Substantial and Procedural Law

2. • Substantive law is the statutory or written law that defines
rights and duties, such as crimes and punishments (in the
criminal law), civil rights and responsibilities in civil law. It is
codified in legislated statutes or can be enacted through
the initiative process.
• Substantive law refers to all categories of public and private
law, including the law of contracts, real property, torts, and
Criminal Law.
• For example, criminal law defines certain behavior as illegal
and lists the elements the government must prove to
convict a person of a crime.

3. • Procedural law or adjective law comprises the rules by
which a court hears and determines what happens in
civil lawsuit, criminal or administrative proceedings.
• The rules are designed to ensure a fair and consistent
application of due process (in the U.S.) or fundamental
justice (in other common law countries) to all cases
that come before a court.
• Procedural rules can also be unique to certain
categories of law.
• For example, bankruptcy courts often have their own
unique rules for conducting a suit.

5. What is socio-economics?
• Since India's Independence in 1947, country has
faced several social and economic issues.
• Socioeconomics or socio-economics or social
economics is an umbrella term with different usages.
'Social economics' may refer broadly to the "use of
economics in the study of society.“
• More narrowly, contemporary practice considers
behavioral interactions of individuals and groups
through social capital and social "markets" (not
excluding for example, sorting by marriage) and the
formation of social norms. In the latter, it studies the
relation of economics to social values.

7. OVER-POPULATION

8. Over-Population
• India suffers from the problem of
overpopulation.
• The population of india is very high at an
estimated 1.2 billion. Though India ranks
second in population, it ranks 33 in terms of
population density below countries such as
The Netherlands, South Korea and Japan.
• Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, had
implemented a forced sterilization programme
in the early 1970s but the programme failed.
Officially, men with two children or more had
to submit to sterilization.

9. ECONOMIC ISSUES

10. Economic Issues
• Though the middle class has gained from
recent positive economic developments, India
suffers from substantial poverty.
• Wealth distribution in India is fairly uneven,
with the top 10% of income groups earning
33% of the income.
• Despite significant economic progress, 1/4 of
the nation's population earns less than the
government-specified poverty threshold.

11. SANITATION

12. Sanitation
• Lack of proper sanitation is a major concern for
India.
• Statistics conducted by UNICEF have shown that
only 31% of India’s population is using improved
sanitation facilities as of 2008.
• It is estimated that one in every ten deaths in India
is linked to poor sanitation and hygiene.
• Recognising the importance of proper sanitation,
the Government of India started the Central Rural
Sanitation Program (CRSP) in 1986, in hope of
improving the basic sanitation amenities of rural
areas.

13. Sanitation contn….
• This program was later reviewed and, in 1999,
the Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) was
launched.
• Programs such as Individual Household
Latrines (IHHL), School Sanitation and Hygiene
Education (SSHE), Community Sanitary
Complex, Anganwadi toilets were
implemented under the TSC.

14. CORRUPTION

15. Corruption
• Corruption is widespread in India.
• India is ranked 95 out of a 179 countries in
Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions
Index, although its score has improved consistently
from 2.7 in 2002 to 3.1 in 2011.
• Corruption has taken the role of a pervasive aspect
of Indian politics and bureaucracy.
• The chief economic consequences of corruption
are the loss to the exchequer, an unhealthy climate
for investment and an increase in the cost of
government-subsidized services.

16. Corruption contn….
• The TI India study estimates the monetary
value of petty corruption in 11 basic services
provided by the government, like education,
healthcare, judiciary, police, etc.

17. EDUCATION

18. Education
• Since the Indian Constitution was finalized in 1949,
education has remained one of the priorities of the
Indian government.
• The first education minister Maulana Azad founded a
system of education which aimed to provide free
education at the primary level.
• Primary education was made free and compulsory for
children from 6-14, and child labour was banned.
• The government introduced incentives to education
and disincentives for not receiving education – for
instance, the provision of mid-day meals in schools
were introduced.

19. Violence in india

20. Violence
• The 16th Century Babri Mosque,was destroyed by
the members of VHP and Bajrang Dal in 1992,
resulting in nationwide religious riots.
• Constitutionally India is a secular state, but large-scale
violence have periodically occurred in India
since independence.
• In recent decades, communal tensions and religion-based
politics have become more prominent.
• Over the last decade, religious violence in India has
increasingly become what academics believe to be
organized pogroms to eliminate minority
communities.

21. Violence
• Some state governments in India have been
accused of not effectively prosecuting those
who attack religious minorities.

22. TERRORISM

23. Terrorism
• The regions with long term terrorist activities today
are Jammu and Kashmir, Central India (Naxalism)
and Seven Sister States (independence and
autonomy movements).
• In the past, the Punjab insurgency led to militant
activities in the Indian state of Punjab as well as the
national capital Delhi (Delhi serial blasts, anti-Sikh
riots).
• Terrorism in India has often been alleged to be
sponsored by Pakistan.

24. Terrorism
• After most acts of terrorism in India, many
journalists and politicians accuse Pakistan's
intelligence agency, the Inter-Services
Intelligence of playing a role.

25. NAXALISM

26. Naxalism
• Naxalism is an informal name given to communist
groups that were born out of the Sino-Soviet split in the
Indian communist movement.
• Ideologically they belong to various trends of Maoism.
• Initially the movement had its centre in West Bengal.
In recent years, they have spread into less developed
areas of rural central and eastern India, such as
Chattisgarh and Andhra Pradesh through the activities
of underground groups like the Communist Party of
India (Maoist).
• The CPI (Maoist) and some other Naxal factions are
considered terrorists by the Government of India and
various state governments in India.

27. NAXALISM AFFECTED AREAS..

28. CASTE-RELATED VOILENCE

29. Caste related violence
• Over the years, various incidents of violence against
Dalits, such as Kherlanji Massacre have been
reported from many parts of India. At the same
time, many violent protests by Dalits, such as the
2006 Dalit protests in Maharashtra, have been
reported as well.
• The Mandal Commission was established in 1979 to
"identify the socially or educationally backward",
and to consider the question of seat reservations
and quotas for people to redress caste
discrimination.