diverse production skills and integrating multiple streams of technologies. It includes communication, involvement, and a deep commitment to working across organizational boundaries, such as improving cross-functional teams within an organization to address boundaries and to overcome them. Few companies are likely to build world leadership in more than five or six fundamental competencies.
As an example of core competencies, Walt Disney World Parks and Resorts has three main core competencies:
core competencies their relationship to operations management
Operations management is an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of goods or services. It involves the responsibility of ensuring that business operations are efficient in terms of using as few resources as needed, and effective in terms of meeting customer requirements.
Core competencies are the collective learning in the organization, especially how to coordinate diverse production skills and integrate multiple streams of technologies.It embodies an organization
.
Describe in detail a man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman ke.docx
Describe in detail a man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman key-exchange protocol whereby the adversary ends up sharing a key k A with Alice and a different key k B with Bob, and Alice and Bob cannot detect that anything has gone wrong.
What happens if Alice and Bob try to detect the presence of a man-in-the-middle adversary by sending each other (encrypted) questions that only the other party would know how to answer?
Solution
In man-in-the-middle attack, an opponent Eve intercepts Alice\'s public key K A and sends her own public key as K A to Bob. When Bob transmits his public key K B , Eve substitutes it with her own and sends it as K B to Alice. Eve and Alice thus agree on one shared key and Eve and Bob agree on another shared key. After this exchange, Eve simply decrypts any messages sent out by Alice or Bob, and then reads and possibly modifies them before re-encrypting with the appropriate key and transmitting them to the other party. This vulnerability is present because Diffie-Hellman key exchange does not authenticate the participants. The man-in-the-middle attack may be prevented by using digital signatures and other cryptographic schemes.
Bob to encrypt a message so that only Alice will be able to decrypt it, with no prior communication between them other than Bob having trusted knowledge of Alice\'s public key. Alice\'s public key is
g K A mod p, g,p. . To send her a message, Bob chooses a random K B and then sends Alice g K B mod p
together with the message encrypted with ( g K A ) K B mod p symmetric key. Only Alice can determine the symmetric key and hence decrypt the message because only she has K A.
.
Describe events that led to the signing of the Homeland Security Act 2.docx
Describe events that led to the signing of the Homeland Security Act 2002 into law on November 25, 2002. What was the intent of this Act and what department did it create? How did the Act change FEMA’s emergency response role? Several agencies resisted efforts to be incorporated in the new department. Identify three such agencies and explain why they may have been reluctant to join. Do you agree?
Solution
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was formed during the incorporation of all or part of 22 various federal departments into a united, incorporated Department. It was initiated to make the Americans safe.
The President of America says to form a novel DHS, by considering all the departments into a single to safeguard the America under the name of DHS. It is the strategic plan applied by him after the terrorist attack in pennenslavia.
The DHS mission is to keep the Americans safe from any of the attacks.
Blue campaign and citizen corps involved in the Department of Homeland security.
The Blue Campaign gives its support to the DHS and believe that every people has a right to have a freedom and then it combines with other NGO’s, to fulfill its belief.
The mission of Citizen Corps is to bind the people of Americans to enhance their knowledge with education, providing training centers, and volunteer service to make people strong and prepare them how to handle situations when they were troubles or attacks by other or some other natural disasters occurs.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an organization of theUnited States Department of Homeland Security, initially created by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by twoExecutive Orders on April 1, 1979.The goal is to organize the reply to a disasters that has happened in the US and then provide the funds to local and state government. The governer from that state that is where the disaster took place is the right person to intimate to the FEMA and to president
.
More from earleanp (20)
Create your own variant of both a hiring and a termination policy rela.docx
Create your own variant of both a hiring and a termination policy rela.docx
Determine the valuation of long-term liabilities- Donald Lennon is the.docx
Determine the valuation of long-term liabilities- Donald Lennon is the.docx
Describe three of the following attack types in the Operation Security.docx
Describe three of the following attack types in the Operation Security.docx
Describes the concept of ADTS and illustrates the concept with three o.docx
Describes the concept of ADTS and illustrates the concept with three o.docx
Describe- manage- and install Active Directory replication- federation.docx
Describe- manage- and install Active Directory replication- federation.docx
Describe the process to start and restart apache on CENTOS command lin.docx
Describe the process to start and restart apache on CENTOS command lin.docx
Describe- in your own words- the mechanism for establishing a HTTPS co.docx
Describe- in your own words- the mechanism for establishing a HTTPS co.docx
Describe the process of creating and exporting a schedule report for t.docx
Describe the process of creating and exporting a schedule report for t.docx
Describe the principal technologies that have shaped contemporary tele.docx
Describe the principal technologies that have shaped contemporary tele.docx
Describe the typical duties of a security manager that are strictly ma.docx
Describe the typical duties of a security manager that are strictly ma.docx
Describe the four categories of international airports in the federal.docx
Describe the four categories of international airports in the federal.docx
Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies- protocols- and serv.docx
Describe the major types of VPNs and technologies- protocols- and serv.docx
Describe the different metrics that BGP can use in building a routing.docx
Describe the different metrics that BGP can use in building a routing.docx
Describe the ethnic city and the benefit of ethnic communiti- (-I need.docx
Describe the ethnic city and the benefit of ethnic communiti- (-I need.docx
Describe the different types of qualitative analysis and indicate whic.docx
Describe the different types of qualitative analysis and indicate whic.docx
Describe neo-evolution- What is it and what are its primary tenets- Pr.docx
Describe neo-evolution- What is it and what are its primary tenets- Pr.docx
Describe ip protocol security pros and cons-SolutionIP Protocol Securi.docx
Describe ip protocol security pros and cons-SolutionIP Protocol Securi.docx
Describe core competencies and their relationship to operations manage.docx
Describe core competencies and their relationship to operations manage.docx
Describe in detail a man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman ke.docx
Describe in detail a man-in-the-middle attack on the Diffie-Hellman ke.docx
Describe events that led to the signing of the Homeland Security Act 2.docx
Describe events that led to the signing of the Homeland Security Act 2.docx
Recently uploaded
The History of Stoke Newington Street Names
Presented at the Stoke Newington Literary Festival on 9th June 2024
www.StokeNewingtonHistory.com
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective UpskillingExcellence Foundation for South Sudan
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Types of Herbal Cosmetics its standardization.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
Recently uploaded (20)
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRM
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
Define the following key data modeling terms- entity- attribute- relat.docx
- 1. Define the following key data modeling terms: entity, attribute, relationship, degree, cardinality, and associative entity. Solution entity An entity is any object in the system that we want to model and store information about. Entities are usually recognizable concepts, either concrete or abstract, such as person, places, things, or events which have relevance to the database. In relation to a database , an entity is a single person, place, or thing about which data can be stored. In data modeling, an entity is some unit of data that can be classified and have stated relationships to other entities. Attribute: An attribute is a specification that defines a property of an object, element, or file. It may also refer to or set the specific value for a given instance of such. attributes should more correctly be considered metadata. An attribute is a characteristic. In a database management system (DBMS), an attribute refers to a database component, such a table. It also may refer to a database field. Attributes describe the instances in the row of a databas Relationship A relationship, in the context of databases, is a situation that exists between two relational database tables when one table has a foreign key that references the primary key of the other table. Relationships allow relational databases to split and store data in different tables, while linking disparate data items degree A relation is thus a heading paired with a body, the heading of the relation being also the heading of each tuple in its body. The number of attributes constituting a heading is called the degree, which term also applies to tuples and relations. The term n-tuple refers to a tuple of degree n (n>=0).
- 2. Cardinality In the context of databases, cardinality refers to the uniqueness of data values contained in a column. High cardinality means that the column contains a large percentage of totally unique values. Low cardinality means that the column contains a lot of “repeats― in its data range. associative entity An associative entity is a term used in relational and entity–relationship theory. A relational database requires the implementation of a base relation to resolve many-to-many relationships