O-N=O is a resonance structure. In a resonance structure, the atoms themselves do not move, but the bonds move. In O-O, the elements cannot change to a different element. In N=C, another atom cannot be added. And in O=N-F, the atoms cannot be moved around. Solution O-N=O is a resonance structure. In a resonance structure, the atoms themselves do not move, but the bonds move. In O-O, the elements cannot change to a different element. In N=C, another atom cannot be added. And in O=N-F, the atoms cannot be moved around..

1. 1. Yeasts grow by budding. The cell buds and separates into 2 cells. Candida and Crytococcus
replicate by this mechanism.
2. Fungi reproduce by Sexual and Asexual methods. In both Asexual and sexual modes of
reproduction, spores play an important role. If the spore os not fertilized then it is asexual spore.
If the spore is formed by fertilization of two fungi with their respecive gametes, then it is called
sexual spore. The spores may be external or internalised in a bag like structure called ascus.
When the spores land on suitable surfaces with abudant ntrients, they germinate to form new
fungi just like a seed give rise to a plant. Spores are named as Ascospores, Basidiospores,
Conidiospores etc based on heir location and structure .
3. Fungal spores and bacterial spores differ structurally and functionally.
Fungal Spores : They are used for reproduction. They cannot survive harsh climatic conditions.
Fungal spores help in increasing the number/population of the fungi.
Bacterial spore : It is a hard resilient structure. It has no role in bacterial reproduction. Bacterial
spores are formed under unfavourable conditions. Bacterial spores are resistant to extreme
temperatures and lack of nutrients and water. When conditions are favourable, bacterial spore
give rise to a single bacterium. If a spore is formed from the bacteria, the parent bacteria ceases
to exist. Bacterial cell<->Bacterial spore.
4. Helminths are a group of parasites. They generally reside in the intestine of infected person.
The common helminths causing disease in humans are Taenia solium, Echinococcus granulosus
(dog tape worm),Ascaris lumbricoides, Nector americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Enterobius
vermicularis (pin worm).
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata causes taeniasis. Man gets infected by consuming
undercooked and infected beef or pork.
Echinococcus granulosus is a disease of dog. Man gets infected by consuming food/water
contaminated with dog faeces.
Enterobius vermicularis (pin worm) is seen in children and inmates of mental asylums. It spreads
by faeco oral route. The worms come out to the external anal meatus and cause severe itching. If
the anal region is itched with bare fingers, the nail bed will have these worms and if the fingers
are put in mouth, it further causes autoinfection.
Solution
1. Yeasts grow by budding. The cell buds and separates into 2 cells. Candida and Crytococcus
replicate by this mechanism.
2. Fungi reproduce by Sexual and Asexual methods. In both Asexual and sexual modes of

2. reproduction, spores play an important role. If the spore os not fertilized then it is asexual spore.
If the spore is formed by fertilization of two fungi with their respecive gametes, then it is called
sexual spore. The spores may be external or internalised in a bag like structure called ascus.
When the spores land on suitable surfaces with abudant ntrients, they germinate to form new
fungi just like a seed give rise to a plant. Spores are named as Ascospores, Basidiospores,
Conidiospores etc based on heir location and structure .
3. Fungal spores and bacterial spores differ structurally and functionally.
Fungal Spores : They are used for reproduction. They cannot survive harsh climatic conditions.
Fungal spores help in increasing the number/population of the fungi.
Bacterial spore : It is a hard resilient structure. It has no role in bacterial reproduction. Bacterial
spores are formed under unfavourable conditions. Bacterial spores are resistant to extreme
temperatures and lack of nutrients and water. When conditions are favourable, bacterial spore
give rise to a single bacterium. If a spore is formed from the bacteria, the parent bacteria ceases
to exist. Bacterial cell<->Bacterial spore.
4. Helminths are a group of parasites. They generally reside in the intestine of infected person.
The common helminths causing disease in humans are Taenia solium, Echinococcus granulosus
(dog tape worm),Ascaris lumbricoides, Nector americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale, Enterobius
vermicularis (pin worm).
Taenia solium and Taenia saginata causes taeniasis. Man gets infected by consuming
undercooked and infected beef or pork.
Echinococcus granulosus is a disease of dog. Man gets infected by consuming food/water
contaminated with dog faeces.
Enterobius vermicularis (pin worm) is seen in children and inmates of mental asylums. It spreads
by faeco oral route. The worms come out to the external anal meatus and cause severe itching. If
the anal region is itched with bare fingers, the nail bed will have these worms and if the fingers
are put in mouth, it further causes autoinfection.