The document discusses the Ishikawa diagram, also known as a fishbone diagram or cause-and-effect diagram. It is a visual tool used to identify potential causes for a particular problem or effect. The document provides an example Ishikawa diagram analyzing the potential causes for an air conditioning unit not working properly in a classroom, grouped into categories of causes such as materials, methods, manpower, and machines. It identifies specific potential issues under each category, like a refrigerant leak, faulty wiring, or power outages.