1. by David Osipov

2. Claim
 Claim is the main point  Claim is the starting
and the thesis. point and the ending
point of an argument.

3. Statement
 Claims are statements and not questions.

4. Specificity
 Claims should be as specific as possible to make
disagreement more focused.

5. Against
 Claims are against the status quo.
 Status quo – current beliefs, policies, and rules.

6. Effectiveness
 There should be two points of view to promote a
pro/con argumentative environment.
 Both sides should have an equal opportunity to argue.
 Both sides should debate the same claim.

7. Burdens
Burdens (obligations and responsibilities) should be clear to
both sides.
Burden of Burden of
proof presumption
Burden to
make a Burden of
prima facie rebuttal
case

8. Burdens for the claim
Burden of proof- reason why the
status quo is inadequate.
Burden to make a prima facie case-
obligation to present proof.
Burden of rebuttal-obligation to
respond.

9. Burdens against the claim
Burden of presumption- defend
the status quo and oppose the
claim.
Burden to make a prima facie
case- obligation to present proof.
Burden of rebuttal-obligation to
respond.

10. Types of claims
A claim of fact- something
was, is, or will be.
A claim of value- something is
good or bad.
A claim of policy- something
should or should not be done.

11. Types of debates
Scholarly Religious Political Business
Legal Educational Social