The document discusses Tony Kushner's play Angels in America and how it explores spirituality in modern America. The play uses religious imagery and biblical references to show how characters find meaning. It illustrates the struggle between religious morals and sexuality in the late 20th century. One character, Prior, has visions of an angel that show miracles are still possible. Another character, Joe Pitt, is a Mormon struggling with his sexuality, and the play explores how his faith influences his identity.
1. Exploring Spirituality in Angels in America
It's the late 1980's, the age of exciting new technology and uncompromising prosperity. A golden time when all is easily attainable in life and
nothing is off limits; fast track careers, an abundance of wealth and new expressions of sexual experimentation. It is certainly a time when religion
appear to have taken a back seat in the lives of so many young up and coming professionals. In his play, Angels in America, Tony Kushner uses
religious imagery and biblical references to help his characters find meaning in modern America as well as a means for convincing the audience that
prophecy is possible in secular times and to help illustrate the age–old struggle between religious morals and sexuality in the twenty–first century. Tony
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That even though God seems so far removed from the trials and tribulations of the modern world miracles are still possible as presented by Prior's
angel. The Christian Prior is not the only character to seek meaning from angels. For another character of Mormon faith, angels are used to further
come to terms with their religious and sexual identity. Mormon ideologies also play a significant role in the idea of modern spirituality found in
Angels. Joe Pitt, a clerk for the Federal Court of Appeals, is a Mormon struggling with his sexuality. In the beginning of the play we are introduced to
Joe's wife, Harper Pitt, who he is fiercely devoted to even though she is a pill–popping addict and questions her faith. As the play progresses Joe comes
out as a homosexual and has to deal with teachings of the church: JOE: There was a picture I'd look at twenty times very day: Jacob wrestles with
the angel... Jacob is young and very strong. The angel is...a beautiful man, with golden hair and wings, of course...It's me. In that struggle. Fierce, and
unfair. The angel is not human, and it holds back, so how could anyone human win...Losing means your soul thrown down in the dust, your heart torn
out from God's.(II.ii) This story of Jacob and the angel can be interpreted as Joe's sexual identity and his spiritual identity at war with each other. Joe
sees himself as Jacob and his morals and upbringing as the angel.
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2. Similarities Between The Aleph And The Zahir
Some similarities between "The Aleph" and "The Zahir" is the fact that in both stories, the narrators clearly have the same name, Borges. In both
stories the main characters, in a way, deny what they have seen. In "The Aleph," Borges states that he has not seen the Aleph just so that he could
get revenge on Carlos. In "The Zahir," Borges sees a psychiatrist and instead of directly talking about the problems he is having because of the Zahir,
he states that it is insomnia. Even though the Aleph and the Zahir are different in how they are perceived, they both are described as small circular
objects. Differences between "The Aleph" and "The Zahir" are the effects they have on the characters. In "The Aleph," whoever sees what is in the
Aleph... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was not really into reading at the time, but I remember that my teacher made us read for at least fifteen minutes at the beginning of every class. If
we did not have a book there were many books from her library to choose from. I believe this was one of the first books that I read in her class, and
think I chose this book in particular because it stood out. I mean the title itself already piqued my interest. I honestly did not think that I was going
to enjoy it as much as I did, It was such a bizarre read with all the strange events and abnormal characters. And in a weird way, the strangeness of
the story was what I really liked. I do not think I would have liked it as much if it was not for that. It was one of the first chapter books that I did not
have to force myself to finish. This was also one of the first books I read that really got me into loving to read. I just loved getting lost in another world
and I wanted to keep reading books that did that for me. When I read "A Very Old Man With Enormous Wings," by Gabriel GarcГ
a MГЎrquez I was
reminded of the time I discovered that I needed glasses. In the story, towards the end, there is a part where the old man becomes extremely weak that
they thought he could die. It also mentions that his eyes became "foggy" and he starts bumping into things because he obviously can not see. This part
of the story brings up the memory of me realizing that I
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3. Weeping Prophet Jeremiah
The author of the Book of Lamentations is unknown; however, the general consensus is that the prophet Jeremiah is the writer. Several facts point to
Jeremiah's authorship. First, according to 2 Chronicles, Jeremiah wrote laments for King Josiah (35:25). Secondly, there are literary similarities with
the Book of Jeremiah in "tenor, theology, themes, language, and imagery." Both books suggest that both "prophets and priests share with the people the
blame for [Judah's] sin." While it is possible that a contemporary could have written this book, Jeremiah's authorship would "confirm his reputation as
'The Weeping Prophet'". Lamentations deals with the destruction of Jerusalem and was probably written shortly after its destruction in 586 B.C.
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4. Religious Groups Responses On Science Groups
Oluwatosin Adegbonmire
Leh 355–A03W
Prof Telliel
5/26/16
Religion Vs Science
Research Topic: Religious groups responses on science group theories on how the world was formed in the modern era. In this essay, we are going to
focus on religious group responses to science group theories on how the world was formed in the modern era. We see there has always being a conflict
between religion and science groups, because they both believe in different ways on how the world was formed. The religious groups believe the
world formation came from God and created by God, and they see him as the creator. The science groups believe in evolution, we come from apes and
they believe the world was formed through the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kook treats evolution as a philosophical theory not as a scientific theory. While the natural mechanisms of evolution don't interest him. He believes
not everyone has to accept these theories no matter how accepted they are or talked about. He sees it as a matter of choice. He believes very soon
scientific knowledge will be further developed and all the theories will be ridiculed and despised but God's words will forever endure and live
forever. Rabbi Mordecai M. Kaplan studied philosophy he has an enduring appreciation for evolution of both human beings and human culture. He
believes there is a God, and science function should be just to study categorizations of phenomena. Kaplan concern was moral behavior, which is the
individual 's knowledge of social and cultural norms and the ability to perform good works through noble actions. He believes humans should learn
about the purpose of both, religion and evolution unless. that believe is affecting the person's behavior or once chance of achieving salvation. He also
believes we should apply the methods of science to issues of religion. "Science can have a salutary effect on religion". (Cherry 271) Kaplan believes
that science can have an effect on the way people view religion because, science influenced his understanding on religion and religion influenced his
understanding on science so they are both useful. Prof. Yeshayahu Leibowitz, another religious
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5. Abba, Father
According to Jewish lore, this word was carved into the forehead of a golem, a creation kneaded together from mud and dust, signifying an unfinished
vessel. To deactivate the golem, the letter Aleph was scratched off, changing the word from emet (ЧђЧћЧЄ), to met (ЧћЧЄ) meaning "dead." The mere
presence of this one letter gave life, and its absence brought death.
So, who does Jesus say that God is? In perhaps His darkest moment, just hours away from the arrest that would lead to His torture and death, Jesus
walked into the garden at Gethsemane. He fell to the ground, and cried out to God, "Abba, Father" (Mark 14:36). Abba means "father." We can also
think of it in today's terms as Papa or Daddy.
We are also God's beloved children. God is not distant
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6. Comparing Asterism And Taurus Negotiation
a)An asterism is a constellation that is not regarded as an official constellation by the international scientific community. An example of an asterism,
is the Big Dipper that is located within the Ursa Major constellation. One reason why asterisms are used today, is because due to light pollution we
are unable to view the sky as it was seen by the Ancient Greeks. This can make it difficult to view the entire constellation with the naked eye, and we
may instead only view the brightest stars, as well as the shapes they may form, like the Big Dipper. An asterism is similar to a constellation because a
constellation is a group of stars that outline a recognizable pattern. However, differences between an asterism and a constellation can also be... Show
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This star also known as Alpha Tauri (О± Tauri), is the brightest star in the constellation, and is a red giant. The name Aldebaran means "the
follower." This name is appropriate because Aldebaran appears to be following the Pleiades across the sky. Aldebaran is also referred to as the eye of
the bull, and appears as though it is glaring menacingly at Orion. Another star in the Taurus constellation is Elnath. This star is also known as Beta
Tauri (ОІ Tauri), and is one of the major stars in the Taurus constellation. This star is the second brightest star in the Taurus constellation following
Aldebaran. The name Elnath means "the butting" and refers to the horns of the bull. g)One of the myths about the Taurus constellation describes that
Zeus assumed the form of a great white bull with magnificent horns. He became a bull in order to impress a legendary Phoenician princess named,
Europa. According to ancient drawing, it appears as though Taurus was partly submerged, and it was assumed that Taurus carried Europa out to the
Mediterranean Sea to the Island of Crete. It was then said that Taurus and Europa had a son that eventually became the legendary king of
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7. Essay on A Summary of David Abram’s Animism and the Alphabet
Isaiah Graham
Farmer
ENG 11–940
9/13/2013
A Summary of David Abram's Animism and the Alphabet
David Abram's selection, "Animism and the Alphabet" conveys that human's disconnection from the natural world is partially at fault with the
alphabet, it also asserts that alphabet originates from the natural world. Abrams supports his ideas by mentioning several great thinkers throughout
history including Plato, Socrates and others. Abram's also compares modern ways to the customs of indigenous people. The main purpose of Abram's
paper is to convey the idea that people have disconnected from the natural world, and one of the main reasons for this is the alphabet. The alphabet is
not portrayed as a bad thing, but as a tool that has both ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some would say that this was an improvement and the Greeks would agree. Others would say this was just another step in our departure from nature.
The beginning of this departure would appear to have started with the aleph–beth, but the Greeks took the system and stripped it of all natural
references. Abrams begins the next section of the text by referring to Socrates. Socrates says "I'm a lover of learning, and trees and country won't
teach me anything, whereas men in the town do" (pg. 34). This begins a long discussion on whether or not the human race has learned anything
from the natural world. Homer is mentioned several times and it becomes apparent that throughout his tales the Iliad and the Odyssey nature is
seen as a supreme being. The Greek gods are portrayed by the natural world, so how could Socrates say something as controversial as the Earth
won't teach him anything. In part it is because the Greek society relied extensively on the social aspect of life. Most Athenians learned from men in
the city and not from the Earth around them, so there was no real way for them to conceive the idea that nature could teach. There were a few who
looked beyond this however and saw the natural world for what it was. Abrams continues on by explaining that the Greeks were an oral culture and
the alphabet was still being learned. Homers epics were the first stories to ever be written down by the Greeks. This seems slightly ironic
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8. Charlotte’s Web by E. B. White Essay
Charlotte's Web
Charlotte's web is a children's book written by E. B. White. It was illustrated by Grath Williams.
The book was published in 1952 by Harper and Brothers .Charlotte's Web was published three years after he started writing it.
E. B. White was born on July 11th, 1899. He was born in Mount Vernon, New York. He passed away October 1st, 1985. Charlotte's Web
was voted the top children's book in a 2012 school survey. E. B. White was born in Mount Vernon,
New York. He served in the army before going to college. He graduated fromCornell University
with a Bashelor of Arts degree in 1921. While at Cornell he worked as editor of The Cornell Daily
Sun. He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No, the dad isn't more interesting than the dad. Or at least I don't
think so. Some other important characters would be Charlotte, the spider. Without the spider you wouldn't have nothing to look at while
Wilbur showed off at the carnival. Charlotte does relate to the plot. She lives in a barn where Wilbur was forced to move in. The movie
was inspired in Maine while White was taking care of his pigs, and looked up to see a spider web in the doorway. After seeing this
he decided to write a fictional story about it. The book wouldn't make sense if the setting was somewhere else. The setting is very
important in the book without the barn Wilbur would've never met Charlotte and would've never made it as far as he did. Here's my summary of the
book. Wilbur was born a pig who was the littlest out of the patch. The father in the book wanted to
9. to kill the pig cause he believed he meant nothing. Once he tried killing the pig Fern went crazy. So her father decided to let her keep
Wilbur until it was time to let him go. Once it was time for Wilbur to go they took him to a barn where he would live the rest of his life.
Fern would go visit him everyday before school. One day when she showed up there was a web above the door. It was something she has never
seen before so she went and told everyone. After she told they all waited until the next day to see what would be up next. The next day
everyone in town was there to see
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10. Shareh Essay : Why I Am An Aleph
Why I Am An Aleph
I gaze out at the twenty or so acne–ridden faces crowded along the tables around me, belonging to boys who seem lifetimes older than my eighth
grade self. My eyes widen in nervous excitement as I try to comprehend the strange rituals taking place. The boys take turns standing up, chanting
barely intelligible lines with strong voices at an unbelievable speed. What little I can understand seems have to next to nothing to do with Judaism; in
its place is fraternity, brotherhood, manliness. The high schoolers left sitting down add in words of their own, all at once, words which I would never
have expected to hear at a meeting of my local Jewish youth group. Just as soon as this strange cult–like ritual starts, everyone sits ... Show more
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I wanted more than anything else to be like those that were at the meeting that day. The stories they shared contained thehigh school freedom and
adventure that I could only dream of. They spoke with gusto, gesturing and walking and filling the room with energy, making me uncomfortably
aware of my silence and inaction. The president wielded a gavel, with which which he struck the table to command silence, while never stifling the
contagious excitement in the room. That evening, after I arrived home, a wave of frustration hit me. I would never be like those kids, I thought to
myself, and the frustration gave way to sadness. I was shy and nervous, while they were charismatic and charming. In my mind, an uncrossable chasm
stretched between who I was and who I wanted to be.
But those people brought me back. Gradually, I loosened up, and I saw myself moving, slowly but consistently, towards the others in the brotherhood
around me. At the beginning of freshman year I chose to run for a low board position, whose job was to communicate with the entire chapter. I won,
and just like that, I was another step closer to the person I had dreamt of being. I now held a role in the opening ceremony which had at first, less than
a year before, confounded me. It would then have
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11. Shoko Asahara Cult
At first, the religion of Shoko Asahara, Aum Shinrikyo, now the cult Aleph was not the dangerous and threatening organization its image is associated
to be now. In fact, there was a time where Asahara and Aum Shinrikyo members had taken up an attitude similar to that of a humble missionary.
However, the Aum Shinrikyo faith, as well as Asahara, had been obsessed with some of the philosophies of the Bible, the Book of Revelation in
particular, and had an unfortunate turnaround, which resulted in the religion's currently bad reputation. This cult is a perfect example to show what
Paul meant when he said that false christs pretend to be holy servants of God. Originally named Chizuo Matsumoto, Shoko Asahara was one of seven
children and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The religion also holds the claim that Asahara is the only person to have attained the highest level of consciousness and that he is in the state of
Nirvana; Asahara even claimed to be Christ. Tibetan beliefs of extrasensory experiences are also included in the Aum Shinrikyo faith, with
clairvoyance, levitation, and the ability to see through walls being some of these extrasensory abilities that Asahara promoted and claimed to have
(news.bbc.co.uk; fas.org). According to John Pike, the Aum Shinrikyo faith strongly promoted Shiva, the god of destruction, and thus put a particular
emphasis on Armageddon, or the end of the world. Asahara claimed salvation from this destruction for those who reached higher levels of
consciousness by going through him, the "Supreme Master"; their reincarnated states would hold a special status amongst others. Apparently, this
Armageddon was going to involve a third world war in 1997 that would be initiated between Japan and the United States; one supposed goal of Aum
Shinrikyo was their involved their salvation activities during this time and the revival of the Japanese nation after the collapse of their country.
Members of Aum Shinrikyo were also very anti–Semitic, and put part of the blame for this onto the Jews (fas.org). Putting the skeptical claims of
extrasensory experiences aside for now, the beliefs of Aum Shinrikyo concerning the Bible,
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12. Reclamation Of Faith In Australia
This scoping task will explore the reclamation of faith by the LGBT+ community in Australia. It will specifically highlight the different ways members
of the Australian LGBT+ community are reclaiming faith and what it means to reclaim one's faith. The reclamation of faith refers to the phenomenon
of subsets of society whose lives would have traditionally been ruined or oppressed by religious institutions calling out the truth that all people, not just
a select few are created equal in dignity and respect from birth. This is a global movement, not unique to any one country or faith. However, within
Australia, it is mainly seen within the Abrahamic religions. Within the context of the LGBTQIA+ community reclaiming faith in Australia, there
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13. There Are Three Lines To Live In The Labyrinth
Notwithstanding, in the same text (we could, of course, quote many others), there is also evidence of an acquaintance with the pre–socratic "unity of
opposites" (later adapted by Nicolau of Cusa to the idea of God), by means of which a straight line is potentially no different from a circular line
(plus, a formulation that is also reminiscent of Zeno's Paradoxes of Motion):
'There are three lines too many in your labyrinth,' he said at last. 'I know of a Greek labyrinth that is but one straight line. So many philosophers have
been lost upon that line that a mere detective might be pardoned if he became lost as well. When you hunt me down in another avatar of our lives,
Scharlach, I suggest that you fake (or commit) one crime at A, a second crime at B, eight kilometers from A, then a third crime at C, four kilometers
from A and B and halfway between them. Then wait for me at D, two kilometers from A and C, once again halfway between them. Kill me at D, as
you are about to kill me at Triste–le–Roy.'
'The next time I ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In another context, specifically concerned with reading as a process, american literary critic and theorist Robert Scholes, adds the metaphor of a
two–dimensional circle composed of "centrifugal and centripetal postures" (Scholes 1989: 8) to the one–dimensional straight line made of backwards
and forwards. But he does not discard the latter, although he thinks that the circle "covers a lot more territory." (8) Instead, he argues that reading is
"dialectical", meaning
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14. The Jolly Corner, By Henry James
Henry James originally published "The Jolly Corner," in 1908. He was a master in short stories and novella. "The Jolly Corner," was about a man
who once lived in the United States and migrated to Europe to pursue the love he once had for art, and reject a life in his family business. "The
Aleph" later was published by Jorge Luis Borges in 1945, he wrote a story about, an aspiring sphere that, the author 's character, Carlos had in his
basement, that allows one to see all places in the world at all at once. Although these were two different stories they both had many similarities and
differences with theme and symbols. "The Jolly Corner" written by Henry James, wrote about Spencer Brydon, who left the United States when he
was younger, to pursue his career in art and writing short stories, instead of staying and helping run his family business. On Spencer return, to the
United States, the text mentioned that, Spencer found many of his family and friends was no longer alive; moreover, he found that the people and
environment had drastically changed. The economic growth of a new industrialized society had resulted in the removal of older buildings and
welcomes the new infrastructures, making it hard for Spencer to recognize his neighborhood. Another part of spencer pass also reappears; Alice a
long–lost friend, she was the only person that took time to update Spencer on everything he missed out on throughout the years. Throughout the text,
Alice accompanies Spencer as he
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15. Application Statement For A Library
Please accept this application for Collection Assessment and Development Librarian at the Atlantic School of Theology Library, as posted April 28th,
2017 to the APLA listserv. I have worked at four Novanet libraries in various positions over the last ten years. As such, I have had the opportunity to
gain experience in many aspects of library services including, providing reference services, library instruction and information literacy, outreach,
promotion, collections, access services, document delivery, systems, and cataloguing. As such, I bring both institutional memory and experience,
making me an ideal candidate for this position. During my time at Mount Saint Vincent, I have been given increasing responsibilities, particularly in...
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My reading of our eBook licences resulted in wider access for our community borrowers and led to negotiating improved access with other vendors.
Providing reference services is one of the joys of Librarianship for me. I enjoy the one–on–one teaching opportunity and making an individual
connection with staff and students. I have over 10 years' experience providing reference services at four Novanet libraries. Working at various
institutions with very different teaching and research interests has allowed me to build my skills in many different areas. In addition to in–person
reference, I have years of experience with providing Live Help. As the Mount has many distance programs, I frequently provide reference help via
phone, email, and in online sessions. Both at the Mount and at King's I have taught students at every level and from every faculty. These varied
perspectives have given me insight into the opportunities and challenges for students, faculty, and staff. Library workshops include subject specific
resources, Refworks, research skills, paper writing, data and statistics, evaluating sources, MLA and APA documentation, among others. I am currently
the liaison for non–degree programs and departments at the Mount and work closely with the teaching staff to develop relevant workshops that are
integrated into course curriculum. My career has been characterized by my ability to develop innovative solutions to problems.
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17. Bbyo Research Paper
A little under two years ago, one day after basketball practice, I received a call from an unknown number. It was a 512 area code, and I was curious to
see who it was. I answered the phone– it was the regional president at the time, Barrett Dover, inviting me to join BBYO Lonestar Region. Even
though I didn't know Barrett that well, or know much about BBYO at all, this call was what led me to join. This personal call went a long way; for
I would not be here today if it weren't for Barrett and the 92 years of Alephs before me who have invited others to join BBYO.
BBYO is comprised of many layers that give members a meaningful high school experience – quality programming, strong fraternity, a deep
connection to Judaism and Israel, and most importantly, recruitment. Without recruitment, BBYO would not... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Lonestar is fortunate enough to have one of the strongest and most dedicated alumni networks, and we can utilize alumni who are engaged with 8th
and 9th graders to speak about their time in BBYO and the positive impact it left on them, in order to give 8th and 9th graders even more motivation to
join.
Spring term is a crucial time for building our movement– It is when Taste Events occur, where prospects get to see what BBYO is really like. I will
call my chapter counterparts weekly, assisting them in any way possible, allowing us to have high quality events with the maximum amount of
prospects attending. Fall term is equally as important as spring term, it is the time to recruit any freshman who have yet to join, and put them into
chapters with their friends who are already members. Membership is a team effort. The entire mekasherim team, the regional board, and all
members of Lone Star on both chapter and regional level must put in the work. By making prospect lists easily accessible to all members, we will all
participate in the race to 1000 members, and make all of our goals a
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18. The Trope Of The Sphere
Interestingly, it is via Borges, a well–known master in the creation of literary labyrinths, that we are able to find several possible explanations for
these inner circularities, for instance, through his recurrent references to the trope of the sphere. Take some of the short fictions that constitute his
1941 volume The Garden of Forking Paths, namely 'Lottery in Babylon' and 'The Library of Babel'. Not only does Borges tell us that the
Babylonians 'obey the dictates of chance, surrender their lives, their hopes, their nameless terror to it, but it never occurs to them to delve into its
labyrinthine laws or the revolving spheres that manifest its workings' (Borges 1998: 104; emphasis added), but also his Library of Babel 'is a
sphere whose exact center is any hexagon and whose circumference is unattainable' (113). Moreover, the trope of the sphere 'whose center is
everywhere and its circumference nowhere' would be later analysed by Borges in an essay titled 'Pascal's Sphere' [1951]. In it, the significance of the
sphere as a double paradox of time/infinity and of unity/multiplicity becomes clearer, by means of a line that he draws from Xenophanes of Colophon
to Pascal in order to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only the tetrahedron proves to be 'circular' due to the geographical positions of the murders, but also the implied notion of rebirth that is given in
the imminence of the main character's death already denotes the idea of circularity (Borges 1998: 156). Notwithstanding, in the same text there is also
evidence of an acquaintance with the pre–Socratic coincidentia oppositorum, by means of which a straight line is potentially no different from a
circular line (plus, a formulation that is also reminiscent of Zeno's Paradoxes of
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19. Comparing The Sacred Texts Of Chaggigah
"One peppercorn to–day is better than one basketful of pumpkins to–morrow." Chaggigah The sacred texts of Talmud are valued for their wisdom and
insight on life. It has 6 main parts: Seder Zera'im (seeds) Seder Mo'ed (festival dates) Seder Nashim (women) Seder Nezikin (damage) Seder
Kodashim (holy things) Seder Tohoroth (cleannesses) Each part has tracts, which tell about different parts of the subject. For example, Seder Tohoroth
has tracts that tell of washing your hands and how clean hands prevent evil spirits and disease. Seder Mo'ed has tracts of the fasting months
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20. Aum Shinrikyo Research Paper
The group that I will be focusing on is Aum Shinrikyo, a doomsday cult founded in Japan in 1984 that is most known for their terrorist attack
involving sarin gas on a Tokyo Subway. The cult group gone terrorist organization was originally led by Shoko Asahara and "emerged from the
apocalyptic underbelly of Japanese society acting upon a vision of cosmic purification that included the murder of just about everyone on earth"
(Lifton 2008) The group had a strong belief that their founder was the first enlightened one since Buddha and that the end of the world would occur in
1996 or in between 1999 and 2003 and that the United States would quicken the end of the world by starting world war three with Japan.(Fletcher 2012)
Aum Shinrikyo is unique in the sense that they do not have so much of a political goal but rather a religious end. In nineteen ninety–five Aum
Shinrikyo dispersed the nerve ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First there were a doomsday cult that quickly turned into a terrorist organization followed by a Aum Shinrikyo is still on the United States Foreign
Terrorist list even though it suffered a split in two thousand and now calls themselves Aleph. The group has also repented for the attacks of Aum
Shinrikyo and has been able to organize compensation for those that were effected. Whether or not the group was successful at its goal is arguable
because the end of the world has not happened yet, however they were successful in weaponing a biochemical agent. Scholars argue that "terrorist
attack suing a specific weapon will be most likely when the industry corresponding to that weapon within the country of attack is relatively large"
which brings into question the origins of the beliefs of Aum Shinrikyo. Their belief in war coupled with the availability of Sarin gas may be
"evidence" to those that beielve that the end is nigh. Overall, the group has devolved out a terrorist organization but still acts a a threat to national
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21. Summary Of Psalm 119
As the longest chapter in the Bible, Psalm 119 is a Psalm of delighting in the Word of God. Psalm 119 is comprised of 176 verses that give adoration to
God and the Torah.
BACKGROUND
The authorship of Psalm 119 remains unknown. Most scholars believe the author to be King David because of its Davidic tone and expression. It is
also assumed that this Psalm is written over a period of someone's life, as it shows maturity as the Psalm progresses (Bible hub). Regardless of the
identity of the Psalmist, Psalm 119 has very special and unique qualities. Psalm 119 is not only the longest chapter in the book of Psalms, but of the
entire Bible. Some believe that since Psalm 119 is the longest chapter of the Bible, it shows the priority of God's Word to God. (bible.org) Although
Psalm 119 is quite a long chapter, it is written in a format that allows the reader to study and follow the structure of the psalm with ease. This specific
Psalm is written in the form of an acrostic poem, meaning each section begins with a letter from the alphabet. In this case, each section, made up of
eight verses, begin with each of the 22 letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Thus, the first eight couplets begin with aleph (A), the next eight begin with beth
(B), then so forth in the same suit. (bible.org)
Since Psalm 119 is a Psalm of reverence go God and His Word, Scripture is referenced repeatedly. The Psalm is unique and outstanding for its
recurring reference to God's written revelation. Scripture is
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22. Aristotle 's Ideas Of Potential Infinity
Aristotle supported the idea of "potential infinity" but refuted the idea of "actual infinity". He defined potential infinity by saying if you are counting
natural numbers, logic would tell us that we can always add one to the previous number and that can potentially go on forever. He also said that we
could potentially use this logic in geometry if we imagined a line that extended beyond both points with no recognizable end. On the contrary, actual
infinity seems paradoxical because even if we had an infinite number of "things" in a category then infinity would still be "whole" in a sense with a
beginning and an end. Aristotle's ideas were supported for many centuries ("Aristotle", n.d.).
The philosopher Zeno of Elea (495–435 B.C.E.) came up with the idea of "infinite divisibility". The basic concept of the theory was that you could
take any object, cut it in half, cut those halves in half, and so on until you reached the end of the divisibility process and were left with only particles,
or "elements" as he called them. The first conclusion he drew from this theory was that the elements were essentially nothing, which meant that the sum
of all the pieces made the whole object nothing. The second conclusion was that the elements were something but that they had no size, which meant
that the sum of the whole object also had no size. The last conclusion was that the elements are something and they do have a size. But that would mean
that you would never reach the end of the
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23. Aum Shinrikyo And The Events
AUM SHINRIKYO AND THE EVENTS LEADING TO THE 1995 TOKYO SUBWAY SARIN ATTACKS
SSG JENNIFER A. BALLARD
CBRN SLC CLASS 03–13
SGL: SFC MACRI Abstract
This paper will explore research results done through the internet and through published books on the background of the cult group Aum Shinrikyo,
now known as the group Aleph, and several other Sarin gas attacks, to include the terrorist attack on the Tokyo subway on 20 March 1995. There is a
lot of speculation and questions surrounding this cult group, which will be discussed later, who started out as a peaceful yoga group by the founder
and his wife, turn into a radical doomsday cult religion capable of not one but several chemical terrorists acts towards their own countrymen. According
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The articles focus on the beginnings of the group as a peaceful yoga group and lead up to the most recent events with the chemical attacks of the Tokyo
subway systems. Shoko Asahara, who was born Chizuo Matsumoto, during his stay in India in 1986, while he was on various religious retreats in the
Himalayan Mountains, claimed to have found enlightenment and upon his return to Japan founded the group Aum Shinrikyo in 1987. The group
started out with a small following from the yoga studio, Aum Shinsen–no kai, he and his wife, Kazuko, owned and operated. Eventually word starting
spreading about his so–called "teachings of the supreme truth" (World Religions and Spirituality Project VCU, Jackie Fowler, 2001). Asahara claimed
that he had the power to read minds and because of his enlightenment, claimed to have visions or prophesies, as he would call them, about future events.
Asahara started preaching sermons about how his "visions" showed him that the world would end by the turn of the 21st century and that the only
survivors would be Aum Shinrikyo members themselves. The group was so obsessed with Armageddon that it went so far as to try to make it happen
themselves.
In March 1993, Asahara gave orders to start production of Sarin gas
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24. The Japanese Doomsday Cult
POLICY PAPER
Aum Shinrikyo: The Japanese Doomsday Cult
Lisa Bertsch – lmb5956@psu.edu
HLS 805: Political Violence, Threats, and Insurgency
Summer 2015 – Dr. Paul Gill
Table of Contents
AbstractPg. 3
Chizuo Matsumoto, aka Asahara ShokoPg. 4
SyncretismPg. 4
The early years: 1984–1989Pg. 4
Organizational Goals and the Means of Achieving ThemPg. 5
RecruitmentPg. 6
Examples of Violent AttacksPg. 7
The SplitPg. 9
ConclusionPg. 10
ReferencesPg. 12
Abstract The insurgency group of interest for this research paper is that of Chizuo Matsumoto, aka Asahara Shoko, and the Japanese doomsday cult
Aum Shinrikyo. The reason behind the choosing of this particular group is to provide commentary to that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Simons, 2006)
Syncretism
Aum Shinrikyo is a syncretism of Tibetan Buddhism and early Indian Buddhism, and Hinduism, with Shiva, one of the main deities of Hinduism, as
the main image of worship. It also draws teachings from Yoga, Christianity's Book of Revelation, and even some of the wisdom of Nostradamus.
Since its establishment, Asahara claimed to be that of a Christ like figure sent to take on the sins of the world for man's salvation. He predicted a 1997
doomsday prophecy in the form of an Armageddon like scenario where the United States would instigate World War III with nuclear war being the
25. culprit of the end of humanity. (Juergensmayer, 2007)
The early years: 1984–1989 Between 1984 and 1989 Aum Shinrikyo conducted many recruitment endeavors and eventually was recognized as a
religious organization in 1989. Due to this status of being recognized as a religious group he was able to act without the Japanese authorities having
oversight. This was due to the Religious Corporations Law that provided coverage for tax benefits, property ownership, and protection from state. In
the law it states that the organization is protected against investigations of the religious activities and doctrine of the group. However, that same year
is when several incidences of bad press had come out about the group. One case specifically was regarding the murder of an anti–cult lawyer and his
family. The lawyer has tried to take Asahara Shoko to court on the claims that their
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26. The Aleph Society Inc.: Summary
The Babylonian Talmud is, as the Aleph Society Inc., describes it, "...is the central pillar, soaring up from the foundation and supporting the entire
spiritual and intellectual edifice. No other work has had a comparable influence on the theory and practice of Jewish life, shaping spiritual content and
serving as a guide to conduct. ...it is the repository of years of Jewish wisdom." To many, theTalmud is a 2,711 page summary of the 37 Tractates. But
to the Jewish people, it is much more than a simple book. It is all the knowledge, the wisdom, that has been collected and passed on from generation to
generation, to help you to succeed in life. In fact, Talmud actually means to study, learn, and fulfill theTorah, one of the Jewish society's greatest works
of art.
The Talmud is constructed out of several volumes, with many different chapters in each volume, each chapter describing a certain trait, as long as a
few stories on the subject. Each story holds an significant lesson for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The story's lesson is to give, and to be charitable. As the story goes, Rabbi Akiva had a daughter. Fortune tellers told the Rabbi that on the day of
his daughter's marriage, she will enter her bridal chamber, and a snake will bite her, and she shall die." On the day of the wedding, the Rabbi's
daughter went into her bridal chamber, and stuck a pin into the wall. When she pulled it out the next morning, she discovered that the pin had killed
the poisonous snake inside, and that it was dead. Her father asked her, "Did you do anything special yesterday?" She replied, "A poor man came to
the door in the evening yesterday. Everyone was at the banquet, and no one attended was there to attend to him. So I took the food that was given to
me, and gave it to him." Rabbi Akiva, in relief, declared, "Your charity saved you from your death. But not just from the unnatural death planned fro
you, but from Death
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27. Argumentative Essay On Ted Talk
TED Talks Technological Advancements and Appeal
What is about TED talks that after watching a single TED talk video, viewers feel sufficiently informed about said subject and not need to further
research. Ted's super attraction comes from a multitude of research on what attracts their genre and how to appeal to the emptions and passions of its
intended viewers, drama and technological theatrics timed perfectly for age specific attentions spans, captivate the attention of 800 million viewers.
"This is taking something with value and substance and coring it out so that it can be swallowed without chewing." (Bratton 2013) This sensationalism
has the potential to create serious misconceptions and potentially lead to bad decision making.
TED began in 1984 as a conference where Technology, Entertainment and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The speaker Omar Ahmad, technologist and Councilman, believed the idea of hand written letters to be the valuable form of persuasion in the
political world, he states, "we live in a digital world, but we are fairly analog creatures." (Ahmad) The pen is the power and he outlines the way to
hack through a political power to be. Handwritten followed up with letter via email and sending it to more than one political head, he believes this
is more effect than any other forms of communications. Ahmad felt having a job title seemed to be very crucial in creating an innate bond with
the official and a may promote a desire to help. This particular speaker played the role of a director or an expert on a particular subject, like a closer.
He engaged some audience attendees by using words like HACK and then claimed it would be valuable to Feds in the audience. However, leaving
one to believe that he had feds in the audience and if they are there we should listen, since if it's important to them, therefore then it is for us too. Very
few sources where used. No research was offered, nor academic
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28. The Aleph Allegory
People typically do not believe in things that are solely expressed through words, unless there are actions associated with them. In the short story, The
Aleph by Jorge Luis Borges, an allegory is incorporated to make a connection between the story's character, Carlos Argentino Daneri, and Muhammad,
the last prophet in the religion of Islam. In addition, symbolism is a relevant and primary characteristic throughout The Aleph as well. A general theme
of determination is evident throughout the story in more ways than one. An allegory is presented in The Aleph to exemplify determination within the
characters. The story begins as Borges, explains how Daneri's house had been burned in which Beatriz, the girl with whom Borges had unrequited love,
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Borges is still in love with Beatriz, who died years ago. He declares, "I knew that at times my fruitless devotion had annoyed her; now that she was
dead, I could devote myself to her memory...once again I would study the details of her many photographs". Thus, he visits her house annually even
after she had been past the stage of death; this shows the depth of his love for her. Borges makes the effort to continuously study her photographs,
and everything that provides him a memory of her, while this symbolizes the sincere affection he has towards her. In The Aleph, Daneri tells the
Borges that in order to finish his poem, he would need the house since it was demolished. Daneri explained further by stating that below the house
was a cellar that contained an Aleph. He says, "One day when no one was home I started down in secret, but I stumbled and fell. When I opened my
eyes, I saw the Aleph...one of the points in space that contains all other points." The Aleph symbolizes the completion of Daneri's poem. Even though
he was warned not to go down in the cellar, he had still gone because he was
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29. Mesopotamia Cuneiform
Writing is the physical manifestation of a spoken language. Between 50,000 and 30,000, evidence of language appeared with cave paintings.
However, it wasn't until 3500 BCE when Sumerian people of Mesopotamia started writing called cuneiform. This writing used specific marks in wet
clay with a reed implement. These scripts were based on pictorial symbols and later mixed with phonetic elements.
The Sumerians were a commercial people and writing was developed to record quantities of goods. Clay tokens of a distinctive shape and size were
used to represent quantities of commodities such as grain, livestock, labor, and land. Each token represented both a quantity and type of commodity.
Alphabetic writing began with scripts by the Semitic people ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Greek phonetic writing system came from Phoenicia and was quite different from that of Mesopotamia, yet it still owes its development to the
Sumerians and their advances in the written word. With the rise of the cities in Mesopotamia, and the need for resources which were lacking in the
region, long–distance trade developed and, with it, the need to be able to communicate across the expanses between cities or regions. In order to
express more complex terms, Phonograms were created. These phonograms were symbols that represented sounds which gave more meaning. With
this, they had a dynamic means of conveying motion to and from a location. By the Third Millennium B.C, cuneiform was used for a vast array of
economic, religious, political, literary, and scholarly documents.
One of the first writers known by name was priestess Enheduanna who wrote her hymns to the goddess Inanna and signed them with her name.
Literature is at first words rather than letters. It arises as clerical chants or magic charms, usually recited by the priests. Carmina, Romans poetry, meant
both verses and charms; ode meant a magic spell to the Greeks. Some were developed to preserve, transmit, and enhance the magic incantations of their
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30. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein-The Women Of Cyberpunk
The Women of Cyberpunk
Women have always been on the fringes of the science fiction writing community. Not only have there been few female writers, but few female
characters of substance have explored the universe, battled aliens, or discovered new technologies. Even in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818),
considered by some to be the first science fiction novel, Elizabeth, who is the major female character, does little more than decorate Victor's arm, snag
his heart, and eventually contribute to his self–destruction. Women were virtually non–existent in the Golden Age SF (1938–1949) writings; except
perhaps as trophies to be rescued, or smoldering, sexual beings that really didn't contribute to the overall plot other than as the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Target specs on a combat that isn't in the book–––"
"Waste my time and you won't profile at all," said Molly, leaning across his scarred plastic desk to prod him with her forefinger.
"So maybe you want to buy your microwaves somewhere else?" He was a tough kid, behind his Mao–job. A Nighttowner by birth, probably.
Her hand blurred down the front of his jacket, completely severing the lapel without rumpling the fabric.
"So we got a deal or what?"
"Deal," he said, staring at his ruined lapel with what he must have hoped was only polite interest. "Deal." (Gibson, 38)
In the above passage, it is evident that Molly, however, would not have the ability to truly break away from the female SF character stereotype without
her body's enhancements. She is the more physically powerful because of them. Technically, she could be considered a cyborg in feminist and
technological theorist Donna Haraway's view because of these enhancements:
"Chiba. Yeah. See, Molly's been to Chiba, too." And she showed me her hands, fingers slightly spread. Her fingers were slender, tapered, very white
against the polished burgundy nails. Ten blades snicked straight out from their recesses beneath her nails, each one a narrow, double edged scalpel in
pale blue steel. (Gibson 37)
31. and,
And I saw for the first time that the mirrored lenses were surgical
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32. Aum Shinrikyo
Aum Shinrikyo
Introduction
Aum Shinrikyo is a Japanese doomsday cult founded in 1984 by Shoko Asahara, it is also known by the names Aum and Aleph. This group is listed as
a terrorist group even though they have been involved in only a small amount of terrorist actions, what makes them such an interesting case study is
their doctrines and motivating factors as well as their history of planned assassinations and status as a cult.
A very powerful form of terrorism is those routed with religion, the draw of a higher person can influence a person very easily, this can be seen within
several successful terrorist groups.
The reason they are classified as a terrorist group isn't based on their actions but rather their potential and their potential ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Aum Shinrikyo is very much focused around doomsday, their beliefs stem from their own spin on Buddhism and their objective is to bring forth this
Armageddon.
In the opinion of Daniel A. Metraux, Aum Shinrikyo justifies itsviolence via its own unique version of Buddhist ideas and doctrines, such as the
Buddhist concepts of MappЕЌ and ShЕЌhЕЌ – Aum believed that by bringing forth the end of the world, they would restore ShЕЌhЕЌ (Furthermore,
Lifton believes, Asahara "interpreted the Tibetan Buddhist concept of poa in order to claim that by killing someone contrary to the group's aims, they
were preventing them from accumulating bad karma and thus saving them"
Japanese government officials state that in 1989 Asahara published a major religious treatise on Armageddon entitled The Destruction of the World. In
this treatise Asahara allegedly describes a world–wide calamity based upon a suspected war between Japan and the United States which would start
around 1997. Asahara claims to have based his predictions on "The Prophecies of Nostradamus', the "Revelations of St. John" from the New Testament,
Buddhist scriptures, and other personal
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33. The Aleph
The Aleph Essay
Once one grabs ahold of the short story "The Aleph" a person can see everything that's in the universe from every single angle simultaneously, and
without distortion, overlapping of any kind and or confusion.The story continues the theme of infinity within an infinity. The Aleph discusses how a
man fights himself for years over his love for a woman who was with another man. His efforts to get over the love of his life continue even after her
death. He never fails to go and visit her house on her birthday every year, "From that time on, I never let a thirtieth of April go by without a visit to
her house. I used to make my appearance at seven–fifteen sharp and stay on for some twenty–five minutes. Each year, I arrived a little later and stay a
little longer".But unlike Dante Aligheri, who now sees the death of Beatrice, the love of his life as the moment his life loses true meaning,and how the
order of the world in his point of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"The universe may change, but not me" he says, as he's imagining that he can construct his own experience of the universe as a construct to protect
him from the fact that the universe not only "may change" but already has since he has now lost the love of his life. The Aleph shows you another
look at the universe and how love could take up your entire world. Within this short story it continuously shows how a man is struggling to move on
from Beatriz's death. Instead of choosing to move on he continues to live her memory on and on, never allowing her to be just a memory but to
continue to be something with a much more deep and personal feeling.His love for her is both an insecurity and an obsession. Everyone has an Aleph
that seems to control their life in more ways than one,some allow their Aleph to completely consume them mentally and physically. For me,my Aleph
is my anxiety. I allow my anxious feeling to take control over my adventurous side, allowing it to speak for me or detain
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34. Hester's Symbolism In The Scarlet Letter A
The letter A is the first letter and first vowel in the English alphabet. It originated from the ancestor of aleph, which is the first letter of the Phoenician.
In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the letter "A" to symbolize its potential for different meanings to the people of Hester's time.
Hawthorne's symbolic "A" has three meanings: it symbolizes Hester's shameful status as an adulterer, reminds Dimmesdale of his own adultery, guilt,
and shame, and shows that Hester has abilities in the view of her townspeople. In each example the "A" connects to the idea of being forgiven for the
sin that was committed: Hester is forgiven when she wears the letter "A", Dimmesdale is seeking forgiveness for the sin he did not confess to, and ...
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He blames himself for Hester's situation and believes he should be wearing the letter and show he committed the sin. During the meteor shower,
Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale are on the scaffold together looking up and watching the meteors go by. At a point Dimmesdale sees a letter "A" in
the sky and thought it was a sign for him to also wear a mark of shame just like Hester has to wear. Dimmesdale is looking up in the sky when,
"looking upward to the zenith, beheld there the appearance of an immense letter–the letter A–marked out in lines of dull red light" (107). Dimmesdale
keeps staring up at this letter A and thinks that it must be a sign that he must have a symbol of shame and guilt like Hester for the sin he has also
committed. The symbolic part of the letter "A" here is to show that Dimmesdale's guilt is extremely exposed and how he is full of guilt from
committing adultery. The scarlet letter should be upon his chest as well as Hester's to show the sin they have committed. This relates to the theme,
forgiveness of sin, because after Hester wears her letter she gets forgiveness from the towns people and Dimmesdale may be granted the same
forgiveness for his sin if he wears the letter the letter like Hester
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35. Arum Shinrikyo, also Known as Aleph
Roughly nineteen years ago, on March 20th 1995, five Tokyo subway lines underwent a chemical attack which involved the deadly poison known as
sarin. This was considered to be the biggest catastrophe Japan had seen since World War II. When the gas was released thousands of daily subway
goer's mornings took an awful turn. This violent terrorist act killed thirteen people, left 50 severely injured, and thousands with temporary vision
problems. The perpetrators had fled the scene with no trace. Although the Japanese Government did believe it was committed by members ofAum
Shinrikyo. Aum Shinrikyo also known as Aleph is a controversial cult. They have had a history of previous terrorist attacks. Founder, Shoko Asahara,
has declared himself "Christ", outlined a doomsday prophecy, which included a Third World War, and described a final conflict culminating in a
nuclear "Armageddon". This attack was another one of his crazy ideas which was labeled as domestic terrorism. Ten members of the cult carried out
the plan. Between 6:00 am and 6:30 am on the day of the attack these ten members left Aum headquarters as they targeted the Tokyo Subway Network.
In Tokyo, the subways are the number one choice of commute. It is said that when waiting for the train your feet might not even reach the ground as
you are stuck standing on other people's feet. Thousands of people lined the trains and the subways this morning as it was rush hour making things
worse.
The attack involved five
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36. Cults Of The People 's Temple
Since from the beginning and as far as the eye can see, cults have been and will continue to be part of human life. These small religious groups can
happen anywhere and have been the cause of much debate and interest. For humans have an innate need to know why things are the way they are.
Cults for one have done some rather unmoral things that lead the people to ask, "Why did they do it?" The People 's Temple,Aum Shinrikyo, and Ku
Klux Klan are extraordinary examples of wicked cults that begged the question "Why?" When people think of crazed cults The People 's Temple
quickly comes to mind because it truly fits the definition of a cult "a small group of very devoted supporters or fans" (Merriam–Webster). The
members of The People 's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Everything about their existence was controlled they couldn 't even talk to one another without worrying if someone was on the other end spying.
Also, any phone calls made or letters sent would have to be censored. Late–night meetings and mock suicide drills were a common facet of living in
that prison. (History) Those mock suicide drills were in preparation for a "revolutionary suicide" that would play out (American Experience). What got
the ball rolling toward that suicide was Leo Ryan a congressman who had heard numerous complaints from concerned relatives about The People 's
Temple and had decided to find out if those complaints were true. A few days after their arrival in Guyana Ryan, kin of The People 's Temple, and
a media team were finally permitted inside the compound. After some time Leo Ryan made an announcement that he didn 't live to regret. He said if
anybody wanted to leave Jonestown than they can come with him. Understandably, no one visibly said, "Yes, I want to leave. " Instead, the defectors
a note to one of the reporters. Finding out about that note made Jones livid even so Leo continued to try to convince the crowd and when one person
stepped forward many others followed. As a result, of so many people wanting to get away another plane had to be employed. That gave Jim enough
time to organize a group to murder the turncoats. Five people were slaughtered and eleven barely survived. That event rattled Jim Jones enough that he
ordered everyone
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37. Summary Of 'The Aleph And' The Garden Of Forking Paths
Postmodernism was a period that challenged the validity of accepted knowledge as social constructs through explorations of different possibilities.
Most of Borges's work follow similar patterns and themes that capture the essence of Postmodernism by examining various philosophical ideas of time
and space. Specifically, in "The Aleph" and "The Garden of Forking Paths", Borges plays with the idea of the infinite in various ways throughout each
narrative in order to plant a similar idea in the readers' minds. [fix that last sentence] [body #1: talk about how he talks about infinities differently
through different writing styles (aleph: more personal style)] In both short stories, Borges explores into the idea of multiple pathways and views in
a single position. In "The Aleph," Borges himself is the main character who is given the opportunity to view the world and all its possibilities in a
basement. The focus of the story seems to be on the ability to see infinite points from a single point. "The Garden of Forking Paths" explores the same
idea through the discussion of a book that also serves the purpose of a labyrinth. Though it does deal with the same concept of multiple pathways from a
single point, "The Garden of Forking Paths" seem to apply more emphasis on the actual concept of multiple pathways through thorough discussion and
explanation of the idea. [insert quote on how the book is a labyrinth] [While the "The Aleph" seems to discuss the idea of an access to all points
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39. Memory Loss In The Aleph By Borges
In The Aleph by Borges, the protagonist is meant to forget the secrets revealed to him. The ability of a human being to be able to remember possibly
everything is not something ordinary nor would it be meant to naturally happen. In accordance to everything else created by God, humans are supposed
to forget. Imagine a traumatic incident in which a woman gets rapped; while at first it might seem as if the occasion is being constantly replayed in
that persons mind, someday such trauma will cause the person to forget aspects of the incident. In other words, memory loss working as a defense
mechanism. Truth, being a very broad word, is often used to identify fact, or reality. There fore, remembering everything would leave no room for
questions
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40. The Phoenician Writing System During The...
How it came to be: The Greek alphabet is the writing system developed in Greece which first appears in the archaeological record during the 8th
century BCE. This was not the first writing system that was used to write Greek: several centuries before the Greek alphabet was invented, the
Linear B script was the writing system used to write Greek during Mycenaean times. The Linear B script was lost around c.1100 BCE and with it, all
knowledge of writing vanished from Greece until the time when the Greek alphabet was developed. The Greek alphabet was born when the Greeks
adapted the Phoenician writing system to represent their own language by developing a fully phonetic writing system composed of individual signs
arranged in a linear fashion that could represent both consonants and vowels. The earliest Greek alphabet inscriptions are graffiti incised on pots and
potsherds. The graffiti found in Lefkandi and Eretria, the 'Dipylon oinochoe' found in Athens, and the inscriptions in the 'Nestor's cup' from
Pithekoussai are all dated to the second half of the 8th century BCE, and they are the oldest known Greek alphabetic inscriptions ever recorded. How it
influenced our present–day alphabet:... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They borrowed and adapted it from the system used by Phoenician traders in the first half of the 1st millennium B.C. The Phoenicians were themselves
not the inventors ––though often popularly said to be so. They used a form of a system used by a whole variety of Semitic speaking peoples of that
general geographic area, going back to a system invented perhaps 1900–2000 BC by a Semitic–speaking people in the Sinai, on the outskirts of Egypt.
They themselves seem to have been inspired by one small piece of the Egyptian system of hieroglyphics, a way of transcribing foreign words and
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41. An Analysis Of 'The Aleph' By Jorge Luis Borges
Enkhmend Delgertsoo Brent Bellamy English 124 25 February, 2015 l "The Aleph" analysis The Aleph is a short story by Jorge Luis Borges.
According to the story, "The Aleph is the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, it is also said that it takes the shape of a man pointing to both heaven
and earth, in order to show that the lower world is the map and mirror of the higher, it is the symbol of transfinite numbers, of which any part is as
great as the whole." (Borges,1945). The author, narrator, tried to expand all of our points of view. In this short story, he tried to contain the whole
universe. The author seems to give a chance to see what the author sees and his show to readers his universe. In the short story, author used new
criticism and narratology.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Readers may find difficulties in identifying what the story is about at the first place and the images created by the author does not illustrate
centralizing conception. On the other hand, author used ambiguity which is new criticism and seems tried to give the idea of looking through the
glass from the other side. Complexity is in great extent in the story, especially when the writer switches and focuses on Carlos Argentino describing
him as an unimpressive and an authoritative individual, therefore this leaves the reader in a confusion state as the essay tries to combine different
issues in one understanding (Borges, 1945). The author seems to turn his attention to Carlos as he tries and the reader feels no underpinning or
interlocking of the meaning reinforcing the paraphrase expected to be made also the association of the properties in the essay sounds complex for one
to comprehend. The most impressive part of the story is ironic how the author views Daneri's work; he suggests that the work did not lay in poetry but
in his invention of reasons for admiring
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